Philo Orals Notes

Thesis Statements 
Final Oral Examinations: Develop and reflect on the Phrases, drawing from
the readings. Make sure you can explain all important terms, all phrases of
each thesis statement, and the logic of each.

1. "Though the human body is objectifiable, it is not an object"

(Kavanaugh). My primary
experience of my body is as subject, as me; only in moments of
disintegration or distanciation
do I experience my body as object. Embodiment is ambiguous: an
experience of being open
and closed, a part of and apart from the world, uncovered and
hidden, free and limited. 

-> "Though the human body is objectifiable, it is not an object"

     - the human body not some outside thing
     - it is our expression in the world, and the visible form of our intentions
     - able to experience the body as structure or material (feeling sick)
     - making it feel like an "it"
     - moments of reintegration 
-> My primary experience of my body is as subject, as me;
     - an experience of ourselves 
     - our subjectivity in time 
     - our invitations to life 
     - my body as me
     - as subject life
     - it is my primary and first expression in the world
     - unveiling me in time and space 
-> only in moments of disintegration or distanciation do I experience my body
as object.
     - separating myself from the body 
     - as i study anatomy 
-> Embodiment is ambiguous;
     - the body not two things glued to together
     - they are ambivalences/ a paradox
-> an experience of being open and closed,
     - open - available to space and history 
                    - the only way to find me is to locate me in space and time 
                    - I am actual, I am somebody 
     - closed - apart from the world
                    - held in check
-> a part of and apart from the world,
     - always being separated
     - words into flesh
-> uncovered and hidden,
     - its is revelations
     - it shows me forth 
     - it reveals my consciousness in space and time 
     - Embodiment is expression, interpretation, communication, and language
     - Embodiment is concealment not only is my body inadequate as a
manifestation of all I am, It hides all i am
-> free and limited.
     - I elaborate the drama of life
     - I am here, but only at this particular time and space 
     - to be something but not everything 

2. As human, I am embodied reflexive consciousness. As such, it is

possible for me to
experience selfhood. As such, the world becomes a reality for
myself, a personalized world.
Reflexive consciousness makes possible increasing degrees of
limited self-possession and
human freedom.

-> As human, I am embodied reflexive consciousness

     - awareness of being aware of oneself as body 
     - aware of being the center of of bodied experience 
-> It is possible for me to experience self-hood
     - able to sense and relate ones own self
     - awareness of awareness makes possible - self hood  
-> the world becomes a reality for myself, a personalized world
     - reflexive consciousness means all our embodied expressions are personal
     - capable of a consciousness that relates to itself in being conscious of the
world 
-> Reflexive consciousness makes possible increasing degrees of limited self
possession and human freedom.
     - meaning that we are able to reflect in ourselves and see the limits of
who we are
     - this as well as the fact by have RC we are able to personalized the way
we choose to experience the world
     - unlike animals
     - we can choose which sensation because of this RC

3. According to Reyes, I am a crosspoint of lines of physical,

interpersonal, social, historical,
and existential events. As a concious cross-point, I am conscious of
both my limitations and
possibilities. I am a source of creativity. I am both a destiny and a
task. 

-> I am a crosspoint of lines of physical, interpersonal, social historical, and

existential events.
          -> a crosspoint that is conscious of itself 
     - physical - materials, evolution, atoms 
     - interpersonal - the intersection of personal  relationships, being exposed
to the relationships of people who are close 
     - social - social products, social traits unique to the culture  (static)
     - historical - dynamic view - born of a certain period, and all its problems
and benefits (technology, ideologies)
     - existential - a cross point between this time as individual and the
individual we want to be (the ultimate goal)
-> a conscious cross-point
-> I am conscious of both my limitations and possibilities
-> I am a source of creativity
-> I am both destiny and a task
     - destiny set of limitations
     - task set of possibilities 
 
4. According to Marcel, primary reflection tends to dissolve the unity
of experience; secondary
reflection, on the other hand, is recuperative. Marcel responds to the
objection that sets
reflection and life at opposite poles from each other, and argues that
reflection not only is a part
of life; it is one of life's ways of rising to a higher level.

-> primary reflection tends to dissolve the unity of experience; 

     - objectifying the experience
     - trying to answer the question and fix the problem
-> secondary reflection, on the other hand, is recuperative
-> Marcel responds to the objection that sets reflection and life at opposite
poles from each other
-> argues that reflection not only is a part of life
-> it is one of life's ways of rising to a higher level
     - like cold water being splashed on a person

5. The question, "Who am I?" can be answered in a way that treats

myself as a "somebody,"
definite and distinct from other somebodies. However, in another
sense, I am a non-somebody.
The definite characteristics of my particular individuality are
contingent on this non-somebody.

-> The question, "Who am I?" can be answered in a way that treats myself as
a "somebody,"
     - somebody the definite answers similar to the bio data
-> definite and distinct from other somebodies.
-> However, in another sense, I am a non-somebody.
     - a non-somebody -> the things that can't be written down the
personalities
-> The definite characteristics of my particular individuality are contingent on
this non-somebody.

6. According to Marcel, my body can be reduced neither to a

possession nor an instrument.
Embodiment, in fact, is a pre-condition for both possession and
instrumentality. Rather, I am
body-subject. This means that I am my body. This means that I
cannot be reduced to a body.
-> According to Marcel, my body can be reduced neither to a possession nor
an instrument.
-> Embodiment, in fact is a pre-condition for both possession and
instrumentality.
-> Rather, I am body-subject.
-> This means that I am my body. 
-> This means that I cannot be reduced to a body.

7. For Marx, labor ideally is the confirmation of humans as conscious

species-beings,
distinguished from animals. The capitalist system, however,
produces alienated labor. In
alienated labor, the laborer is alienated from: (1) the product of
labor, (2) the process of labor,
(3) his species-being, and (4) other humans.

-> labor, ideally is the confirmation of humans as conscious species-beings,

     - a human function
     - an activity (not suffering/passivity)
     - a strength (not powerlessness)
     - creation (not emasculation)
     - personal life (not alienation of the self)
          - he sees his own reflection in a world which he has constructed 
-> distinguished from animals
     - animals act through instinct
     - humans not bounded by that 
     - man free in what ever produce he creates 
-> Capitalist system, however produces alienated labor
-> the product  - he loses the product 
-> the process of labor - not part of his nature 
          - able to construct  any standards and needs 
-> his species-being
     - objectification of man's species life; for he no longer reproduces himself
merely intellectually... but actively and in areal sense, he sees his own
reflection in a world which he has constructed 
-> other humans
      the product is my lord 
     - thus the person is also my lord 
     - hostile towards the object, hostile towards the others as well

8. Arendt distinguishes between labor and work. In labor, the human

is reminded he/she is a
part of nature; through work, the human exercises mastery of
nature and of himself. Compared
to work, labor appears unproductive in that it does not produce
anything lasting. However, labor
is a participation in the fertility and superabundance of nature,
which leads to bliss and
contentment, but also allows humans to exploit fellow-humans. The
confusion between the two
has led to the expectation that labor needs to be productive, and an
act of mastery and
violence over nature.

-> distinguishes between labor and work

     - labor - biological life
     - humans being biological creatures
     - labor as nature, being cyclical and never ending
     - you should never stop doing labor (food, consumption)
     - work corresponds to the world
          - work something lasting
          - things that are permanent humans create the fabrication 
          - work has a clear beginning and a clear end 
          - humanizing the world
-> labor, the human is reminded he/she is a part of nature; 
     - labor like the nature 
-> through work, the human exercises mastery of nature and of himself
-> compared to work, labors appears unproductive in that it does not produce
anything lasting
-> however, labor is a participation in the fertility and superabundance of
nature
-> which leads to bliss and contentment
-> but also allows humans to exploit fellow-humans
-> The confusion between the two has led to expectation that labor needs to
be productive
-> and an act of mastery and violence over nature
9. Action corresponds to the realm of human plurality. To act is to
begin, to initiate something
new: thus, with humans, the principles of beginning and freedom
came into the world. Through
action, the human reveals his/her uniqueness through word and
deed. The irreversibility and
unpredictability of action are remedied by forgiveness and
promising. The confusion between
work and action transformed politics into a quest for peaceful,
lasting results, but, ironically,
also justified violence in the quest for such results.

-> action corresponds to the realm of human plurality

-> to act is to begin, to initiate something new: thus, with humans,
the principles of beginning and freedom came into the world
-> through action, the human reveals his/her uniqueness through word and
deed
-> the ireversibility and unpredictability of action are remedied by forgiveness
and promising
-> confusion between work and action transformed politics into a quest for
peaceful, lasting results
-> ironically also justified violence in the quest for such results
Pos 130
States claim for:
 
1. Sovereign rights
2. States have territorial claims
3. The military as instrument coercive power

Report  Us backs greater leadership role for thailand

Us thailand strategic dialogue

- US reaffirmed its support for ASEAN centrality in the regional architecture of the asia
pacific
- Cooperation between USAID and TICA
- Strengthening of humanitarian assistance and disaster relief, maritime security,
nuclear disarmament and non-proliferate

Liberalism
- Thailand and USA use instruments of liberalism
     > Economic exchange and promotion of democracy
     > As US protection in reinforce security and stability, liberalism should prosper
     >

Realism
- USA strengthens its ties with Thailand in an attempt to balance power

Conclusion
- Liberalism and realism fuel the relation between USA and Thailand
- states act with self-interest
- USA seeks to remain number one by balancing the power in South East Asia
- States are following the post-cold war predictions

1. States are interest maximizing entities

2. International system as anarchic  

July 5, 2012

Reporting
Four Highlights: "Six principles of Political Realism" Hans J. Morgenthau

First: Interest and Power

     - What is that which we call reality?
     - Interest defined as POWER
     - All else is secondary
     - Human nature cannot be changed

Second: Rational Foreign Policy

     - Whose interests?
     - Who has power?
     - How do we increase our power?
No arguing with reality (pathology)
     - Elitist view; public opinion irrational (moralistic)

Third: Ends Justify Means

     - What is the source of political ethics?
     - What makes action right?
     - Prudence is the supreme virtue
     - Consequentialist judgment of action
     - Does not pretend to know moral and or evil (Dieu et mon droit)

Last: Autonomous, not Bigoted

     - Primacy of Reality (interest as power)
     - Primacy of Prudence (source of Ethics)
     - Aware of other schools of thought
     - Divorce over "irreconcilable differences"
WHY is the PROC a threat to us?

Realism is objective
Realism is a theory in itself 
     Theory of man, human beings in general
     - Assumptions - 
- Politics governed by objective laws
- Interest in Power
- Human beings are power-interested
- Realism has no fixed concept of reality
- Universal moral principals do not govern state action
---> everything is bound by POWER 

The history of the PRINCE

16th Cen
- Divided into several independent states
- linked by alliances
- Diplomats and military and political advisors were in constant alert of wars
- Florentine Gonfaloniere, Piero Soderini (1498)
- Medici Family
     - Exiled because of Piero (1494-1512) Medici family, with the help of Venetian and
Spanish troops went back to rule Florence
          Lorenzo de'Medici

Machiavelli (1469-1527)
- Father was an illegitimate child and was a poor lawyer
- Always an employee and never a politician
- 14 years of serving the Florentine state (1498-1512)
     - 2nd chancellor of the Florentine republic
     - Elected secretary to the Ten of War
     - frequently employed on diplomatic missions
- Predict wars, preserve alliances, prepare defenses, raise taxes (power
over participle)

THE PRINCE
- Assumptions made by Machiavelli in politics
     - Importance of military power
     - an advice of what Sodernini should have done
     - Military was never answerable to Soderini
- Purpose of Machiavelli for writing the prince
     - Machiavelli was seeking for employment
     - Conventional view = advice to the Medici how to govern Florence
     - Minority view = bad advice, which he hoped would bring about their own
ruin
- Both view are misconceived (wootton)
     - Subject of the book was not Florence
     - Machiavelli contacted Giuliano and not Lorenzo
     - The book fails to discuss key problems in Florence
     - The book is about how a prince, who is new to power, should rule
- Another Narrative (Papal Objectice)
     - the pope wanted to give Giuliano a state
     - Parma, Piaceza, Modena, and Reggio
     - Machiavelli, seeking employment, wrote an instructional guide for
Giuliano = the prince
3 Parts of the Book
     - chapters 1-25 (how to control a state), chapter 26 (how to be free) and
the Dedication = Power

Territorial Integrity
Interstate Territorial Aggression (mark zacher)

Kenneth Waltz NeoRealism

The essential structural quality of international politics is anarchy

The states are the most powerful actors in the international arena
Power is not an end in itself but a useful means for interest in the international arena
States do not desire for power but for Security
War is an outcome of the strategies by the states wanting to survive the anarchic order
of international politics

July 12, 2012

Resolving Issues in the South China Sea: The Way Forward

by. Amb. Rosario G. Manalo

1. UN Charter Provisions on Peaceful Settlement of Disputes

4. Philippine Constitution Provisions Relating to Peace
     - Philippines renounces war, written in our constitutions
5. Spratly Islands (KGI)
     a. Philippine Claim - UNCLOS
     b. Chinese Claim - Historical claims
-> Philippines will not go to war, only the congress can approve,
     - The only institutional form of war is for self defense

Spratly Islands
     - Kalayaan Group of Islands
     - a municipality of palawan
     - 750 reefs

Significance of the Spratlys

     - Strategic
     a. Commercial Shipping
     - Main water passage for all vessels from the Pacific Ocean to the Indian Ocean 
     b. Economically
     - Rich hydrocarbon resources ---> 28billion 230 billion barrels of oil, calling the
region second persian gulf
     c. Commercial Fishing and other resources such as minerals and guano

Claimants
Philippines claimed 8 islands in 1971 that it refers to as the Kalayaan, partly on the
basis of Cloma exploration, arguing that the islands: - were not part of the Spartly
islands; and , -had not belonged to anybody and were open to being claimed.
- 1946 VP Elipido Quirino
     - Res nullius France then Japan acquired the islands
     - 1945 japan relinquished rights to it

August 16, 2012

"The Olympics is about bringing nations together and setting politics aside."

Report
Liberal Pacifism

6 Preliminary Articles
1. "No Treaty of Peace Shall Be Held Valid in Which There is Tacitly

Liberal Imperialism
Niccolo Machiavelli

We are lovers of glory. 

August 23, 2012

August 30, 2012

how does developing in marketing and commerce in the US and world super
powers shape thinking in international relations

September 6, 2012

                                                              

Pos 116
SourceURL: file:///
Public Ad and Discipline

Learning Objective: What is Public Administration?

