The key differences are as follows:

SEGD

 Multiple files for a seismic line (one file per shot)

 Variable block length
 Concept of larger headers and extended headers for
recordingadditionalparameters
 Can be both multiplexed and demultiplexed
 Non disk friendly format

SEGY

 Usually a single file per line

 Fixed blocks after the 3200, and 400 byte headers
 Fixed length header (not much room in the header)
 Is always demultiplexed
 Disk friendly format