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PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION EXAM DRILL VII

1. Principal B tells her teachers that training in the humanities is most important. To which
educational philosophy does he adhere?

M
a. Existentialism c. Progressivism

O
.C
b. Perennialism d. Essentialism

M
2. Principal C shares this thought with his teachers: "Subject matter should help students
understand and appreciate themselves as unique individuals who accept complete responsibility for

U
their thoughts, feelings, and actions." From which philosophy is this thought based?

R
a. Perennialism c. Existentialism
FO
b. Essentialism d. Progressivism
KS

3. To come closer to the truth we need to "go back to the things themselves." This is the advice of
O

the
O

a. behaviorists c. idealists
FB

b. phenomenologists d. pragmatists
PD

4. Student B claims: "I cannot see perfection but I long for it. So it must be real." Under which
group can he be classified?
T

a. Idealist c. Realist
SI

b. Empiridst d. Pragmatist.
VI

5. Which of the following prepositions is attributed to Plato?

a. Truth is relative to a particular time and place

b. Human beings create their own truths.

c. Learning is the discovery of truth as Iatent ideas are brought to consciousness.

d. Sense perception is the most accurate guide to knowledge.

6. On whose philosophy was A. S. Neil's Summerhill, one of the most experimental schools, based?

a. Rousseau c. Montessori

b. Pestalozzi d. John Locke

7. As a teacher, you are a rationalist. Which among these will be your guiding principle?

a. I must teach the child that we can never have real knowledge of anything.

b. I must teach the child to develop his mental powers to the full.

M
c. I must teach the child so he is assured of heaven.

O
d. I must teach the child every knowledge, skill, and value that he needs for a better future.

.C
8. Teacher U teaches to his pupils that pleasure is not the highest good. Teacher's teaching is

M
against what philosophy?

U
a. Realism c. Epicureanism

R
b. Hedonism d. Empiricism
FO
9. Who among the following puts more emphasis on core requirements, longer school day, longer
KS

academic year and more challenging textbooks?

a. Perennialist c. Progressivist
O
O

b. Essentialist d. Existentialist
FB

10. Which group of philosophers maintain that "truth exists in an objective order that is
independent of the knower"?
PD

a. Idealists c. Existentialists

b. Pragmatists d. Realists
T
SI

11. You arrive at knowledge by re-thinking of latent ideas. From whom does this thought come?
VI

a. Experimentalist c. Idealist

b. Realist d. Existentialist

12. As a teacher, you are a reconstructionist. Which among these will be your guiding principle?

a. I must teach the child every knowledge, skill, and value that he needs for a better future.

b. I must teach the child to develop his mental powers to the full.

c. I must teach the child so he is assured of heaven.

d. I must teach the child that we can never have real knowledge of anything.

13. Teacher B engages her students with information for thorough understanding for meaning and
for competent application. Which principle governs Teacher B's practice?

a. Contructivist c. Behaviorist

b. Gestalt d. Cognitivist

14. Which is/are the sources of man's intellectual drives, according to Freud?

a. Id c. Id and ego

M
b. Superego d. Ego

O
.C
15. Soc exhibits fear response to freely roaming dogs but does not show fear when a dog is on a
leash or confined to a pen. Which conditioning process is illustrated

M
a. Generalization c. Acquisition

U
R
b. Extinction d. Discrimination FO
16. The concepts of trust vs. maturity, autonomy vs. self-doubt, and initiative vs. guilt are most
closely related with the works of __________.
KS

a. Erikson b. Piaget c. Freud d. Jung

O

17. Teacher F is convinced that whenever a student performs a desired behavior, provided
O

reinforcement and soon the student will learn to perform the behavior on his own. On which principle is
FB

Teacher F's conviction based?

a. Cognitivism c. Behaviorism
PD

b. Environmentalism d. Constructivism
T

18. In a social studies class, Teacher I presents a morally ambiguous situation and asks his students
SI

what they would do. On whose theory is Teacher I's technique based?
VI

a. Kohlberg c. Piaget

b. Bandura d. Bruner

19. Based on Freud's psychoanalytic theory which component(s) of personality is (are) concerned
with a sense of right and wrong?

a. Super-ego c. ld

b. Super-ego and Ego d. Ego

20. Which does Naom Chomsky, assert about language learning for children?

I. Young children learn and apply grammatical rules and vocabulary as they are exposed to them.

II. Begin formal teaching of grammatical rules to children as early as possible.

III. Do not require initial formal language teaching for children.

a. I and III c. I only

b. II only d. I and II

M
21. Which teaching activity is founded on Bandura's Social Learning Theory?