     *evolution of the discipline and practice
1900's lots of immigrants coming to US, many people traveling to the US from places in
Europe
Mafia started to penetrate the US 
     US was in a state of chaos, too many people no control
"Competence" is key to governmental administration - Woodrow Wilson
     - Competence very technical 
     - Politics is detached from the work, the key thing that Woodrow Wilson was talking
about
          NO politics should be involved
          Bureaucrats, no theory, very practical, about skill and efficiency  
     1. Classical (1900-1940) 
- "principles" a law that everybody follows
     - government is basically a well oiled machine
     - Us government tried to detached itself from politics, ie the senate, the politicians
     - At this time they came to the Philippines, implanting the idea of Classical Public ad
to the Philippines
     - Problem the government of the Philippines did not become COMPETENT
After this there was war in the Asia, forcing the Americans to leave to the Philippines
Public  Ad now evolved

People and managers are rational decision makers with limits

----> people have limitations, governments not so perfect
Rat choice, rational choices based on empirical data

     2. Behavioralism (1940-1970)

     - we put the variables of what motivates people in doing or making choices
the important question is how to change culture, culture harder to change, and more
influencing to the Government and to administration

The goal of (PA) is to use the bureaucracy to remedy the ills of society.
--> democrats, out there to save the world

     3. New era of PA (1968-1980s)

the new idea is EQUITY
saving the world needs a lot of money
     American government lost a lot of money

     4. The Refounding Method (1980-present)

Government must be efficient that is balanced with other concerns (such as equity).
A time when many things were privatized ie water, electricity
Philippines
1950 - Functions of Govt
1970s - Public Policy + Policy areas
1980s- Accountability and ethics
---------> Scholars would write about leaders, and what makes a good leader
          this comes from their previous experience of having a harsh leader
1990's- "Public" = people; focus on :delivery of services

Politics 50's years ago is different from politics today

Our government reflects the culture

The triangle that affects government : 1. Politics, 2. Government, 3. Education

Context is key
1. role of personal ties affect PA
2. respect for authority
3. influence of religion
4. blood is thicker than water
5. the colonial legacy                                                                                              

June 26, 2012

Government is Different - one of the readings  (two readings for this lecture)
"public" vs "private"
Organizations/Institution - created because there is a purpose
Gov'ts all over the world have different purposes
PURPOSE = the key concept for organizations
Elements of a state = Govt, Territory, Sovereignty, People/Population

Debate: Those who look for similarities and Those who look for differences
- skill: look for similar cases and look for differences/ or look for different cases and
look for similarities

Important notes in Govt

- Transparency
- Trust 

Mgt of external constituencies

Public and Private
Private orgs, they answer to consumers and stockholders and foreign countries -
they're 
Public - transparency of business with the general public
3 Essential Characters of Govt
1. Breadth of scope, impact and consideration
2. Public accountability
3. Political character
               from Paul Appleby's "Big Democracy" 

Why is Govt necessary

1. Who will enforce the contracts necessary for markets to operate?
2. Who will provide those goods and services which market cannot provide?

Organizational Theory and Management

Learning Objectives
1. appreciate the complexities of organizations
2. determine how organizations can be studied
3. apply these in the Filipino context

The purpose of the state = expansion and to wage war

Strategies in order to meet the goals

Taxes - resources, Organizations cannot stop

Complex System
People materials, technologies, processes ====> Complex Environment (political,
economic, social, cultural)

Four questions to help study organizations:

1. how are decisions made (decision-making processes?) Group think, garbage model,
rationalism, incrementalism
2. Management style

(the difference between ability innate* and capability potential*)

3. Leader a good leader, - gets the goal done, Machiavellian 

4. Motivation

Orgs are complex:

1. How are decisions are made
2. what management style is best
3. What kind of leader is needed
4. How do we motivate people?
July 5, 2012

How do we study orgs?

I. Political Approach
     focuses on:
          1. the structures and functions of government agencies
               - looking at the legal frame work, what is allowed by law and what is not
allowed by law 
               - looking at parameters
               - ie looking at the constitution, the priorities of the government
               - rational and legal framework, never considers of things that is not written
          2. the public-policy making process

II. Organizational Approach

     focuses on:
          1. Structure - Weber (most rational and efficient)
               - an ideal organizations
          2. production (and people) - Taylor
               - scientific theory of organizations
               - obsessed with efficiency, no human concern
          3. positions - Gulick
               - obsessed with job descriptions
          4. relativism - Follet
          5. systems (open/closed, both) - David Easton
organizations both affected with the internal and the external variables
     - Closed system - inside problems 
     - Open system - considers the outside problems as well 

III. Humanistic Approach

     focuses on the effect that organizational conditions have on people

          1. Mayo and the Hawthorne effect

     - used on research method
     - the observed subject gets affected by the presence of an outside observer
     - the role of informal groups in organizations have an affect on the organization
          2. Mc Gregor's Theory X and Y
     - People can control each other
     - Management doesnt have to be authoritarian
          3. Ochi's Theory Z

POLITICAL CULTURE and PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

- always consider the culture of the location

3 Kinds of Culture that Affect PA:

Societal Culture - Political Culture - Administrative Culture

Societal Culture
- Acceptability of: 
         - "bureaucracy"
          - rules
----> Filipinos dont respect the bureaucracy

Political Culture
     - Citizens perceive public administration based on the services it delivers rather than
an arena where managerial skills and impersonal rules are exercised. 

Administrative Culture
     - impact of the 2 cultures on the internal management of public organizations

July 10, 2012

Public Administration & Public Management

Whats the Difference?

Context:
- Post-cold war, Major global powers find their governments too huge to handle
     - Big countries - Communism vs Democracy 
     - Shift in Global power
     - Big countries stuck to bureaucracy 
     - Countries spent a lot for military, because they are expenses
*government should not stop*

When Political agenda changes, the goals of government including its protocols change
     - protocols = a way of preceding, a way of doing things

2 Reasons for Shift:

1. to improve state management
     - because of inefficient governments
     - a reaction to this because there are no more enemies, no more tension, no more
cold war
     - new arena =  GLOBALIZATION
     - the world no longer dominated by big countries, but now the major players are
large corporations that earn more than countries
     - Neo-liberalism
     - no more communist countries --> now there is a influx of private corporations
because they are present in more than one country.

"Reinventing Government"
     - government should think like private sector, because the private sector are more
efficient
     - Public Management --> the ideas for this comes from management methods
     - Public Administration --> from political ideas
2. to redefine "politics"

Public Mangement
Draws from:
Business MGT + economics
     -> why does private corporations thrive even at recession?
     - trying to pair their tactics with government

Implications:
1. output/results vs process
     - able to deliver
     - problem: shady processes could happen
2. market-oriented
     - why does govt want to be efficient? - to save profit for other things
3. Entrepreneur- public administrators are now business men
4. clients/customers  (those who can afford)
     - more focused towards them than your constituents ie family, or general public
     - ie education for everybody, but good education for a price
     - no more equity
5. Less government/small government
     - because of efficiency the government lessens in size
     - ie when Ramos became president, a lot things became handled by the private
sector

Impact of the Debate on Developing Countries

- The Philippines copied the policies of other countries because it was a
loan condition by the IMF

3+1 Models (Options for developing countries)

1. The Public Administration Model
2. The Washington Model
     - Neo Liberalism style
3. The New Public Management Model
     - Impact/outcome -> focused on results and its consequences
4. Strategic Management (emerging)

The Case of MWSS

     Privatization of water services: Manila water (ayala) and Maynilad (Lopez) - AUgust
1997 (25 years)
Epic FAIL

LONG TEST 1 

July 17, 2012

Bureaucracy

Bureaucracy - refers to the entirety of government and its subsections

     - It is structured
     - Red tape - a negative connotation 
          -> invective = its a negative connotation
          -> Red tape - processes

Bureaucracy as a "rational organization"

     - can be understood as an organization that is ideal (most rational)

Karl Emil Maximilian Weber (1864-1920) 

- German Sociologist, Pol Economist, Administrative Expert
     - Looking at orgs, and how to manage it and structure it towards
efficiency
     - he belongs to the tradition/ school of Scientific reading
     - his essays are "Principles" for an ideal organization (Bureaucracy)
     - studied a lot of orgs, he classified them based on the authority

3 Pure types of Legitimate Authority:

1. Traditional Authority
     - Legitimacy is inherited = passed on 
     - The leader is a leader because the orgs and the people think it has
always been this way
     - example -> Monarchy, Political Dynasties 
2. Charismatic Authority
     - Orgs believe that their leader is a hero, or has supernatural power
3. Rational/legal authority
     - A leader selected by the rules establish by organization
----> Philippine context, our president a mixture of all three

When an economy is driven by money, we need a structure to be able to

manage it.
     - There is a need to function efficiently 

Characteristics of Bureaucracy:
1. Bureaucrats (Bs) must be free as individuals
     - Workers cannot be bossed around outside of the job description
     - a line between the personal and the professional 
2. Bs are arranged in clearly defined hierarchy of offices. 
     - because this is for accountability     
     - efficiency and structure
3. The functions of the office are clearly specified in writing
     - file: records of all things in the governance of the organization 
4. The Bs accept and maintain their appointments freely.
     - it is not forced upon them
     - in a rational organization, people work because it is their choice
5. Appointments are based on merit
6. Salaries and pension rights reflect the varying levels of the hierarchy.
     - Because the responsibility of the  person above you is larger
     - The lower you are in the hierarchy the lower your pay
7. The office must be the B's sole/major occupation. 
     - you only have one preoccupation, not allowed to practice any other occupation
8. A career system is essential. 
9. Bs do not have property rights to their office.
10. B's conduct must be subject to systematic control and strict discipline. 
 
Rational Rules ===> regulate => Structure + Processes => Maximize Efficiency

Origins of ASEAN Bureaucracies 

ASEAN countries near the sea

     - Because of their Colonial origins

1. Thailand - never been colonized

     - King Trilok
     - Oldest bureaucracy, established for Military purposes
     - organization has purpose for the Thailand it is Security
2. Philippines
     - 1565 - our bureaucracy was established by Miguel Lopez del Legaspi
     - Established to commercially help the motherland, and to spread
Christianity
     - Bipolar Bureaucracy - Religion and Economy

3. Malaysia (West Malaysia)

     - Established by the English East India Company
     - Penak - the seat of EEIC (a private corporation)
4. Indonesia
     - Jakarta - B established 1798
     - Company was closed by the Netherlands, because of the corruption
     - B established when the company ended
     - Purpose - to curb Corruption

5. Singapore
     - B established in 1819
     - EEIC moved here
     - Purpose: manage the trading post

July 24, 2012

Continuation of Bureaucracy

Understand the culture and the origins

Kingdom of Siam
White Elephant symbol of the Monarchy
Malaysia have Sultans
The way how govern depends on you're geographic pattern

Thailand - Surrounded by other nations, feeling threatened

- needed a military to secure
Thailand constructed by two structures:
     - Military
     - Civil Service's
---> Bureaucracy --> everybody was compartmentalize - everybody has a role
to play 
---> Everybody was ranked
Weber - Specialization and Hierarchy 

King Chulalungkurn 
- Transition from giving land to paying through money
- Military and Civil all under the King - Centralization of the system
- Started Foreign affairs
- transition from Monarchy into Constitutional Monarchy

Indonesia

Its an archipelago 
The Dutch came to Indonesia
---> "prefects villages"  used them as the one to form leaders (Cooperative
local leaders)
- Cooperative native leaders were made to manage (the elites)
- the Problem was patronage
- Being a leader should be a privilege.
----> leadership as a tool
- Colony - Civil Services
Japanese occupation - wanted to kick out the Europeans
- They installed local leaders

Malaysia
establish bureaucracy - East India Trading Co. - capital Penang 
4 people:
     - Super intendant of trade
     - The Store Manager
     - The beach Manager
     - The Bitch master
Malaysia never really colonized fully
Malaysia Divided into states - it is a Federal Government and Parliamentary 

Singapore
- the British transfered from Malaysia to Singapore
     - Nice roads for trade 
- Civil servants who are white - Discrimination
- multiple ethnicities for Cheap labor
- Lingkwan Yu
     - two sectors/offices he created
          - Central Complaints Bureau
               -> responsible for keeping the bureaucracy well ordered
          - Political Studies Center
               -> Created to change the mind set of the people 

July 26, 2012

Philippine Bureaucracy

Something that the Philippines didn't really wanted

Most bureaucracies were forced on most part of the South east Asia
-> not like how Weber wanted, Bureaucracy should have evolved not forced upon

Spaniards had two goals for the Philippines:

     - Commerce -> King
     - Religion -> Church 
----> Dual Purpose
- a very hard time in differentiating the two from each other
- Bipolar bureaucracy

The Whites Established a Localized Bureaucracy 

- the Philippines were bought  and was an experiment

Problems because the Philippines are unable to draw the line between religion and
politics 

Philippine Civil Service System

- Technically a creation of the American regime
     but
---> our historic experience with the Spanish colonial bureaucracy left us the
most durable vestiges - centralism, personal-ism, elite rule, etc. 

Civil Service Commission

- Website: ww.csc.gov.ph
- It is a constitutional body.
- It is mandated to promote morale, efficiency, integrity, responsiveness,
progressiveness, and courtesy in the Civil Service.
--> if you want to change the Civil service, you have to change the constitution
- 3-man Commission appointed by the President (term 7 years)
- currently chaired by Dr. Duque (former DOH Secretary) 

Career: entrance based on merit and fitness; opportunity for advancement to higher
career; and security of tenure

Level of Position:
- first level: Clerical, Trades and Crafts group
- Second Level: Professionals, Technical Groups and Scientist
- Executive/ Managerial Level: Usec., Asec. Director, etc.
- Non-executive Career: Foreign Service Officers...

Non- Career: entrance on bases other than merit and tenure is limited

Classification:
- Casual: emergency and seasonal personnel
- Contractual: technical/skilled personnel whose contrast does not exceed 1 year
- Elective
- Coterminous: appointed by an elective official
- Non-career  Executive: Sec., Chair and Members of various Boards, etc.

Salary Grade:
33 - President - +- 60K
32 - VP/HS/SP/CJ - 46,00-54,914
31 - HOR/S/ AJSC/ ConComm - 40,425-48,052
1.... 5,

Locations
1. National Government Agencies (including SUCs)
2. Loval Government Units
3. Government Owned and Controlled Corporations

Inventory Of Government

The challenge of human resource management in the public sector bureaucracy is not
so much about the availability of wll-prepared personnel but how they were utilized
once they were recruited.

