Integration in CIM

 CIM architecture
 Communication
 Data Management
 Presentation

 Data transmission Methods

 Digital – Parallel, Serial asynchronous, synchronous,
Simplex, Half Duplex, Duplex
 Analogue – Modulator, Demodulator, AD Convertors
 Integration in CIM
 Network Topologies
 Point to Point; Star; Ring
 Mesh; Tree; Daisy Chain; Hybrid
 Multiplexing

 Network Models
 layered architecture of Network Model
 OSI Model
 Internet Model
 CIM ARCHITECTURE
 CIM architecture is an information systems
structure that enables industrial enterprises integrate
information and business processes.

 First by establishing the direction integration will

take; and

 second, by defining the interfaces between the users

and the providers of this integration function
 Three key building blocks
 Communications—the communication and
distribution of data.

 Data management—the definition, storage and use

of data

 Presentation—the presentation of this data to people

and devices throughout the enterprise
CIM Architecture Elements
 Communications in CIM
 A wide range of data transfer, from large batches of
engineering or planning data to single-bit messages
from a plant floor device.

 Many connectivity types and proto cols must be

supported to enable the enterprise’s people, systems
and devices to communicate
 Managing data in CIM
 Data management includes, how data is defined, how
different data elements are related, where data is stored,
and who has access to that data.

 Data management defines and records the location of the

data created and used by the enterprise’s business
functions.

 Data management also means enabling users to get the

data, they need—with out having to know where this
data is located.
 Presentation in CIM
 Presentation in the CIM environment means
providing data to and accepting data from people
and devices.

 it must have a consistent way to distribute and

present information to people at terminals or
workstations, machine tools, robots, sensors, bar
code readers, automated guided vehicles, and parts
storage and retrieval systems.
 Communication Networks
 A communication network is the backbone of
an enterprise integration.

 Networks help to unify a company by linking

together all the computerized devices
irrespective of their physical location.

 Through networks the whole enterprise can be

integrated, including suppliers and customers.
 Types of Communication
Networks
 Telecommunication Networks
 mainly used for voice communication.

 Computer communication Networks

 a system of interconnected computers and other
devices capable exchanging information.
 Data transmission
 Information generated by a source need to be encoded
into a suitable format for transmission.
 To transmit the encoded signals generated by the
Information-processing equipment over a
communication link, assistance is needed.

 For example, a PC generates a digital signal but needs

an additional device to modulate a carrier frequency
before it is sent over a telephone line.
 Encoded data is sent from the generating device to the
next device by a bundle of wires, a sort of mini
communication link, called an interface.
ANALOG TRANSMISSION OF
DIGITAL DATA
Analog Transmission
Modulation
Analog Transmission
Data Terminal Equipment (DTE)
 Data terminal equipment (DTE) includes any unit that
functions either as a source of or as a destination for
binary digital data.

 DTEs do not often communicate directly with one

another; they generate and consume information but
need an intermediary to be able to communicate.

 At the physical layer, it can be a terminal,

microcomputer, computer, printer, fax machine, or any
other device that generates or consumes digital data.
 Data Circuit-Terminating
Equipment (DCE)
 Data circuit-terminating equipment (DCE)
includes any functional unit that transmits or
receives data in the form of an analog or digital
signal through a network.
 At the physical layer, a DCE takes data
generated by a DTE, converts them to an
appropriate signal, and then introduces the
signal onto the telecommunication link.
 Commonly used DCEs at this layer include
modems (modulator/demodulators).
DTE-DCE interface
Interface – Communication Link
 an interface include
 mechanical specifications (how many wires are used to
transport the signal)
 its electrical specifications (the frequency, amplitude,
and phase of the expected signal)
 its functional specifications (if multiple wires are used,
what does each one do?)

 interface links - two devices not necessarily made

by the same manufacturer, its characteristics must
be defined and standards must be established
 Data Transmission
 transmission of binary data across a link
 Parallel Transmission

Binary data, consisting of 1s and 0s, may be organised

into groups of n bits each and sent n bits at a time
 Parallel Transmission
 usually limited to short distances and communication within
devices is parallel

 Parallel transmission requires n communication lines (wires

in the example) just to transmit the data stream

 parallel transmission is speed

 parallel transmission can increase the transfer speed by a

factor of n over serial transmission

 A significant disadvantage of parallel transmission is cost

 Serial Transmission
 one bit follows another, and only one
communication channel/Line rather than n.
 Serial Transmission
 Since communication within devices is parallel,
conversion devices are required at the
interface

 between the sender and the line (parallel-to-

serial) and between the line and the receiver
(serial-to-parallel).