Meeting was about singapore

August 14, 2012

Managing Public Finances

Budget determines what government can and cannot do

     - It is not just the money they are talking about
     - Budget report - political statements of the gov't
     - what are the priorities of the gov't, it will be placed here
     - the Budget will determine the goals of the gov't
     - The government gets money from the people - Budget should be the instrument of
the people
     - The other side of the budget = how the people respond to their duty
     - Government instrument of the state, democratic state - Gov't instrument of the
people
     ----> how will the gov't function if people refuse to fund it 

Two elements to Budgeting:

Revenue: Tax ; Non-Tax
     - various forms of Taxes
     - property tax
     -  and others
-> Non-tax - government would sell an unused property to the private sector
Expenses: Automatic ; New
     - Automatic Appropriations - things that government cannot change or alter (salaries
of government workers)Budgt
     - New Appropriations - Department level, for programs because they have to renew
the budget for programs
-----------> how to balance these two Revenue^Expenses
                    - managing the two is the goal of the government
          -> Philippines - too much expenses

Objectives of Budgeting 
- Reflection of the government to the demands of the people

4 objectives:
1. Allocation - allocation of funds
     - How do you now spend the money of people who are productive and give it to
people who are not productive?
     - Consider people who are paying taxes
     - allocating can also show what the government is prioritizing 
2. Distribution 
     - Justifying fund distribution
3. Stabilization
4. Growth  
     - use government spending to direct development and growth
budget more than corruption

ROI - Return of Investment -> who does the government invest in so that the
government could have a return?

August 16, 2012

Budgeting in the PHL

 Managed by the DBCC: Development Budget Coordination Committee
- Co-charis: DBM Secretary + NEDA Directory General
Members:
- Executive Secretary
- Finance Secretary
- Central Bank Governor 

Recommends to the President:

1. Level of annual gov't expenditures
2. Ceiling of government spending for economic & social development,
national defense and government debt servicing 

The Budget Cycle

--> Accountability--> Preparation --> Legislation --> Execution -->

1. Accountability
     - Fiscal Year - January till December
     - as early as the last month of two years ago the gov't prepare the budget

SONA - narrative of the budget July

August - Congress decides 
GAA - General Appropriation Association 

1. Incrementalism - little changes over on an amount of time

     - It is the most prevailing description of the budgetary process for all
countries.
What it is: It refers to observed patterns of change in budgets an other
outcomes of the policy porcess in which those outputs increase in a stable
and predictable manner. 
     - Result: The approach to budgeting is to make relatively minor departures
from the status quo. 

2. Program Budgeting (PPBS)

     - It assumes that all programs are interconnected and that there may be many
means of attaining the same gaols.
     - Thus, the tendency is to allocate resources to programs rather than line agencies. 

3. Zero-based Budgeting (ZBB)

     - It does not assume that there is a budgetary base.
     - Therefore agencies should have to justify its entire budget from the ground up
each year.
4. Performance Budgeting (aka MBO)
     - Managers are expected to establish clear objectives and develop plans for attaining
them.
     - Individuals in the organization should be rewarded on the basis of their attainment
of objectives.

5. Bulk Budgeting**
     - Organizations are allocated a lump sum of money and told to get on with their job.

2 Factors that affect Public Sector Budgeting

1. Wealth
2. Predictability

Key Issues
1. Macro-allocations- allocation of resources between the public and the private sectors
of the economy Tax <--> social benefits
2. Micro-allocations: choosing between competing programs in government
     - optimization
3. Competing Bureaucracies:
4. Debt Management: 

Political pressures to spend more are always present while very few pressures are
present to tell a political leader to tax more. 

August 23, 2012

Public Policy 
Good Policy is equivalent to:
- balance between good managing
- good people in the bureaucracy 

Bad decisions: Lead to bad policy

Decision-making= Process
Public Policy is both the product and the process

The Study of public policy is... 

.... the examination of the creation, by the government, of the rules, laws, goals and
standards that determine what government does or does not do to create resources,
benefits, costs, and burdens.
--> it is a creation of Government
--> Determines how resources are allocated 
--> decisions and non-decisions
--> reactive for something
--> pro-active policy making - forward thinking

Policy Making
     - made to solve a social problems/pressing concerns

Interdisciplinary analysis ==> Government (decisions to solve complex social

problems) <== "applied" sciences

Policy science - for practitioners 

                    - science with a purpose

How do we study policy?

1. PROCESS - how it is made
2. IMPACT - what its intended or real effect is

Reform Issue (what do Agenda Phase (whether Formulation Implementation Phase 

we want to improve?)  the government will listen Phase
to you)
- what is that key -> the key to agenda ---> Decision to  - Successfully implemente
issue that we need to making is organizing reform ----------> d 
work on -------->      a. On Agenda --->Decision - Unsuccessful ---->
          - Decision for against reform
reform---------------------
-> (it has to be:
          - Decision Against 1. technically
reform  correct and
     b. Not on Agenda 2. politically
acceptable)

Monitoring & Evaluation

Phase
- Strengthen Institutions Then Repeat whether to Reform, Agenda, Formulation or
- Fortify Political Will Implementation
- Depending on where the policy has to be fixed

- Policies made by people, thus policies are imperfect

- Even if the policies are good, without proper implementation it is useless
- Policies is always a compromise between the Con and the Pro

August 28, 2012

Impact

What is the purpose of Public policy, does it actually do anything.

3 types of PP in terms of Impact

1. Distributive: perceived to confer direct benefits upon one or more groups
     - directly distributing benefits to the people
2. Regulatory: impose constraints on subsequent behavior of particular groups
     - policies that prevent you from doing things
     - regulate actions in society
     - syntax is a form of regulatory
3. Re-distributive: reallocation of wealth in the economy
     - Penalizing the rich and give to the poor

Purpose of Analysis:

- Analysis for Policy - prospective 

     - for future 
- Analysis for Policy - retrospective
     - reacting to current issues

Public Policy -> address issues of inequalities

 Injustice = Inequalities are differences we consider unjust. (that are man made)
     Inequality of what?

Public Policy is:

- decisions and non-decisions of gov't
- a product, a process, and a system
- grounded
- involves govt but more
- results (intended or not)

September 4, 2012

Purposes
1. Management
     - management effectiveness, even if it is the system itself
2. Administration
3. Public Policy

Approaches:
1. Descriptive and historical = qualitative
     - trying to know the  story

Philo 101
SourceURL: http://ph.mg61.mail.yahoo.com/neo/launch
June 19, 2012

Commentary by Mark Edmunson

June 26, 2012

Reading a Philosophical text

- What is the question that the philosopher is trying to answer? In general, what is his
position?

"Personal Bodies" 

- Question, What makes me, me?

- Is there a self?

Rene Descartes "Cartesian Ego"

- Mathematician and Philosopher
- Wrote Meditations on First Philosophy

Sense knowledge - science

"I am, I exist" 
Cartesian Ego, basically about the second argument of Descartes

Derek Parfit: do we have an "identity"?

- "Brains and bodies, the doing of your deeds, the thinking of our deeds, the thinking of
our thoughts. and the occurrence of certain physical and mental events"
- cf. David Hume (1711-1776)
---> agreed and disagreed from some things that Descartes said
---> we are basically a series of senses
identity = that is only that and nothing else
Identity as false - memories could be forgotten, identity will be forgotten

Oliver Sacks
- The person with Tourette's syndrome
- Maurice Merleau-Ponty (1908-1961)

"We are in the world as self-conscious bodies"

"Personal Bodies"
John Kavanaugh From the Book - (Who Count as Personas?: Human Identity and the
Ethics of Killing)

June 28, 2012

Parfit's option I:
"Cartesian Ego"
- Rene Descartes
- Meditations on First Philosphy
- "nonreductionist view.... a person is a separately existing entity, distinct from his brain
and body.." - Parfit

Hume (1711-1776) "we are nothing but a bundle or collection of different sensations,
succeeding one another with inconceivable rapidity, and in a perpatual flux and
movement"

Parfit "brain and bodies, the doing of our deeds, the thinking of our thoughts, the
occurrence of certain other physical and mental events"; this view is "materialist and
reductionist"

Oliver Sacks

Embodiment: time and space

Vs body as object
- "objectifying" the body: the body is put before the subject - artificial
distance/separation
- artificial disunity
- focus on physicality materiality

Embodiment: body-as-subject

July 3, 2012 
Parfits option 2: cf David Hume (1711-1776)

The act of reflexive awareness/ reflexive consciousness 

EDUCATE ME!!!!

July 5, 2012

What does it mean to say "my body" and "me"?

Reflexive awareness

Soundscape - words for sounds unique to the Palawan people

The sense all affect how we experience the world

Dualism - the way that the human being is composed of two things
     1. The mind
     2. The Body
Ryle page 40
     ----> "what happens to the body and what happens to the mind"
Philosophy of the mind - the connection between the physical brain and the conscious
mind

A body that is conscious - unity

     -> no separation between body and conscious
     - why bring up dualism? ans. The mystery of death, when the body ends we
imagine the continuity of the mind
person = Body + mind ( no separation )

Page 41 Kierkegaard
     - "The self is a relation which relates itself to its own self, or it is that in the
relation .. that the relation relates itself to its own self, the self is not the relation, but ..
the the relation relates itself to his ownself"

The relationship between two people - a non corporal bond

The self not an entity, but a relationship between recognition of the self

The self = the capacity of self-awareness (the process to which we analyze ourselves,
where the process itself is the relation that makes the self possible)
The self - the recognition of the self, the thinking of the "I"  creates the relation to
which the self becomes real or aware

Personalized world

Opposed to animals, humans are aware of themslevs

     - Animals see the world, and only the world, but does not reflect on his own
existance
     - Humans, aware of the world, and also aware of his presence that is able to
experience the world
          -> Humans able to reflect on the relationship between the world and the self by
how he relates 
               ----> "what is the meaning of the world for ME" 

How am i related to the world, what is the relationship of the world to me = THE
WORLD AS A PERSONALIZED WORLD
The world becomes personalized, unique to the consciousness of a being

the fact of reflexive consciousness allows us to be FREE

     - we are able to experience the world, and our awareness allows us to be able to act
on the world and how we are to experience it (to select how we choose to have certain
sensations)

The older we get, the more aware of our self develops

Free choice - increases as we age, unlike infants who have a limited view of the self 

The privilege of the body, we are able to experience the world to BE something, but the
limits is that we cannot BE everything.

NEW READING

"Man and Historical Action"

     - Ramon C Reyes

What is time?
- Memory - the awareness of the past and an awareness of the future
The consciousness of the present moment is also the consciousness of the past and the
future
THE PRESENCE OF BOTH PAST AND FUTURE in a particular moment

the example of a song, the memory of the past notes and the anticipation of future
notes, both acting in totality
Historicity
"Man is a crosspoint of events."

We are here because of past events, these past events orient where we are going, or
how we got here
Because of where we are, we are limited to the future choices presented to us

We are the sum total of past events "Deja la" (French: already there) 
But as a Conscious being we have an infinite amount of choices; Possibilities, our
creative ability for the future

Destiny - newly defined, not for the future, but for the past, that we are inescapable
products of past events

Group work: Personal 

Explain the idea in your own words.

Think of a presentation/activity for the class that will demonstrate the idea articulated
by Reyes " I am a interpersonal crosspoint"
8 minutes maximum make it creative
Be prepared to explain to the class why how your presentation demonstrate the idea

Web site  
www.mysignup.com/palacios

July 17, 2012

Reyes on the idea of Human beings as Cross points

Destiny, born from the past to which we are created from

the point intersection - Conscious Free 

Culture - a fluid word, that though we speak of dominant traits, it is never certain, in

such a way it always varies and changes
 Personal freedom - the choice to accept what traits we are to accept into our
personalities and the ability to change culture also
History of society
     - how society actually changes over the course of time
     - we are not completely bound by our history, because we can change the future.

Existential area of life - the things we invest in, this affects who we are and it affects
the future presence
July 24, 2012

"Primary and Secondary Reflection: The Existential Fulcrum"

by Gabriel Marcel

The distinction between two kinds of reflection

Gabriel Marcel
- born in France 1889
- Unhappy Childhood
- Doctorate - Sorbonne, 1908
- raised agnostic, converted to Catholicism in adulthood (1929)
- taught philosophy intermittently
- war: Red Cross
- Playwright, drama critic, editor, musician
- hosted "friday evenings"
- methodology: concrete experiences, use of ordinary langauge
- themes: the broken world, philosophical vs. functional/technical, faith, transcendence,
mystery
- Journal Metaphysique (1927), Etre et avoir (1935), Homo Viatro (1945), Le Mystere de
L'etre (the mystery of being) (1949-1950)
----> he called the world a "broken world" because of the wars that occurred during his
time 

Reflection: 3 Examples
Begins with a Watch
 first example--> Marcel's Watch -> he loses it
- Reflection is where attention is focused/directed (the first kind)
 second example --> Talking to a friend -> tell a lie -> get lonely -> thought to himself
as a truthful person -> What to do?
 third exdample --> resolve how one views a particular person -> 

Reflection
- Break/shock/disturbance/obstacle in my everyday experience
- Attention: "reflection is nothing other than attention"
- Value: "something real, something valuable was at stake"
- Personal act

Primary and Secondary Reflection

Distinction between the two: 

     - Science - a paved road, Protocols following a method
          -> Once you know the answer the road, or the question, no longer matters.
     - Philosophical method of questioning - more like a path in grass
- Primary reflection " tends to dissolve the unity of experience" (par. 12)
- "the problem" trying to solve it
     -> there is much more the that experience
- Secondary Reflection  is "recuperative; it reconquers that unity" (par. 12)
     -> do not stop reflecting even when the problem is solved
     -> A mystery
----> Problem and Mystery
     - Something that is in place in front of you that is not familiar to you, OBJECT
     - Primary Reflection = OBJECT
               - Trying to withdraw/disconnect it from you
     - Mystery = Mysteriom = to remain silent
     - in the face of a mystery - the richness of the mystery is so inexhaustible that no
words able to express
                    -> i.e. the experience so inexhaustible 

- Intimacy

Reflection and Life

- a cold water that you throw over yourself 
- Mercel's Response: such an objection reduces life to "pure biological functioning" or
pure spontaneity
- "reflection is part of life" (par. 11)
- " [reflection] is one of the ways in which life manifests itself.. ; it is ... one o flifes's
ways o frising fro one level to another."