 Serial transmission occurs in one of two ways;

asynchronous or synchronous.
Asynchronous serial
transmission
 Asynchronous Serial
Transmission
 Asynchronous transmission is so named
because the timing of a signal is unimportant

 Instead, information is received and translated

by agreed-upon patterns. Patterns are based
on grouping the bit stream into bytes.

 Each group, usually eight bits, is sent along the

link as a unit.
 Asynchronous Serial
Transmission
 To alert the receiver to the arrival of a new group, an
extra bit is added to the beginning of each byte.

 This bit, usually a 0, is called the start bit.

 To let the receiver know that the byte is finished,

one or more additional bits are appended to the end
of the byte.

 These bits, usually 1s, are called stop bits.

Synchronous serial transmission
Synchronous serial transmission
 In synchronous transmission, the bit stream is
combined into longer "frames," which may contain
multiple bytes.
 Each byte, however, is introduced onto the transmission
link without a gap between it and the next one.
 It is left to the receiver to separate the bit stream into
bytes for decoding purposes.
 In other words, data are transmitted as an unbroken
string of 1s and 0s, and the receiver separates that
string into the bytes, or characters, it needs to
reconstruct the information.
Synchronous serial transmission
 Timing in synchronous transmission has
importance.
 There is no pattern or prefix/suffix method as start
and end data bits
 Data bits are sent in burst mode without
maintaining gap between bytes (8-bits).
 Single burst of data bits may contain a number of
bytes.
 High speed, and it has no overhead of extra header
and footer bits as in asynchronous transmission
 Data Transmission Modes
In a data transmission system, the transmission
medium is the physical path between transmitter and
receiver

The term data transmission mode defines the direction

of the flow of information between two communication
devices i.e. it tells the direction of signal flow between
the two devices.

There are three ways or modes of data transmission:

Simplex, Half duplex (HDX), Full duplex (FDX)
Three types
 Simplex
 In Communication Networks, Communication
can take place in one direction connected to
such a circuit are either a send only or receive
only device. 
 There is no mechanism for information to be
transmitted back to the sender and
Communication is unidirectional.
 TV broadcasting is an example. Simplex
transmission generally involves dedicated
circuits. Simplex circuits are analogous to
escalators, doorbells, fire alarms and security
systems:
Simplex
 Half Duplex
 A half duplex system can transmit data in both
directions, but only in one direction at a time that mean
half duplex modes support two-way traffic but in only
one direction at a time.
 The interactive transmission of data within a time
sharing system may be best suited to half-duplex lines.
 Both the connected devices can transmit and receive
but not simultaneously.
 When one device is sending the other can only receive
and vice-versa. Data is transmitted in one direction at a
time, for example. a walkie-talkie.
Half Duplex
 Full Duplex
 A full duplex system can transmit data simultaneously in both
directions on transmission path.

 Both the connected devices can transmit and receive at the

same time.

 Two wires are needed to send data over a serial

communication link layer and the channel capacity is shared
by both communicating devices at all times.

 Therefore it represents truly bi-directional system. The link

may contain two separate transmission paths one for sending
and another for receiving.
Full Duplex
 TYPES OF COMPUTER
NETWORKS
 Personal Area Network

 Local Area Network (LAN)

 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

 Wide Area Network (MAN)

 Internetwork
 Personal Area Network
(PAN)
 A Personal Area Network (PAN) is smallest
network which is very personal to a user.
 This may include Bluetooth enabled devices or
infra-red enabled devices.
 PAN has connectivity range up to 10 meters.
 PAN may include wireless computer keyboard
and mouse, Bluetooth enabled headphones,
wireless printers, and TV remotes.
Personal Area Network
(PAN)
 Local Area Network (LAN)
 A computer network spanned inside a building
and operated under single administrative
system is generally termed as Local Area
Network (LAN).
 Usually, LAN covers an organization offices,
schools, colleges or universities.
 LANs are composed of inexpensive networking
and routing equipment.
 LAN uses Ethernet and uses Star topology
Local Area Network (LAN)
Metro Area Network (MAN)
 The Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) generally
expands throughout a city such as cable TV
network.
 Metro Ethernet is a service which is provided by
ISPs. This service enables its users to expand their
Local Area Networks. For example, MAN can help
an organization to connect all of its offices in a city.
 Backbone of MAN is high-capacity and high-speed
fiber optics. MAN works in between Local Area
Network and Wide Area Network. MAN provides
uplink for LANs to WANs or internet.
Metro Area Network (MAN)
Wide Area Network (WAN)
 Wide Area Network (WAN) covers a wide area
which may span across states and even a
whole country.
 Generally, telecommunication networks are
Wide Area Network.
 These networks provide connectivity to MANs
and LANs.
 WAN may be managed by multiple
administration.
Wide Area Network (WAN)

Internetwork
 Internetwork
 A network of networks is called an
internetwork, or simply the internet.