July 26, 2012

- "Are you Mr. So-and-so?" (par. 15-17)

     - "are these your particulars [or categories]
          -> "has to do with a definite some body" (par. 19)
- a "non-somebody [not definite] linked with [the definite] somebody"
     - relationship between the two: "the definite characteristics ... have a
contingent character ..."

August 2, 2012

- Definite somebody - objective way (the self as object)

- Non-somebody - the self as I experience myself (this mysterious reality) the self as
subject

Existence and the definite somebody

The question of solipsism (par. 19)
-If the starting point is subjectivity, then how do i know that the reality experienced by
the subject is not the only reality?
----> can you really be certain that everything exists?
- I appear as a definite somebody
- I can only appear as a definite somebody in relation other definite somebodies 
Is there a "self" (as subject)?
 Can i say that the "self" exists?

August 14, 2012

Marcel and his ideas about reflection and the body, object, subject

My Existence (end of paragraph 19, 21, ff)

The "existential indubitable" "existential fulcrum"

->  CF descartes, "Meditations on First Philosophy"

Skepticism?
- Total skepticism/ Redical skepticism: "I am not sure that something exists"
- Relative or modified skepticism: "Possibly I do not exist"
- Descartes' answer: "I think, I exist"
----> he doesn't mean it, he doesn't really believe it, rather he is only adopting total
Skepticism as a method

Total Skepticism

- "I am not sure that something exist"; is it possible that nothing exists?
- Marcel's analysis
     - "existence" as a criterion
     - phenomenologically meaningless

August 16, 2012

Total/Radical Skepticism (par. 23)

- I am not sure that something (anything) exists

- Marcel's analysis:
     - Phenomenologically meaningless
     - treats existence as a criterion 

Relative/Modified Skepticism (par. 24)

     - I am not sure that i exist 

-> can't imagine we don't exist, because the very act of imagining is proving that we
exist
     - Marcel's analysis:
          - treats existence as a predicate of a "that"

Descartes's Meditations
- "I am, I exist"
-> the very experience of experiencing proves that I exist
     - not an inference (par. 25)
     - pure immediacy (par. 25)
     - Existential Fulcrum 
When we experience anything, we are experiencing the self
     - "I ex-ist," I am manifest (par. 26)

Solipsism (par. 19)

- How can I be certain that anything/anyone else exists?
- Experiences: 
     - the experience of being somebody 
     - I experience myself as a manifest being (par. 26)

Key Points re Existence

     - self a existential indubitable*
     - self as existential fulcrum ---> the experience of the universe as the experience of
me
     - I exist both for myself and others

My Body
"Self' is not the transcendental ego (Immanuel Kant)

Two ways of thinking about my body (par.28 to 30)

     - Primary reflection
     - Objective, one body among others
     - e.g., dualism of body and soul 
     - kinds of dualism: subject and predicate, psycho-physical parallelism, psycho-
physical interactionism 
the mind, the body problem  

August 23, 2012

Talked about the RH Bill

August 28, 2012

The exclamatory awareness of existence

- Examples
- I exist --> I am manifest

The Body

- "this datum is not transparent to itself"

- primary reflection vs. secondary reflection on the experience of embodiment     

Is my body something I possess

- Similarities with owning a dog
- limits
- The difference between embodiment and owning a dog     

Possession and Embodiment

The unity of the body as sui generis

Hence: a rejection of dualism (paragraph 29-32)

     - in all dualisms: the body and should are treated as "things"
     - Marcel's rejection
- "the structure of experience offers me no direct means of knowing what i shall still be,
what i can still be, once the link between myself and my body is broken by ...death...
[For] the moment we must simply admit that, swathed up .. in my situation as in
incarnate being, there is this riddle which, at a purely objective level, appears to admit
of no answer at all."

Is my Body an instrument?
- What is an instrument ?
- Difference between the body and an instrument

August 30, 2012

- The word "body' there does not refer to an object.

- Rather: the word "body" refers to the subject.
- "incarnation," "sympathetic mediation"

September 4, 2012

Karl Marx

- Prussia in the early 1800s

- studied at the Universities of Bonn and Berlin
- discovered the philosophy of Hegel
     (the Hegelian Dialectical Model)

- married in 1843
- 1844 moved to pars and met Friedrich Engels:
     proletariat, economic thought
- they wrote the communist manifesto
- 1845 - exiled with Engels briefly to Brussels, became a leading figure of
the Communist League
- 1848 (with Engels) The Communist Manifesto 
- 1838 - Revolutions of 1848 across Europe; Marx expelled to Paris
- became a significant figure in the International Workingmen's Association 
- 1871: Paris Commune
- 1870's - gradual disintegration of First International

Reaction to classical "political economy"

- Adam Smith (1723 - 1790): invisible hand, self-interest, competition

     A philosopher of moral
- David Ricardo (1772-1823): law of comparative advantage (free trade among nations)

Features of political economy

- Private property
- Separation of labor, capital, land; wages, profit, rent.
- division of labor
- competition
- exchange value

Effects of political economy

- the worker is a commodity

- competition leads to the accumulation of capital in few lands

These presumptions and laws are simply accepted

Par. 6 What is happening?

- The more the worker he produces, the more he is valued as a commodity but
devalued as a human

I. Alienation of the worker from the product (par. 7 to 16)

The worker and the product

- the objectification of labor (the product)
- the worker loses the object
     - the minute the product is made, the worker loses it, because it is not his
     - the worker does not use the object
- the more he produces, the more he experiences this loss
- the more he works, the more powerful the world of objects, become; the poorer his
own inner life becomes

Nature
- Nature: the sensuous external world
- Nature is the means of existence of labor, and the means of existence of the worker.
     Nature allows the worker to exist
- But when the worker appropriates nature 

The worker becomes enslaved by the object (par 12)

- In this system, he is enslaved by the object because:
     - if you are not the owner, you will have to work to survive
- Physical subsistence is something he must receive. He can only be a physical subject if
he is a worker. 
- Work is something he must receive. He can only be worker if there is an object. 

In contrast the property owner is enriched by every object that is produced?

II. The alienation of the worker form the activity of work

How ought it to be?

- Work is supposed to be a human function (cf. par. 22)
     - activity (not suffering/ passivity)
     - strength (not powerlessness)
     - creation (not emasculation)
     - personal life (not an alienation of the self)

The worker and the activity of work (par 18-19)

- "the worker is external to the worker, ... it is not part of his nature par 18
-  Thus, "he does not fulfill himself his work" par 18

- The worker only "feels himself at home during his leisure time ... in his animal
functions .. dwelling or personal adornment (par. 18 and 20)
- Work "is not the satisfaction of a need, but only a means for satisfying my needs"
(par. 18)

September 6, 2012

How ought it to be?

- Work is supposed to be a human function (cf. par. 22)
- activity (not suffering/ passivity)
- strength (not powerlessness)
- creation (not emasculation)
- personal life

The worker and the activity of work (par. 18-19_

- "the work is external to the worker, ... it is not part of his nature" (par. 18)

Thus, "he does not fulfill himself"

- The worker only "feels himself at home during his leisure time ... in his animal
functions ... dwelling or personal adornment. (par. 18, 20)

- Work "is not the satisfaction of a need, but only means for satisfying other needs"
(par. 18)

III. Alienation of the worker from Species-Life (i.e. from Humanity par 23 to 33)
     - Species-life = basically our humanity
par. 25 " In practice, man only lives from [plants, animals, minerals, air, light, etc.],
whether in the form of food, heating, clothing, housing , etc."

- an animal is merely just reacting to his instincts

par. 28 "[ The animal] does not distinguish the activity from itself. It is its activity. But
man makes his life activity itself an object of his will and consciousness ... Conscious life
activity distinguishes man from the life activity of animals."
     - our capacity of consciousness

par. 29 "Of course, animals also produce ... But they only produce what is strictly
necessary for themselves of their young... They produce only under compulsion of
some direct physical need, while man produces when he is free from physical need and
only truly produces in freedom from such need... The products of animal production
belong directly to their physical bodies, while man is free in the face of his product.

par 25. "[These natural products] constitute, from the theoretical aspect, a part of
human consciousness as objects of natural science and art; they are man's spiritual
inorganic nature, his intellectual means of life, which he must first prepare for
enjoyment and perpetuation. 

par 29 "Animals construct only in accordance with the standards and needs to which
they belong, while man knows how to produce in accordance with the standards of
every species and knows how to apply the appropriate standard to the object. Thus
man constructs also in accordance with the laws of beauty."

par. 30 " It is just in his work upon the objective world that man really proves himself
as species-being... the object of labor is, therefore, the objectification of man's species
life; for he no longer reproduces himself merely intellectually ... but actively and in a
real sense, and he sees his own reflection in a world which he has constructed."

How ought it to be?

- Nature is the inorganic body of man.
- Productive life is species-life. free, conscious activity confirms man

The worker and humanity

- The worker is alienated from nature (#w) and alienated from his own life activity (#2)
     - Thus, the worker is alienated from the human species.
- Work is no longer what distinguishes him from animals; rather it is merely the means
for his existence.
- Man is alienated from his own body, from external nature, from his mental life, from
his human life. (par. 33)

IV. Alienation of the Worker from Other Men (par. 34 to 41)

Par. 38-39 :' If the product of labor is alien to me and confronts me as an alien power,
to who does it belong? ... To a being other than myself...
"... [The product] belongs to a man other than the worker."

par. 40: "If therefore he is related to the product of his labor, his objectified labor, as to
an alien, hostile, powerful and independent object, he is related in such a way that
another alien, hostile powerful and independent man is the lord of this object.

The worker and other humans

- The product and the activity of work belong to somebody else and not me.
- Labor makes the product of work hostile, powerful and independent from me. The
product is my lord.
- Thus that person also appears to me as hostile, powerful and independent from me.
That person is also my lord.

ACTIVITY

September 18, 2012

Marx - Alienated labor

Philosophy of Work
Critique of culture -----> most people still agree with Marx here

Theory of history - most people believe that this part of Communism is not accurate

Economic theory - some aspects of this theory is still respected 

politicalcompass.org
- know whats your political standingu

- Hannah Arendt
- Labor work Aciton
- Human condition (1958)

September 20, 2012

Labor, Work, Action

- Lecture delivered in 1964

- Ideas elaborated on in her book "The Human Condition (1958)"

     - A distinction between the contemplative life and the active life

-------> a distinction between the hard life and the life of reflection 

KEY IDEAS
- Vita activa vs. vita contemplativa
- The vita activa consists of: labor, work, action (pp. 170 - end)
- The changing hierarchy of labor, work, and action in history (pp. 167 - 170)

Arendt - Different use of the word Work, and Labor

     - There is a distinction between the two (using the word's etymology) 
Marx - uses the words synonymously 

corresponding sphere of human life rhythm of the activity output of the activity
Labor Biological life (sustaining it) Cyclical Goods for
- Arendt - acknowledges that we are - nature itself is cyclical consumption
biological creatures - never ending you cant stop - consumption -
- Work/sources of toil as causes of doing it original meaning - to
celebration - Food spoils eat
- uses the model of ancient Greek - like preparing food - 
--> Work - when you planted crops - harvesting
--> Labor - includes the labor that
women go through (Biological life) 

Work The world Clear beginning and clear Durable objects

- corresponding to the physical end - products of work
lasting permanent world that - trying to produce and that are useful except
Humans Create the Fabrication  fabricate objects that are of Art
- about building  permanent - humanizing the
- humans build things that are - you can identify the time world
 meant to be permanent or useful
- Humans also build art ---> these
things are meant to last forever
you began the project and - building a sense of
when you finish the project permanency, because
(chairs) the world is cyclical
-  - the fabrication of the
objects of the world

Action- Human plurality Only a Beginning The disclosure of the

- the activities we do with each - always only a beginning self through speech
other  --> What you do among and action 
- plurality -> the fact of differences people - sets forth a series - plurality the very
and the many people of consequences that condition for action
continues into eternity  - by being different
we can have a
conversation 
- individuality
through differences in
plurality 

In the modern world - Action and Work has been subsumed into LABOR

     - ie. making clothes based on the season (Labor/cyclical)
     - but clothes were supposed to be durable

Work
- People - Humanize the world

Action
- People - all do the same thing
     - when groups do labor - they are no longer individual, but become a single unit
     - individuality does not matter

Labor
- corresponds to biological life
- cyclical [repetitivity]
     - follows the cycle of the labor  
- goods for consumption
- "unproductive" because the things we produce easily gets produce
          - anything that we actually produce needs to be produced again and again (food
in specific)
          - Labor - the capacity for superabundance 
               - labor for more than himself
               - Superabundance - the very condition that allows oppression to be possible 
                    (Marx) - People can higher others to labor for them
John Locke - trying to argue the question as to whether private property should be
allowed 
     - the real scene of the problem - is superabundance
Superabundance of nature - the capacity to cultivate land and create for more than a
few
But - the amount of food you created is limited
     - limited by land
     - the capacity of how much you can create
     - how much you can consume 
---------> things change when we started to trade
          - Trading the food (making it last longer) 

September 25, 2012

The differences between Marx's and Arendt

     - Arendt - places importances in Action, Labor, Work in the human life 

I. Labor
- Biological Life
- Repetitive, follows the cycle of life: laboring and consuming
---> we can never STAHP laboring 
     - Ie the example of food and doing groceries
     - food spoils, the continuous process of going back to the kitchen 
- goods for consumption 
---> Arendt bemoans the way Labor and work have been perceived to be synonymous 
- "unproductive." superabundant
---> labor produces something that is temporary - different when compared to work
where for work produces something that is permanent 
---> Arendt - one way out of Coercion - is technology
 ------> technology lessens the difficulty of labor, in turn lessens the oppressiveness of
labor 
- toils and bliss
----> despite the toil of labor (an experience of slavery) it brings a certain amount of
joy
                    - a reflection of her Jewish heritage 
labor a oneness with nature
- - tools we use - extensions of the body - which is still oneness with nature 

II. Work
- the (man-made) world
     - Fabrication: to make something to construct something
     - our mind is constantly in motion 
     - humans yearn for stability 
     - a stable environment allows us to appreciate that we are constantly changing
- beginning and end 
     - concrete objects created from the act of working
- durable objects: use-objects, art (which is useless)
     - key point - products of work is durable
          - tools are not for the body - it is made for the product 
     - some objects that we create that are not useful - art, statues ... etc. 
     - if everything is useful for something else, do we have an infinite chain of
instrumentality 
----> objects that we fabricate are intrinsically valuable 
     - because of its stability we can now see our own humanity 
- the violence of work 
     - when man produces things he does violence to nature 

The Confusion of Labor and Work

Labor - cyclical, repetitive, consumer goods
Work - durable goods
--------> they became synonymous 
     - thinkers began to think labor as also being productive
              - labor shouldn't be productive - you eat what you need, not creating more
less you spoil the rest that has been used 
          - but work - by producing more you're being productive (they are durable thus
nothing is spoiled) 
- when labor becomes surplus - it creates wastage unlike work which produces
something that doesn't spoil
- Labor is not supposed to be violent 
     - but when labor started to be viewed as work it started to not follow the flow of
nature 

The bigger problem is when work and action gets confused

- Work does violence to objects

     - but when applied to action - violence is done to people 
     - creating something like that of a finished product - thus people are justifying the
wrongs/violences done to others for the end product

September 27, 2012

Work
- many previous thinkers cannot distinguish between work and labor
- the (man-made) world 
     - the production of durable products
- durable objects: use-objects, art
     - gives human beings stability
- the violence of work 
     - labor - recognizing we are slaves of nature
     - work - we use nature and destroy it
     - the problem of thinking that we need to be productive for Labor
     - work and action - political action being seen as products
          - action when viewed with work, we begin to do violence to people
- mastery of man over nature:
     - labor slavery under nature
     - work mastery over nature
          -> predictability of work, because there is a clear beginning and a clear end 
- clear beginning and end: 
     - work is not cyclical
-----> production and usage 
     - usage doesn't clearly destroy the object
     - work not meant to be consumed
     - no necessarily to produce again
----->  labor and consumption
     - we don't create something new
 the danger: ----> durable objects become something that should be consumed - thus
we produce too much of it
                    ----> for labor - we produce too much more than what is needed
-----> a mindless multiplication of labor and work

- difference between using and consuming 

- the primacy of the end product: the end shapes the means
     ----> justifying the means because of the end product

Action
- human plurality
     - all people are unique and different
     - we all have our own individual characteristics
     - "people sitting around a table"
          - different perspectives from person to person 
     - Action occurs in Human plurality
- only a beginning
     - the consequences of our action continue on for infinity 
     - the problem: when people confuse Action with Work - where as work has a clear
beginning and end
     -  the use of violence to make things predictable 
- Unpredictable and irreversible
     - the conflict is by trying to force order onto people, who are intrinsically
unpredictable
     - action is irreversible 
     - actions:
          - promising - binds us to a future
          - forgiving - frees us from the past, frees us form the cycle
     - Action could be stopped from being cyclical (i.e. stopping a conflict) 
- output : the disclosure of the self through speech and acts
     - in disclosing myself - basically affirming a person subjectivity 
          - makes us human : is everyone is unique 

Historical Hierarchy 

Pre-philosophical Greece
1. - Action
---> people would rather be poor, but able to enter into the polis
     - just having freedom
2. - Work
     - Craftsman
3. - Labor
     - Slaves

Plato, Aristotle: discovery of contemplation

Vita Contemplativa

Medieval Era (cf. The Human Condition)

Vita Activa
1. Work
2. Labor
3. Action

Moder Period: forgotten distinctions

Vita Activa:
a triangle where a lot of things are confused
1. Work
2a. "Productive" Labor
2b. Action as "making" history 
Vita Contemplativa 

CONFUSION of Labor, Work, Action 

September 28, 2012

Action
- Human plurality 
     - there is more than just one human being
     - human beings not all the same
     -> "Who are you?": the disclosure of the self through speech and acts 
     - no two people will respond in the same way 
     -> "not one man but men in the plural"
     - how it is to live together
   
-  Only a beginning
     -> to act is to begin 
     - it has no end unlike work where it's focus is the end product 
- Unpredictable and irreversible 
     - within action there is a remedy to unpredictability 
          -> our capacities to PROMISE and to FORGIVE
     - Promise - allows to bind to the future and to each other   

Pre-philosophical Greece
1. action
2. work
3. labor

Instructions for Jeep Paper

- Discuss your JEEP experience in relation to any of the following 

themes: Marx, Arendt, the theme of embodiment
- Write a 1200- to 1500-word paper exploring this theme. The paper 
should either: (a) have a clear thesis, or (b) be a response to a 
specific question (indicated in your paper). The thesis 
statement/question should be the title of your paper.
- Aside from the class texts, you may also use other texts.
- Deadline: October 2, Tuesday (hard & soft copies). A Turnitin.com 
account will be made for the soft copies.

-- 
ROWENA ANTHEA AZADA-PALACIOS
Instructor, Department of Philosophy
Coordinator, SOH Junior Term Abroad Program

October 2, 2012

Supplement reading: What makes us Think?: The Answer of Socrates

     -> Hannah Arendt

- asking the question of embodiment

- the question of freedom
- the question of who am I?
- Subjectivity in terms of Freedom and Action and also to some degree, work

-> the reality - the possibility of objectifying ourselves and others 

- Embodiment - Distancing ourselves from our bodies  (Kavanaugh) 
     *Marcel - the as something to be possessed
          - an outside being controlling the body
     - A dualism takes place in the Body - Subject and Object 
     - to avoid dualism - the consciousness is not a thing, it is a verb
          - there is nothing that is red - it is a quality/ similarly when referring to ourselves
we are simply bodies with a quality 
          - the point is our body exist in a conscious way
          - thus the problem - we forget this and try to separate the body and the
consciousness 
               -> this is something that was taught to us when we were young (Church
teachings/ not theologically accurate)
          - Consciousness - is a verb/ the way the body exists
-----> what I am?
     - we are a body that is conscious (self-conscious)
     - realizing that the body is a subject 
     - thus others as well are also subjects (people are not objects like other things)
----> Society makes bodies look like objects
     * Marx - Labor and factories
     *Marcel - Bureaucracies
          - Factory workers --- > treated like machines
     - we are also subjected to treat others through categories
          - the entire self is transformed to being objects
          ----> seeing people through biological data (ID number, school, region... etc)
          - we objectify people when we forget that they are capable of responding 
- making our subjectivity known
     - by recognizing we are not just these stereotypes
     - by realizing who we are
     * Reyes - able to act in the universe
     * Arendt - able to respond to the universe
     ----> we see ourselves no longer as victims/ with limitations, we can respond to
them freely 
     - Recognize also the subjectivity of others (Arendt) 
          - through action
               -> people creating new beginnings through society (Labor, Work, Action) 

Socrate's Life

Plato's Dialogues about Socrates

- Socrates himself never wrote anything.
- charged  with:
1. Irreligion (not believing in the gods of the official religion)
2. corrupting the youth - 
 Aclibiades as an example
---> Socrates' Apologia (Defense) a speech
     - Found guilty, sentenced to death 

Arendt - He is the purest thinker

     - He never wrote anything
     - dialogues are aporetic (rarely any final conclusion)
          -> such as what is friendship, courage... etc. 

Thinking is the unfreezing of concepts 

- Conceptualization: freezing of experience into a concept
     - eg., house
- Thinking: unfreezing the concept to discover the "original" meaning 
--> the reason why philosophers don't agree with each other - they try to unfreeze
something that has been simplified
     - eg., thinking about dwelling, being housed, having a home. 
- "This kind of thinking does not produce definitions." (p. 491)
     - no real final answer
     - chances of reflection 

Socrates saw himself as:

- gadfly (from the Apologia)
     - arouses horses from slumber
- midwife (the Theaetetus)
     - has no children herself but helps others to deliver children
     - helps distinguish a real baby from a wind egg
- electric ray/ stingray
     - is paralyzed (in a state of perplexity) and paralyzes others
     - paralysis is experienced as being fully alive 
Histo 166
Two leaders:
Bonifacio and Aguinaldo

Conflict in a time of conflict

Reasons
Regionalism
Boni - Manileno trying to assert authority where he lacked a substantial following
Agui - Caviteno who distinguished himself in defense of his home
Personalities
B - Hot headed, A - Ambitious
Class
B - Humble origins, A - Elite 
-----------> Disruptions of warfare, scarcity of resources vs thousands of refugees

Boni went to cavite to quell a faction dispute

Two Styles of Leadership

Boni - Consultative - Katipunan meetings in Pasig, Kangkong; Mandaluyong, Balara, San
Agui - Top Down - Centralization of authority: created quasi-local government with
military and non-military officers

Consultative decision-making process.

Southeast Asian "man of prowess" (OW Wolters)
     - Rulers not autocratic, decentralized power
     - Ruled their domains called Mandala (centered style of power, the center is where
the leader is and the followers surround him)
     - Shared power with many groups, frequent consultations

Factions and Centralizations

- Hierarchical, military leadership in cavite chapters (Magdalo and Magdiwang)
- Bureaucratic centralization experience as gobernadorcillo

Aguinaldo's 31 Oct 1896 Manifesto to the "Filipino people"

     - New form of government (republican like the US based on liberty, brotherhood and
equality)
     - Concentrated military authority to a few
     - Expansion of the army
     - system of recruitment and supply
     - Election of municipal committees and a congress of delegates in support of the
war effort
          - Various proclamations to consolidate control over Magdalo towns

Centralization: Into the Fray

- 28 or 29 December 1896: Imus Assembly attempt to resolve differeneces, promote
cooperation among all, presided by Bonifacio
- 15 February 1897: Gov. Gen. Polavieja launched offensive from southwetern Luzon to
recapture Cavite.
- Filipino Units (Magdalo, Magdiwang, Bonifacio, two from Batangas) in disarray and
disunited.

Tejeros Convention
22 March 1897 near San Francisco de Malabon
Pushed by Magdiwang
250 revolutionaries, old and new members, included non-cavitenos
- Conducted like a municipal election to insure that the revolution will no longer be run
by pulong

Tejeros: The Turning Point

- Demise of the Katipunan Supreme Council
- Transferred leadership from Bonifacio and Aguinaldo
- Paved the way for the Execution of Bonifacio
- Victory of centralization over consultation
- Bureaucratic over charismatic leadership 

After Tejeros
- Aguinaldo pushed up north to Bulacan
- Headquartered in Biac-na-Bato
- Gov Gen Primo do Rivera sent Pedro Paterno to negotiate a
truce//////////////////////////////////////////////////////

Pact of Biac-na-bato, 14 Dec 1897

Aguinaldo and his companions would go into voluntary exile abroad

Governor-general Primo de Rivera would pay the sum of p800,000 to the rebels in three
instalments:
     - $400,000 to aguinaldo upon his departure from Biak-na-Bato
     -$200,000 when the arms surrendered by the revolutionists
     - The remaining $200,000 when the arms surrendered reached 1000 and the Te
Deum is played in the Cathedral in Manila as thanksgiving for the restoration of peace
Primo de Rivera would pay the addititional sum of 900,000 to the families of the non-
combatant filipinos who suffered during the armed conflict 
  

Philippine-American Initial Contacts

July 2, 2012

1. The Malolos Republic

d.) Domestic Affairs 
     Newspapers
     Educations
e.) Diplomatic Relations

2. Treaty of Paris (dec. 10, 1898)

- Spain cedes the Philippines to the US for the amount of $20B

- US admits Spanish ships and merchandise to the Philippine ports on the same terms
as those of the US for a period of 10 years
- The property rights of private individuals, ecclesiastical bodies, and any other entities
having legal capacity to acquire and posses property shall be respected
- Spanish subjects are free to shoose if they may still remain in the ceded territories or
not. If they choose to remain, they retain their rights of preperty, and to carry on their
industry or profession.
- Civil rights and political status of the native inhabitants of the territories ceded to the
US shall be determined by congress

3. Philippine-American War

Background of tensions
1. Evacuation of the Filipino troops from manila Bay area
2. Filipino troops prohibited to enter Intramuros after Spanish surrender
3. Filippinos ordered to withdraw from Manila suburbs
4. Treaty of Paris (Dec. 10 1989)
5. Benevolent Assimilation Proclamation (Dec. 21, 1898)

Conference of Commissioners
- Minor Encounters
- San Juan Bridge Incident
- Philippines investigation Report
- Ratification of the Treaty of Paris

Surrender of Malvar April 16, 1902

July 4, 2012

Phil American War

Weapons
Filipino troops not fully equipped in using fire arms
Control over the seas

American soldiers burned down barrios, abused and tortured civilians

- Committed major atrocities in Samar, Batangas and other provinces

Aguinaldo vs Vo Nguyen Giap

VNG approach was the total opposite of Aguinaldos

VNG perfected the art of unconventional war tactics

Elwell Otis
Mcarthur  

July 6, 2012

From sea to shining sea...

Declaration of Independence (1776)
Original 13 colonies of Britain

The Louisiana Purchase (1803)

By the united states from France
Thomas Jefferson (represented by James Monroe) and Napoleon Bonaparte
2.1million sqr km
$ 15 million

The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)

From Mexico
During James Polk's presidency
1.3 million sqr km

MANIFEST DESTINY

July 7, 2012

Blacks
slavery
Jim Crow Laws

Orientals
     - Coolie labor
     - Expulsion Acts
     - Anti-alien land laws

Social Discrimination
     - Slavs
     - Jews
     - Italians and Greeks

From isolationists to imperialists

     a. froeign markets and political hegemony
          - Monroe Doctrine, 1823
     b. Navy - overseas bases, coaling stations
          - EG Commodore Matthew Perry 1853

July 13, 2012

The Taft Era (1901-1913)

William Howard Taft (1857-1930)

1. Philippine Commissions
     a. Schurman Commission (1st)
Recommendations
a. Civil Gvt
b. Bicameral legislature
c. Public Education system
d. Separate Finances for the insular government
American Colonial Government
2. Political Reorganizations
a. Municipal Code
b. Provincial Code
Voting Qualifications
atleast 20 years old
6 months residency
Held local position in the town goverment US occupation
Owned Real Property worth at lesat 500 or paid annual taxes worth P30
Literacy in English or Spanish

3. Repressive Laws
- Sedition Law (Nov. 1901) Imposed death penalty or long prison terms on anyone
agitating for independence even through peaceful means
- Brigandage Act (nov. 1902) Giving aid to brigands can be punished by imprisonment
of uo to 20 years
- Reconcentration Act (Jun. 1903) Empowered officials to move all inhabitants of a
village

4. Laboratory of Democracy
a. The Friar Lands Policy
b. Civil Service
c. Public School System
d. Public Health
 
July 16, 2012

6. Political Empowerment of Provincial Governors

- Electoral system linked municipalities to provincial capitals
- Provincial Board (beginning 1901)
Governor - Filipino
Treasurer - American, Filipino by 1916
Supervisor - American, Filipino by 1906

To be elected governor
a. Form alliances
b. Support of local american officials
Highly restricted suffrage
     Elected governors had constituencies as foundation of political power

7. A Realignment of power in 1907

- Shift of power from urban to provincial ilstrados
     - What happened to the Federalistas
     - From statehood to independence platfrom
     - Became Partido Nacional Progresista in 1907

8. The National Assembly

     - Philippine Bill of 1902 (Cooper act)
     Bicameral Legislature
     Upper House: Philippine Commission
     Lower House: Philippine Assembly
January 30 1907 national elections

9. From Provincial to national politics 

     - Electoral system: 
     - confirmed the existing social structure
     - provided local elites with an institution upon which to expand their influence in
government
     - Nacionalista Party - from mergers of several nationalist parties of provnicial elites.
March 12, 1907
     - Guess ho became Party President
     - 80 delegates: 59 nacionalista, 16 Progresista 

     - Not on high bureaucratic appointments.