 It is the largest network in existence on this

planet. The internet hugely connects all WANs
and it can have connection to LANs and Home
networks.

 Internet uses TCP/IP protocol suite and uses IP

as its addressing protocol.
 COMPUTER NETWORK
TOPOLOGIES
 A Network Topology is the arrangement with
which computer systems or network devices are
connected to each other. Topologies may define
both physical and logical aspect of the network.
 Point-to-Point
 Bus Topology
 Star Topology
 Ring Topology
 Mesh Topology
 Tree Topology
 Point-to-Point
 Point-to-point networks contains exactly two
hosts such as computer, switches, routers, or
servers connected back to back using a single
piece of cable.
 Bus Topology
 In case of Bus topology, all devices share
single communication line or cable.
 Bus topology either uses CSMA/CD technology
 Star Topology
 All hosts in Star topology are connected to a
central device, known as hub device, using a
point-to-point connection.
 That is, there exists a point to point connection
between hosts and hub.
 The hub device can be any of the following:
 Layer-1 device such as hub or repeater
 Layer-2 device such as switch or bridge
 Layer-3 device such as router or gateway
Star Topology
 Ring Topology
 In ring topology, each host machine connects
to exactly two other machines, creating a
circular network structure.
 Mesh Topology
 In this type of topology, a host is connected to
one or multiple hosts. This topology has hosts
in point-to-point connection with every other
host
 Tree Topology
 Also known as Hierarchical Topology, this is the most
common form of network topology in use presently.
 This topology imitates as extended Star topology and
inherits properties of Bus topology.
 This topology divides the network into multiple levels/layers
of network.
 Mainly in LANs, a network is bifurcated into three types of
network devices.
 The lowermost is access-layer where computers are attached.
 The middle layer is known as distribution layer, which works as
mediator between upper layer and lower layer.
 The highest layer is known as core layer, and is central point of the
network
Tree Topology
 COMPUTER NETWORK
MODEL
 Network engineering is a complicated task, which
involves software, firmware, chip level
engineering, hardware, and electric pulses.
 The whole networking concept is divided into
multiple layers. Each layer is involved in some
particular task and is independent of all other
layers. But as a whole, almost all networking tasks
depend on all of these layers.
 Layers share data between them and they depend
on each other only to take input and send output.
 Layered Tasks
 In layered architecture of Network Model, one
whole network process is divided into small
tasks.
 Each small task is then assigned to a
particular layer which works dedicatedly to
process the task only.
 Every layer does only specific work.
 Every layer clubs together all procedures,
protocols, and methods which it requires to
execute its piece of task
Layered architecture
 Protocol
 Protocols in the network system are a set of
instructions to exchange the information between
two devices.
 A protocol specifies the message format and the
rules for interpreting and reacting to messages.
 The open system interconnection (OSI)
reference model proposed by the International
Standards Organization (ISO) incorporates a
framework for modeling communication
protocols.
 OSI Model
 Open System Interconnect is an open standard
for all communication systems. OSI model is
established by International Standard
Organization (ISO).
 This model has seven layers:
 OSI Model
 Application Layer:
 This layer is responsible for providing interface to the
application user. This layer encompasses protocols which
directly interact with the user.
 Presentation Layer:
 This layer defines how data in the native format of remote
host should be presented in the native format of host.
 Session Layer:
 This layer maintains sessions between remote hosts. For
example, once user/password authentication is done, the
remote host maintains this session for a while and does
not ask for authentication again in that time span.
 OSI Model
 Transport Layer:
 This layer is responsible for end-to-end delivery between
hosts.
 Network Layer:
 This layer is responsible for address assignment and
uniquely addressing hosts in a network.
 Data Link Layer:
 This layer is responsible for reading and writing data from
and onto the line. Link errors are detected at this layer.
 Physical Layer:
 This layer defines the hardware, cabling, wiring, power
output, pulse rate etc.
 Manufacturing Automation
Protocol (MAP)

General
Motors
 Internet Model
 Internet uses TCP/IP protocol suite, also known
as Internet suite.
 This defines Internet Model which contains four
layered architecture.
 Internet Model
 Application Layer:
 This layer defines the protocol which enables user to interact with the
network. For example, FTP, HTTP etc.
 Transport Layer:
 This layer defines how data should flow between hosts. Major protocol at
this layer is Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). This layer ensures data
delivered between hosts is in-order and is responsible for end-to-end
delivery.
 Internet Layer:
 Internet Protocol (IP) works on this layer. This layer facilitates host
addressing and recognition. This layer defines routing.
 Link Layer:
 This layer provides mechanism of sending and receiving actual data.
Unlike its OSI Model counterpart, this layer is independent of underlying
network architecture and hardware