     - Rather on electora politics.
     - Right place, right time.
     - Maintained control as effective brokers between colonial administrators and
political elites (local and national).
 
10. Colonial Politcs
     - Effective borkering/permanence
     a. "Immediate, Complete and Absolute Independence (ICA) personal pride, public
sentiment, political leverage [dos caras] 
     b. Directors of the directing class (legislative caciques)
          manipulating nationalist discourse, control of bureaucratic patronage,
centralization of government

11. Political Parties

- Ideology of Independence
- Elections decided on the basis of personal, family issues rather than on party issues.

July 18, 2012

Photocopied notes from Jemar before this point --> make two notes now

Filipinization
1. "Philippines for the Filipinos"
     - Hardly any Filipino in influential posts in the Taft Era.
     - Republicans vs. Democrats in Philippine policy
     ----> Democrats took power, Woodrow Wilson
          --> He defeated Taft
          - Change of Policy
          - Democrats favored independence for the Philippines as soon as possible
          - The policies of the Philippines became democratic
     - Francis Burton Harrrison's Rapid Filipinization (Became the new Governor General)

2. Rapid Filipinization
     a. Early Retirement
     b. Cut executive salaries
     c. Prohibited Govt employees from running private businesses
          - Cut off additional income for Americans, encouraging them to leave the
Philippines
     d. World War 1
          - Americans went to war 1914
- 1913 to 1919
     : Americans in the insular bureaucracy dropped from 29 to 6 per cent.
Harrison = known for Patronage Politics
     "Tammany Hall"
---> you cannot win an election if you are not part of a gangs
         -> "Gangs of New York" political king makers
-> Harrison made the Jone's Law
     - Jone's Law = the fundamental law of the land
     - with the Jone's Law -> Quezon is the same level as Woodrow Wilson

3. The Jones Law Of 1916

     - Preamble: America will "withdraw its sovereignty over the Philippine Islands and
recognize their independence as soon as a stable govt can be established therein."
     - All-Filipino Legislature: Senate and House of Representations
          -> America withdrew in the Legislative of the Philippines

4. The Council of State 1917

     - Executive and Legislative composition.
     - President - Harrison, VP - Osmena, 3rd man - Quezon (Senate President)
     - Legislature vested the council with executive powers.

5. War-Time Economy (1914-1918)

     - Philippine exports - Demand went up and world market prices went up
     - Restricted imported: traditional sources at war adn shipping shortage.
     - Philippine economy -> Awash with cash
     - GOCCs: PNB, Manila Railroad Co.
     - The Board of Control (1918)
                    -> Harrison was the Chairman, Osmena and Quezon - his members
 -> rum by product of sugar
     - we exported coconut, and abacca
WW1 -> arms race
Created a bank - PNB

6. Economic Natioinalism
     - Legislature passed limited foreign ownership in public lands, inter-islands shipping,
petroleum exploration.
     - Nacionalista Party dominance
     - 1919 elections: 92% voter turn-out. 78/82 in the house, 23/24 in the Senate,
35/36 governors

7. Post-war effects
     - Monetary crisis
     - Government businesses - bleeding cash, minimal production with bloated admin
costs.
          (eg. shipping, iron, petroleum ventures)
     - Government in business created opportunities for more
patronage, subjecting business decisions to political manipulation. 

July 25, 2012

8. Points to Ponder
- Combination of corruption and Competence
- The elementary pursuit of profit and gain as a political act. 

9. Rift in Leadership
- Rivalry of Osmena and Quezon more pronounced - more power at stake
- Who should be the top man? Senate President or the Speaker of the House?
     - Quezon spoils fo a fight (coellectivista vs Unipersonalista)
     - Senate Showdown
     - Partido Nacioinalista Consolidado

10. Return of the REpublicans

     - Wood-Forbes Mission
     - Philippines in a finacial crisis, inept and corrupt bureaucracy
     - Governor-general Wood (1921-1927)

11. The Cabinet Crisis

- The Wood reforms: budget cuts, reject political appointees, veto laws, abolish board
of Control and the Council of State.
- Filipino protests culminated in the Cabinet Crisis upon Quezons's Instigation. 
     - The Ray Conley Case, a minor case
     - Resignation of all Filipino Cabinet officials
     - Queszon's political reasons.
   

12. Henry L. Stimson

     - Sought to restore cooperation with Filipinos.
     - Distanced himself from the independence questoin, "merely an administrator"
     - Revived the Council of State, provided technical advisers.
     - Stressed economic preparedness to deaf ears because of economic nationalism.

August 6, 2012

There was reporting

August 13, 2012

The Campaigns for Independence

     - Speeches in the Philippine Assembly     
     - Resident Commissioners

Commission on Independence
     - Initiated by the Nacionalista Party (1918)
     - Independence missions to the US
     - 1919
     - 1922
     - 1923 - Special mission led by the speaker Manuel Roxas
     - 1924
     - 1927
     - 1929
     - 1931 - Osmena-Roxas Mission

Hare-Hawes Cutting 1933

     - Ten-year preparatory Commonwealth
     - Economic Provision
     - American bases

Lobby groups
     - Sugar and Palm Oil trusts
     - US labor
     - Isolationists
     - Racial Purity

Philippine Reaction
- Critiques from Quezon and allies
- Why?
- Rejection
- Quezon goes to Washington for a better bill
- Quezon comes home with the Tydings-McDuffie 1934
- Difference
- Acceptance

Final Exam Start here

August 17, 2012

The Meiji Restoration (1868-1912)

- fall of the Tokugawa shogunate

- Emperor Meiji (enlightened ruler) restored in 1868
- Centralized administration:     
     - Abolished feudal domains (Daimyos)  became prefectures
     - Land Tax reforms

Modernization
- New Constitution (Prussia, Britain)
     - Imperial Diet (representative assembly)
- Reorganized the army and navy 
     - Mass conscriptions
- National education system
- Modernization = Westernization
     - Employed westerners (railways, armies, fleets, industry) 

Play the Game of the Westerners

- Sino-Japanese War, (1894-95)
     - gained Formosa and other islands
- Anglo-Japanese Alliance (1902-23)
- Russo-Japanese War, 1904-5
     - Excluded Russian influence over Korea
- Annexed Korea in 1910

World War I
- part of the Allied powers
- Declared war on Germany over territories in China (Jiangzhou) and the Pacific
(Marianas, Carolines, etc)
- After the Great War: Limits placed on Japanese naval strength by the Western powers
(5:5:3)

Taisho to early Showa (1912- 40s)

- Democratic beginnings but fell prey to ultranationalism
- rise of the militarists overpowered moderate politicians
- Assassinations
- The Manchurian Incident Sept. 1931

To the Nanyo
- Peking invaded by August 1937
- Rape of Nanking December 1937
     - Trade embargos by US and Britain
- French Indochine 1941-41
     - US froze Japanese assets and embargoed oil
     - Need to seize the Dutch East Indies
- Pearl Harbor - Dec. 8, 1941
- British malaya surrender - Feb. 15, 1942 in Singapore
     - Yamashita Tomuyuki: Tiger of Malaya
- Dutch East Indies - March 9, 1942 Java occupied
- Philippines
     - Bataan
     - Corregidor

August 22, 2012

Report on the Japanese invading the Philippines

August 24, 2012

Histories, Japanese Occupation

Histories:
- Political
- Socio-economic
     - Perspective

How did they survive?

- World-system
- Core and periphery
Philippines in the periphery

Patterns of Survival and Defiance 

1. Resistance
     - obvious
     - Subtle

August 29,2012

Resistance Groups
Norther Luzon: Walter M. Cushing (121st Infantry) Col Guillermo Nakar (12th Infantry)

Central Luzon: Luis Taruc (HukBaLaHap)

Manila: Miguel Ver (Hunter's ROTC), Marcos Agustin (Marking's)

Southern Luzon: Pres. Quezon's own Guerillas (Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Quezon)
Wenceslao Vinzons (Bicol)

Visayas: Col. Ruperto Kanleon (Samar and Leyte) Col Macario Peralta (Panay), Gov.
Tomas Confesor (Iloilo)

Mindanao: Tomas Cabili, Wendel Fertig, Salipada Pandatun. 

Guerilla Taska
a. Ambush or Kill enemy soldiers
b. Liquidate spies or Japanese symnpathizers
c. Intelligence and propaganda
     i. To MacArthur
     ii. Counter-propaganda to Filipinos

September 5, 2012

2.B Collaboration Issue

- Franklin Roosevelt (June 1944)

"collaborators should be removed from authority

3 Levels of Collaboration:
1. desire to protect the people
2. fear of enemy reprisals
3. disloyalty to the Commowealth

People's Court
Amnesty 1948
September 7, 2012

4. The Roxas Administration

c. Constitutional Amendment and Plebiscite of 1947
     - Democratic Alliance Party unseated

d. US Military bases Agreement (1947)

Includes: SUbic Base, Camp John hay, Clark Airfield, Sangley Point, and various other in
Bataan, Samar, Tawi-tawi, Quezon City, Palawa, Rizal, Zambales

5. Wuirino's Administration (1948-1953)

- The Central Bank

Main Functions
- Issue Currency
- maintain Stability of Peso
Managed currency and credit system
Implemented foreign exchange controls 

- The Huk Rebellion

Ramon Magsaysay appointed Secretary of defense

(source not here notes)

September 26, 2012

2. Schools of Thought on Philippine Democracy

a. Oligarchy of US- backed elite
     - Intra-elite conflict
     - Popular opposition to traditional politics
     - US investments and bases
b. Cultural and socio-economic conditions
     - Filipino's are Asians - prone to hierarchy 
c.  Democracy brought about the problems
     - failed state
     - gov't unable to support policies
     - infighting in gov't between congress and president 
-> initially the Philippines wasn't too resentful about Martial Law
d. Democracy worked for a while but consensus broke down with the emergence of
various interest groups
     - rise in oil prices
     - people becoming restless and peace was at threat
     - Martial law to bring everything back to control
e. Marco's ambition  Imaginary *illusory) crisis
     - took advantage of the turbulence 
     - believed that Marcos created the bombing incidents of that time 
          - creating chaos
     - students didnt consider themselves as activists, they were more militant
     - Majority of the Philippines, people in the provinces were simply living their lives
-The US backed Marcos
     - Marcos seeking the support of America before calling Martial Law

3. Impacts of Martial Law

I. Initial: Absolute Power...

a. Concentration of power in Marcos
     - separation of distribution of power
     - he actually streamlined the Democracy
     - let go of many bureaucrats 
      - during the early years of Marital law - democracy was doing better
b. Emasculation of the traditional elite
     - Elites considered as threats
     - Marcos removed their sources of power - their business assets 
     - for political rivals - he imprisoned them or sent them to exile 
     - with no more local power, Marcos was the sole holder of power
c. Enlarged role for the military
     - Military to implement the Martial Law
     - Marcos courted the Military - gave gifts and responsibilities in order for the Military
to be loyal 
     - example: - placing Military personnel in the heads of companies and business
----> if: he grew the military - the threat of a coup
          - he divided the military - so that they will not unite as a whole
          - played the military factions against each other
d. Rise of the technocrats
     - Gotten graduates of universities
          - western educated men, but they are not politically inclined
     - Many technocrats attracted to work for the government
     - A technocrat able to work quickly because of the streamlined process of the
Marcos government 
     - economic development occurred
     - Foreign investors were attracted to the Philippines
     - technocrats encouraged family program
e. Rapid economic growth 
     - the middle class were enjoying a lot of privileges 
     - the elites not so much 
     -  manufacturing was not growing as it should
     - Agriculture was the spear head of growth
     - The government was relying too much on dollar loaning
f. Impact on the Communist Movement
     - they went into hiding
     - many Communist members left the movement and reintegrated to the Marcos
System
     - Communist population dwindled 
g. Effect on the Muslim Secession
     - this movement bothered Marcos a lot
     - the establishment of the MNLF
     - Libya acted as the host to handle negotiations between Marcos and the MNLF
          - the Tripoli Agreement
               ----> this provided for a cease fire
                    - the government allowed for a state within a state = ARMM
               - Biswari continued with war when he couldn't assimilate all 13 regions
h. New Society Movement (Bagong Lipunan)
     - played propaganda songs to the public

October 1, 2012

-> continuation of h.
     - Marcos made people sing the propaganda songs
     - many young children brought up to think under martial law

I. Initial II. Subsequent: ... corrupts absolutely

a. concentration of power in Marcos a. Over centralization of executive power
 - Imelda second in power because of being b. Decline of judicial independence
Marcos' wife c. Destruction of democratic institutions
 - Imelda - governor of Manila
 - at this time there was no accountability in
the government
 - it paralyzed the government
 - traditional check  and balance (the
congress) was abolished
   -> the whole congress destroyed
- made abuse of power more rampant
b. Emasculation of the traditional elite
c. Enlarged role for the military d. Politicization and deterioration of the military
d. Rise of technocrats  - the military grew bigger
e. Rapid economic growth  - became a giant
 - Marcos' planted seeds to its decay
 -----> because of politics, Marcos promoted in
terms of loyalty
- Marcos trusted people from his own province
 - Military lead by inept leaders
 - Military extorted the masses
e. Mounting human rights violations.
 - villagers affected by the military
 - villagers affected by the conflict of NPA and the
gov't 
f. Politicization of the Catholic Church
 - People going to the church to ask for help
 - only institution people could go to 
 - started creating BCC - Basic Christian
Community 
   - Projects and programs that the gov't wasn't
doing this
   - the church tied with the NDF
 - Marcos called the clergy as communist
 - Cardinal sin - the highest church leader in the
Phils.
  ---> he carried on with regime (critical
collaboration) 
 ---> but from time to time would criticize the
regime 
 ----> mostly about human rights violation 
g. From corruption to kleptocracy (gov't run by
thieves)
 - no distinction between the public and the private
 - behest loans
-----> loans at the request of the palace
-----> made the central bank so heavy in debt
h. Failure to economic policy-making
 - internally mismanaged government
i. Decline of the agricultural sector and failure of
agrarian reform
 - agriculture the main sector
 - it failed in the early 80's
 - under the control of the cronies 
 - sugar (Benedicto) and coconut controlled
 - coconut industry Cojuangco
 ----> seedling sold at a high price from the gov't
to the local farmers
-----> farmers sold at a low price to mills to
process the coconut
-----> gov't taxed the the farmers when they would
sell their coconut
---- the UCPB was created to control to the profits
 - Cojuangco used the profits to buy San Miguel
Corporations 

f. Impact on the Communist Movement
g. Effect on the Muslim Secession
h. New Society Movement (Bagong
Lipunan)
 - Marcos failed to distribute the lands of mid
level haciendero's 
j. Economic and human consequences
 - the economy became so fragile
 - abject poverty 
 - quality of life deteriorating
 - health was deteriorating 
 - families joined the rebellion to help protect
themselves
k Expansion of the Communist insurgency
 - population of the Communist increased
 - the NPA grew in power 
 - the Philippines in the brink of civil war   

October 3, 2012

Road to EDSA

Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino August 21, 1983

-> he was assassinated
The story: Marcos was sick, and thus he wasn't able to know what was happening 
- People went to pay respects to Ninoy, even if they didn't know him personally
     -> people respected him for defying Marcos
- When Ninoy wasn't cleaned during his funeral, a symbol of rage, to show what
happened to him
Ninoy's Funeral - A large procession was given for him, from Tarlac to Manila
     - even when it was raining - no one used umbrellas (Imelda a symbol for umbrellas)
a sign of defiance

Agrava Fact Finding Board

- Marcos pressured by the foreign press 

---> Marcos created a Fact Finding Team
     - To make it look like there is some semblance of democracy
---> Lead by Corazan Agrava
- Marcos expected them to calm down, but the Agrava Fact Finding Team took their job
seriously and thoroughly investigated
- Marcos made the Commission hearings of this team Public 
- Media controlled by Marcos to control what was happening (for example the large
procession of Ninoy)
- Small press/Alternative press started popping up (tabloids)
     - They were making features about Cory and the Family of Ninoy's family 
     - Marcos allowed this press to exist (with some threats) he named them
the "Mosquito Press"
-> after Ninoy's Death, the Filipino's started rallying
A people who found their voice, under the banner of Ninoy's symbol the
yellow ribbon
- the rallies were called the Middle Force 
     - by the communist, because the rallies were more of a fiesta atmosphere,
the Communist didn't join in it 
- Marcos pressured internationally - they wanted him to name a successor
    - Marcos' health was deteriorating, it was hidden from public
     - He created a Snap Elections announced Nov. 1985 (while being interviewed by a
US journalist) 
For the Opposition to challenge Marcos
a. Unite under a single candidate
     - nearly impossible because the Ninoy was dead
b. Boycott forces to participate
c. Local officials to defect 
d. Propaganda machine
     - Only the KBL party remained (it was Marcos' party)
e. Business community to contribute
f. Independent poll watch group 
     ---> everything was in Marcos' favor, and there was only be three months till the
elections

- When the elections were know the opposition wanted to act (it was a chance)
     -> People decided to make Cory as the candidate even if she had no political
background 
     - she original declined, less a million people has asked
     - Chino Roces - created a campaign to get the million signatures, he got them in 3
weeks (Dec. 1)
The Findings of the Agrava Commission - their was a conspiracy that the soldiers were
ordered from above
     Sandigan Bayan - rejected this findings, blamed the communist (Dec. 2) 
--> Cory accepted to be the Opposition, but there was also another opposition
candidate Salvador Laurel (son of Jose P. Laurel)
     - But the people simply supported Cory, they tried to convince Laurel to join, but it
failed 
     - Laurels was given an easier time by the Marcos' because Jose P. Laurel was the
judge when Marcos' was in trial
     - On the last day of Candidacy, Cardinal Sin convinced them to join (Cory and
Salvador) 
          -> Salvador instead ran for VP 
     - Boycott forces now joined the Cory and Salvador Campaign 
     - Barangay officials (local officials)
          - Marcos was sick, and held into his war chest for too long
          - Barangay Officials - started to be convinced to join Cory and Salvador
          - For Cory - Her propaganda - just wear yellow, nothing standard
               - the people were the one making the posters, T-shirts... Campaign stuff...
etc. 
     -  Business Community - They calculated risks
          -> support Marcos - the Economy goes down the drain
          -> support Cory - better future economy
          -> support Cory but if she lost - they lose their economy 
-------------------> they decided to support Cory (still a chance) 
     - The Commission on Elections
          - they revived the NAMFREL, through the support of the church  
  
October 5, 2012

NAMFREL
February 7, 1986 -> Presidential  Elections 
National Movement for Free Elections
---> protected the ballot boxes buy sitting on it 
- the goons were released to snatch the ballot boxes
- it was hard to cheat in the local level, thus now it has to be done in the national level
(during the counting)
- the Big Board - the official count
- International audience observing the elections 
- Individual trend - Cory is leading 
- there was some form of cheating
- the technicians couldn't take it anymore
----> they WALKED OUT (February 9, 1986)
- Marcos was proclaimed the winner (February 15, 1986) Saturday
- Cory was supposed to win they prepared a thanksgiving rally (if she won)
     ---> but when Marcos was announced the winner, they decided to move from Rizal
Park to a smaller place
          -> Cory - didn't want to change the venue
     -> the rally was actually the biggest rally they ever had
     -> known as Civil disobedience Tagumpay ng Bayan 
     ---> when Cory spoke to the people in the rally - telling about a way to make
Marcos step down 
     - Civil Disobedience (inspired by Ghandi) - asking the people to make great
sacrifices 
          -> by putting the economy into a stand still 
          - how by not drinking beer (Because of San Mig Cor. was the only monopoly)
               - dont eat a certain kind of icecream
               - don't pay taxes
               - boycotting certain companies 
- February 22, 1986 
     - People planned to stage a coup detat
          - Poncenrile   
          - Honasan - they planned to replace Marcos with a junta (military high officials) 
          They were found out by February 21 (Friday night)

     -> Poncenrile called Ramos, needed help 

     - Feb. 22, 1986 --> Saturday 
          - Called for a Press Conference, they were defecting Marcos and went to Cory 
          - Cardinal Sin was listening
          -> he broadcasted himself and told the people to support and protect Ramos
and Enrile
               - so the people gathered in EDSA
 People Power
     -> February 22-25, 1986 
Marcos stepped down
     -> Cory became president 

Pos 55
Pos 55 notes

Ontology - the metaphysical study of the nature of being and existence - the starting
point
     ie. by knowing where you will start, either normative or methodological
Reading: Lindbolm - the problem with politics - scholars now want to prove a theory
     - but basically : Interst of Politics: What it the truth? What is right?
- Positivist/ Method driven research
     - Leads to self-serving construction of problems, misuse of data in various ("if the
only tool you have is a hammer, everything around you starts to look like a nail")
     - Eg fixation to the 'normal curve' (creation of predictive instruments) fails to
appreciate the outliers (that sometimes has more importance)
- Theory-driven research
     - Leads to fixation to prove validity of theory
     - Eg rational choice as explanatory basis of all actions

if you're too focused on method or trying to prove something, you will not able to see
the other variables "the invisible"
IE Gun owenership
- Positivist - Predictive model to determine the spikes and lows of gun purchases
- Theory-based - Gun possession is driven by utility-maximization
- Theory-driven-ness and method driven-ness undermine problem-driven scholarship
- Better models are likely to be developed in applied contexts, in closer proximity to the
data.

June 18, 2012

Should political analysis remain in the realm of the State (public)?

Reframing the Focus: instead of the arena (what,where)?

-focus on the process (how,why)
     -Viewing politics as one that has the potential to exists in all social relations
What is politics/what makes an analysis political 
          POWER
If Politics is about power - what is power?
Note that 'power' remains the most contested concept in political analysis
- Anchoring political analysis to 'power as process' allows researcher to interrogate
power relations w/o reducing the analysis of the phenomenon to that 
          (ie w/o denying other processes like the economics and cultural dimensions to
offer other explanations)

1st dimension/manifestation of power: (Dahl)

     A (powerful) over B (powerless), A able to exert authority over B
2nd dimension: (Barazt and Bachrach) 
They have another theory on power, where as power could be not easily seen, and that
power could be seen as dictating what is right
     A can now determine political agenda
     the privileging of ones position ie teachers dictating what books to read for students
over other book choices
     - in this dimension you have to discern who dictates the agenda
3rd dimension (Lukes)
     B assumes position/interest of A
     - powerful can manipulate the powerless to think for a particular interest/agenda
     - harder to prove
Power has a face, meaning we can determine who is the powerful and who is the
powerless

Traditional power, with the gov't

     -Reversing of power, the powerless dictating the powerful
     -Defacing power

Ability to research and to provide evidence to corroborate a particular view - 

     A critical reflection on method - is one of the hallmarks of the discipline, separating
the academic study of politics from political journalism
     - Without carefully designed research methods, serious political science would be
impossible
Serious journalism - not the same as academic research 
     - Have immediate timeframe and theoretical framework
     - academic research may seem to have of little immediate relevance, but strives to
contribute to both 
Evidence in Research
- Purely anecdotal =/ evidence... (methodological Individualism)
- 'Evidence' must be systematically assembled and subjected to various tests of its
reliability and validity (can be replicated, and offers a means of studying the theories
and concepts being analyzed)
     - Challenging in a qualitative research
     - There is no one correct method; but there are correct ways of using methods

Positivist - stay in one corner and observer with neutral bias, 

Interpretist - more quantitative, anecdote enough to be evidence                                

All understanding takes place within a conceptual framework

- Example:
     - The administration of Arroyo suffered from "crisis of governance"
          - UNDP Good Governance
     - The administration of Arroyo undermined the democratization efforts
          - 1987 democratic features (elections, political parties, midnight appointments)
     - Theory: Is (a) an ordering framework or a set or background assumptions; (b) a
conceptualization or to prescribe a particular way of thinking and (c) a hypothesis
or a testable proposition 
 Approach = the bigger frame
 Theory = The more specific framework to which your argument falls

Important to Note: there can be no 'theory-neutral' interpretation of events

     -Mannheim (1930s): "relationism"

- Occam's Razor: shave off unnecessary concepts or variables from the model
     - The simplest theory that fits the facts of a problem, is the one that should be
selected
     - The role of a social scientist is to offer robust, clear, and comprehensible

Historical Development of the discipline

     - Politics is borne out of history, philosophy, economic, sociology, law, psychology,
and geography.
          - Double edged: Multidisciplinarity enriches the discipline; BUT accused of
lacking a distinctive theoretical-methodological core (it is a field of enquiry rather than a
distinct discipline) 
          - The reaction to mark-out clear boundaries for the discipline is strongest in the
USA
          - In terms of resources and intellectual power, American political scientists tend
to dominate world political science (eg 1980, 80% of world's pol-scientists are American
polsci

Polsci in Conventional Europe, Public law approaches have been an important

     France - The role of political science in the education of the elite
               - Prepare for careers in business and the civil service
     Germany - democratic re-education after WW2 (with american influence)
     Britain - Polsci dev more hesitant
          - London school of economic and Poli Science (1895) - training the
administrative elite and colonial civil servants
               - 1950's Polsci male dominated, and prevalent belief in the merits of
British institutions. Towards end of decade, Westminister model proved to be
failure/inadequate with needs of newly independent Third World countries
          - (Hayward 1991) 1960's: 'technocratic reformism' (reforms in parliamentary
system, civil service, local govt)
          - 1970's : 'sceptical professionalism' (reforms at the edges but remains
apologetic and structurally unproblematic- Milliband 1976)
     Canada: Made particular effort to ensure that its approach is differentiated from the
US     
               - Developed a strong reputation in areas of federalism, public policy, and
environmental politics
               - recent developments that impinge on discipline
                         -North-South relations
               - Collapse of Communists Regimes, ideological and discursive analysis
               - Feminism, Polotics of margins 

June 25, 2012

--------------------------

Normative statement can be transformed to Empirical hypothesis statement

- Normative statement:
"Death penalty should be abolished."

Empirical reformulation as a hypothesis

First cut "Death penalty will not deter heinous crimes from being committed."

More precisie: "The gravity of the penalty has a negative impact on the number of
heinous crimes committed."

Common problems in forming Hypothesis:

- Vague or trivial predictions - the hypothesis predicts such a wide range of results that
it is not very interesting
IE poor: "local govt are having financial difficulties."
    better: "Municipal govts in rural-agricultural areas are experiencing more financial
hardships....
- Vague relationship:
IE poor: "Ethnicity has influence on elections."
    better: " Minorities are more apt to vote for Democratic nominees than for
Republicans"
    poor: "Popularity affects the candidates chance in winning the elections"
    better: "A candidate's exposure to print and broadcast media has a positive impact
on the ability of voters to recall the name of the candidate."

- Value statement:  the hypothesis is, or appears to be, value statements

poor: "Members of Congress should not accept honoraria for speeches."
better "Members of Congress who accept honoraria for speeches usually support
legislation favored by the groups who pay them."
- Deals with individuals: proposes something about an individual Rather than about a
general behavior or activity
Poor: "Fidel Valdez Ramos was a popular president"
Better: "Those who are serve as presidents during periods of economic prosperity are
more popular than those who serve as presidents during periods of economic
slowdown."
- Terms in Hypothesis: Concepts and variables
     "concepts"  are abstract terms referring to phenomena (eg participation, democracy,
opinion)
     - Hypothesis must translate the concepts into concrete terms that can be examined
empirically should assume varying values:
     - Terms in hypothesis, thus, are called "variables" because the properties they refer
vary or take on different values

Variable: Organization size

Value: Large, small
Variable: elected public official
Value: President, VP, Senator
Variable: Support for the President
Value: Strong, neutral, weak
Variable: Political violence
Value: Civil war, terror attacks, guerrilla war, riot, rebellion

- It is important to use variable because hypothesis proposes comparisons among cases

with different values of a variable.

Translate into normative statements into empirical hypothesis statements

- Convicted criminals can no longer be rehabilitated.
- Young People today have less rigid values as compared to the older generation
- Soldiers are human rights violators
- Jueteng should be legalized
- Civilian gun possession must be regulated

June 27, 2012

Research Design: logical structure of the research inquiry that the pol. scientist is

engaged upon 
     - It provides the framework for the collection and analysis of data according to the
priorities set by the researcher (Bryman 2001)
- Social research: systematic examination/reexamination of empirical data, collected
firsthand, concerning the social...

Major elements:
     - Systematic: all aspects of the research process are carefully planned in advance,
and nothing done in haphazard fashion
     - Empirical: all data/information are based on sensory experience (not speculative)
     - Problematizes social, political factors that affect human behavior

Types of Research:
1. Descriptive: discover facts or describe reality
2. Predictive: make projections on what will happen in the future
3. Explanatory: determining the 'how' and 'why' of an event
4. Evaluation: to plan intervention programs

Theory specification and devt of hypothesis -> Data Specification -> Data collection ->
Data Analysis -> Presentation of Findings/Publication

Pilot testing
- Test the questionnaire
     - Reveal the ambiguous, meaningless, embarrassing Qs.
     - Convert open-ended Qs into closed-ended Qs if only a limited range of answers is
given
     - Discover whether new issues are raised during the pilot test and new questions
need to be developed

-Rehearse the actual

     - Provide training for interview
     - Alert them to difficulties that were unforeseen
     - Given them an opportunity to discover how the respondents will react to the
survey and thus estimate the level of non-response
     - Test the accuracy of the sample frame

June 27, 2012

Did the June 18 decree "interpret faithfully the popular will?" 

perpetuated cacique society and government

Outcome: Alienating of the Masses

Criminal Forum
Outline
Part I
- what is criminal Justice?
- 5 Pillars of Criminal Justice
Part II
- BuCor Mandate
- Restorative Justice
- The 6 Imperatives of Reformation
- What we have at BuCor!
- Challenges

WHAT IS CRIMINAL JUSTICE

it is the system of practices and institutions of governments, directed to:
- Maintain social control
- control, prevent, detect, and solve crimes
- sanction offenders with penalties
- and rehabilitate offenders in preparation for reintegration to the community

5 Pillars of Criminal Justice:

1. The Community
2. Law Enforcement

Common terms in the justice system

- Prison
- Jail
- Probation
- Parole
- Executive Clemency
- Life imprisonment
- Reclusion Perpetua
- Bail

Bureau of Corrections

The 5 pillars of Criminal Justice:

1. Community - Cooperate with law enforces ;prevent
2. Law Enforcement agencies
3. Prosecution Service: Evaluate evidence; dismiss or prosecute cases
4. The Courts: Prevent crimes in Communities
5. Correction Service: 

BuCor Mandate:
"Safekeeping and Reformation of National Prisoners"
"Bottome-line function of BuCor is Crime prevention"
Safekeeping: Keep offenders off the streets
Reformation: ensure that released inmates are productive, healthy and less likely to be
in conflict with the law
Restorative Justice!
"One recidivist less is one crime less."

Restorative Justice:
"A Philosophical framework and a series of programs for the criminal justice system that
emphasizes the need to repair the harm done to victims through a process of
negotiation, meditation, victim empowerment and reparation"

6 imperatives of Reformation
1. Health Care Program
2. Education and skills dev
3. Livelihood and livelihood training
4. Moral and spiritual enlightenment
5. Sports and Recreation programs
6. Behavioral Modification

What we have at BuCor

36418 total inmates (34229 male and 2189 female)
7 penal colonies
4738 admissions
4132 releases
50000+ parolees

36418 inmates at BuCor 70,000+ inmates at BJMP

96000 inmates nationwide
approx .2% of PHL labor force

July 4, 2012

Categorize the questions, link the datas to their similar ideas

IE - Behavioralism, New Institutionalism, Rat Choice.. etc.

Descriptive statistics: range of basic statistical tools for describing data

- How do we decide what descriptive statistics to use?
     > Univariate question: what is x like?
     - What proportion of seats in the HOR is occupied by the Akbayan party-list>
     > Bivariate questions: is x related to y? If yes, how?
     - Does TV ads attracted more votes in the last 2007 Senatoriable elections?
     > Multivariate questions: Taking into account z, is x related to y? If yes, how?
     - Taking into account the question on the legitimacy of PGMA did her endorsement
discourage votes? 

---- actual studies:

In the context of internal strife between the GRP and the MILF, the climate of impunity
is positively correlated with the lack of justice courts in the ARMM areas.
     Multivariate
- Comparative perspective: univariate, bivariate, multivariate questions can be
comparative across time and space
     - univariate: is the proportion of seats of Akbayan greater than the proportion of
seats of Baya muna in the 2004 and 2007 elections?
     -Bivariate: Did Tv ads attracted more votes for candidates in the 2007 as compared
to the 2004 Senatoriable elections?
     - Multivariate: Given the legitimacy question confronting PGMA, has it affected the
confidence level of voters on Lakas-CMD in 2007 as compared to 2004 electsions?

Levels of measurement
- Categorical (nominal): qualitative data that is quantified
     - assigning numbers to a qualitative information,
     eg 1 (proRH) 2, (antiRH) 3 (neutral)

- Ordinal: data that can be ordered

     - Ascending, descending
     eg 1(agree) 2 (disagree) 3 (neutral)

- Interval: ordered categories and equidistant intervals

- Ratio data: has a meaningful zero point

     - Meaningful zero: income, age, levels of crime 

Choosing the math/statistics

- Categorical data -> Mode

     - Categories have no arithmetical relationship to one another

Likert scale (rating scale)

     - Measure the level of agreement or disagreement on a symmetric agree-disagree
scale for a series of statements
     - Respondents may avoid using extreme response categories (central tendency
bias); agree with statements as presented (acquiescence bias): or protray themselves
according to how he thinks is expected to answer (social desirability)
                    -> thats why we mix the questions up to avoid this limitations

     - Values are equidistant 

Ordinal data -> Mode or Median

     - questions that asks to rank in order or preference (values not equidistant)

Inteval and ratio

Associations between vairiables
     - Correlation, association, co-vary terms used to describe or indicate that there is a
relationship between two variables, where change in one occur together with changes
in the other
EG: giving to charity, by incoming group

Direction of relationship

Positive: variables change in same direction

higher ed  = higher income

Negative: variables change in opposite direction

Very unlikely to find prefect relationship

 - Preciseness of interpretation depends on the theoretical propositions we are testing
and how our results compare with the findings of others
     - More conservative way is to reject the "null hypothesis" (yes and no)

Using data from Randomly selected countries

Mean: the mean is found by adding up all of the given data

July 6, 2012

Modality: how many modes there are in the distribution

- unimodal - ans with one that has the highest frequency
- bimodal - ans there are two that has the highest frequency
- multi-modal - more than two

Skewness: the distribution's degree of symmetry

- Positive skew: values are bunched toward lower end of the variables range
- Negative skew: values are bunched toward higher/top end of the variables range

Kurtosis: the peakedness of the distribution

- Positive kurtosis: Tall and distribution tails are long and thin
- Negative kurtosis: Peaks are short and tails are fat and short

- Normal curve means most of the examples ina set of data are close to the "average"
while relatively few examplles tend to one extreme or the other
- The standar deviation tells you how tightly all the various examples are clustered
around the mean ina set of data.
     - When the examples are pretty tightly bunched together and the bell-shaped curve
Quartiles
1. arrange data in ascending/descending
2. Find the median
3. find the upper Q and lower Q

Notes
- If data set is categorical and ordinal (0 is not significant)
     - Mode for Central Tendency
     - Quartile for spread

- If data set is interval-ration (0 is significant)

     - Mode, Median, Mean
     - SD for Spread

July 11, 2012

Comparative Methods

- The comparative method is one of the most adequate ways of connecting ideas
(theories) with twhat is actually going on in society and politics

1. Method of Differences
- two cases that are the same except the variable being tested
2. Method of Agreement
- two cases that are differ in all aspect except variable being tested
- Variable being tested: electing the president using the "first-past-the -post" system
3. Method of concomitant variables
- Identify variables which seem to move simultaneously in the hypothesized direction
(positive correlation)
eg 'democratic-ness' of system and economic progress

Caveat - ceteris paribus (all things being equal) - does not happen in real life
     - There are extraneous variances that affect results
4. Most Similar
- Choose cases with many similar features so that most variable will be held 'constant'
- narrows down the number of potentially explanatory variables and facilitates
emprirical checking of explanations
5. Most Different
- Seek similarities between cases in spite of potentially confounding differences
between them
  
Limitations on quantitative comparative approach
1. limited cases esp. on cases that concern (institutional or policy level) analysis
2. Limited data: the easy availability of data rather than careful research design tends
to drive case selection
3. Data reliability: by changing assumption, estimates, data can mislead
4. Careless conceptualization:
     - Conceptual stretching, where concepts are so inadequately defined that they
failed 

Ethics: study of what is proper and improper behavior, of moral duty and obligations
- For researchers, it involves duty towards
     - Those who participate in research
     - Those who sponsor the research
     - Those who are potential beneficiaries of research

Ethical issues - within context of particular society and its historical development

Issues
- Informed consent - telling participants about all aspects of research, which might
reasonable affect their decision to participate in the research
     - Consent form
- Deception: implicit or explicit deception to be able to generate the data needed
     - Act of omission and act of commission

- Right to Privacy - anonymity and confidentiality

     - Privacy: ability to control when and under what conditions others will have access
to your beliefs, values, or behavior
     - Anonymity: no one can link any data to a particular respondent
     - Confidentiality: data are not made public

- Researchers do not enjoy some legal protection are privileged communication

-Harm, Distress, Benefit: avoid exposing participants to physical, mental harm
- Sponsored research: detailed research agreement can avoid ethical difficulties
- Scientific misconduct and fraud: obligation to report results fully and honestly.
Replication is major tool of science for correcting research errors and fraudulent
reports 
- Scientific advocacy: researcher's "objectivity" or advocacy
- Protecting Vulnerable clients: can clients actually give consent freely (esp. is
circumstances make client beholden to researcher?)
- Wit-holding treatment from a control group to test effectiveness of
treatment; 

July 13, 2012

Designing the questionnaire
- Questionnaire translates the hypothesis into a series of question designed to elicit the
information needed to test them rigorously
     - Must be self-explanatory and concise
     - Must be able to reflect differences/ variations in response of respondents
     - Must be sensitive/ should not embarrass respondent
     - Must not be too long
     - Language must reflect 'context'

- Close or open?
     - Close ended Qs:
          - Easy to answer      
          - Harder to formulate
          - Easy to codify and tabulate     
          - Very flat. smooth/ superficial data
     - Open ended Qs
          - Easier to formulate
          - Harder/ more time-consuming to answer
          - Difficult and time-consuming to codify
          - Can bring-out "textured" data (feeling opinions)
          note: embarrassing/ sensitive Qs must be place at the end of Questionnaire

- Wording of questionnaire can make-break the research. Hence, it is necessary to do

     - Initial research about the topic (whats is it about)
     - Elite interviews (why is it relevant; what are the 'parameters' or
boundaries; 'language' to use)
     - Pilot testing (no limit!)
     - Be conscious of sectarian bias, different usage of language, etc.

Problem of "no-response"
     - Usually not randomly distributes among members of sample (possibility
of belong  to particular group -eg age, views)
     - Hence, researcher must get information about "non-respondents"
Improving 'response' rate
     - Clearly explain purpose of study, and emphasize how important is each
'response' to over-all obj. of study
     - Get endorsement from figures respected by group
     - Send out 'gentle' reminders

Should the  Qs be self-administered or assisted?

Assisted Survey:
     - Skilled interviewer
          - "interviewer effect" - when respondents give answers based on
perceived empathy/ no empathy of interviewer
          - Interviewer Fraud
     - Self-administered
          - Possibility of non-response
          - Clarity of instructions, quesitons

Focus Group Discussion (FGD)

     - Carefully selected individuals (based on criteria of reseaercher) to discuss
specific topic
     Advantages:
- Allows respondents to feel "comfortable" in group (rather than the 'one-on-
one' method)
- Can make respondents more 'empowered'
- Can tackle issues in depth
- Can explore other related issues

Do's and Donts in FGDs:

     - Grp must not nbe too big (eg 20) or too small (eg 2); respondents must
reflect "representativeness" (based on criteria set)
     - Must not allow group to wander off the topic     
     - Must not allow one person/ group to dominate the discussion
          - Facilitator also must not dominate the discussion -role of facilitator
can be tricky -passive? active?
     - Must draw in the opinion of everyone
     - Record the data (must ask permission before hand)

July 16, 2012

Philippine Army Training And Doctrine Command

Inspector General Aguila
- in charge of looking at the moral, readiness of the units...etc.

History
- 1936 - Establishment of Reserve Officers Service School (ROSS)
     Stationed at Camp Allen, Baguio City and the Infantry School (1940) at Camp
Murphy (camp Aguinaldo)
-!951 - Activation of Philippine Army School Center (PASC) stationed in FMNE with 3
schools: Ground Combat, Ordinance and Quartermaster
-1958 - PASC
-1980s and 1990s - The 86' revolution changed PATC to the Training Command,
Philippine Army (TCPA) and throughout  the 90's have grown further to recognize
additional technical and service schools moving from FMNE to FBMC and the absorption
of Division training

HPA INTERIM TOE series 2012

- MIssion:
To educate and train personnel and develop doctrines for the Army
- Summary of Capabilities
     - Conduct courses and others as HHQ require, develop, evaluate and
validate doctrine; conduct and evaluate unit training; publish doctrine and
instructional material; conduct research and studies; and participate in joint
and combine exercises with other services and allied others.

Training and education system
- Implementing Basis of TRADOC training and education curriculum/program
- Philippine Army Training System (PATS)
     - TRADOC implemented to ensure that all training is competency based
and driven by operational requirements a developed through the phases of
analysis, design, development conduct and validation with defined roles for
T/E developers and managers.

August 6, 2012

Making sense of Data

- Data Analysis: search for patterns in data

- Data analysis begins by developing a coding scheme and codebook (raw
data are categorized)
- Most of data analysis is performed by computer

- Grouping nominal data: common sense     

     - Eg Protestant, catholic, Methodist, Lutheran, Muslim, Jewish, Atheist,
Calvinist
- Grouping ordinal data: merging adjacent
     - Eg income, years of education
- Grouping interval data: use equal-width intervals
     - Age (median of highest to lowest)
- Descriptive inference: a systematic description of selected cases, and on the
basis of that description, an inference can be made in terms of what other
cases might look like
     - Makes contribution to theory-building; refining hypotheses about pol.
science
     - Non-inferential research: star-gazing

September 18, 2012

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