O
a. Lecturing c. Questioning

.C
b. Modeling d. lnductive Reasoning

M
22. Behavior followed by pleasant consequences will be strengthened and will be more likely to

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occur in the future. Behavior followed by unpleasant consequences will be weakened and will be less

R
likely to be repeated in the future. Which one is explained?
FO
a. Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory
KS

b. Thorndike's Law of Effect

c. B. F. Skinner's Operant Conditioning Theory

O
O

d. Bandura's Social Learning Theory

FB

23. Bruner's theory on intellectual development moves from enactive to iconic and symbolic stages.
In which stage(s) are diagrams helpful to accompany verbal information?
PD

a. Enactive and iconic c. Symbolic and enactive

b. Symbolic d. Iconic
T
SI

24. In a treatment for alcoholism, Ramil was made to drink an alcoholic beverage and then made to
ingest a drug that produces nausea. Eventually, he was nauseated at the sight and smell of alcohol and
VI

stopped drinking alcohoL Which theory explains this?

a. Operant conditioning

b. Social Learning Theory

c. Associative Learning

d. Attribution Theory
25. A mother gives his boy his favorite snack every time the boy cleans up his room. Afterwards, the
boy cleaned his room everyday in anticipation of the snack. Which theory is illustrated?

a. Associative Learning

b. Classical Conditioning

c. Operant Conditioning

d. Pavlonian Conditioning

26. Researches conducted show that teacher's expectations of students become. Do not require

M
initial formal language teaching for children self-fulfilling prophecies. What is this phenomenon called?

O
a. Halo effect c. Ripple effect

.C
b. Pygmalion effect d. Hawthorne effect

M
27. What does extreme authoritarianism in the home reinforce in learners?

U
R
a. Doing things on their own initiative FO
b. Ability to direct themselves.
KS

c. Dependence on others for direction.

d. Creativity in work.
O
O

28. Theft of school equipment like tv, computer, etc. by teenagers in the community itself is
becoming a common phenomenon. What does this incident signify?
FB

a. Prevalence of poverty in the community.

PD

b. Inability of school to hire security guards.

c. Deprivation of Filipino schools.

T
SI

d. Community's lack of sense of co-ownership.

VI

29. A student passes a research report poorly written but ornately presented in a folder to make up
for the poor quality of the book report content. Which Filipino trait does this practice prove? Emphasis
on __________.

a. art over academics

b. substance over "porma"

c. art over science

d. "porma" over substance

30. Student Z does not study at all but when the Licensure Examination for Teachers (LET) comes,
before he takes the LET, he spends one hour or more praying for a miracle, i.e. to pass the exam. Which
attitude towards religion or God is displayed?

a. Religion as fake

b. Religion as magic

c. Religion as authentic

M
d. Religion as real

O
31. During the Spanish period, what was/were the medium/media of instruction in schools?

.C
a. The Vernacular

M
b. English

U
R
c. Spanish FO
d. Spanish and the Vernacular
KS

32. All subjects in Philippine elementary and secondary schools are expected to be taught using the
integrated approach. This came about as a result of the implementation of _________.
O

a. Program for Decentralized Education

O

b. School-Based Management
FB

c. Basic Education Curriculum

PD

d. Schools First Initiative

33. Under which program were students who were not accommodated in public elementary and
T

secondary schools because of lack of classroom, teachers, and instructional materials, were enrolled in
SI

private schools in their respective communities at the government's expense?

VI

a. Government Assistance Program

b. Study Now-Pay Later

c. Educational Service Contract System

d. National Scholarship Program

34. What was the most prominent educational issue of the mid 1980s?
a. Bilingual Education c. Accountability

b. Values Education d. Mainstreaming

35. Availment of the Philippine Education Placement Test (PEPT) for adults and out-of-school youths
is in support of the government’s educational program towards __________

a. equitable access c. quality and relevance

b. quality d. relevance

36. The main purpose of compulsory study of the Constitution is to __________

M
a. develop students into responsible, thinking citizens

O
.C
b. acquaint students with the historical development of the Philippine Constitution

M
c. make constitutional experts of the students

U
d. prepare students for law-making

R
37. Which one may support equitable access but may sacrifice quality?
FO
a. Open admission
KS

b. School accreditation
O

c. Deregulated tuition fee hike

O

d. Selective retention
FB

38. With which goals of educational institutions as provided for by the Constitution is the
development of work skills aligned?
PD

a. To develop moral character

T

b. To teach the duties of citizenship

SI

c. To inculcate love of country

VI

d. To develop vocational efficiency

39. Studies in the areas of neurosciences disclosed that the human brain has limitless capacity.
What does this imply?

a. Some pupils are admittedly not capable of learning.

b. Every pupil has his own native ability and his learning is limited to this nativeabilty.

c. Every child is a potential genius.

d. Pupils can possibly reach a point where they have learned everything.

40. Based on Piaget's theory, what should a teacher provide for children in the concrete operational
stage?

a. Activities for hypothesis formulation.

b. Learning activities that involve problems of classification and ordering.

c. Games and other physical activities to develop motor skills.

d. Stimulating environment with ample objects to play with.

M
41. Based on Piaget's theory, what should a teacher provide for children in the sensimotor stage?

O
.C
a. Games and other physical activities to develop motor skill.

M
b. Learning activities that involve problems of classification and ordering.

U
c. Activities for hypothesis formulation.

R
d. Stimulating environment with ample objects to play with.
FO
42. Which behavior is exhibited by a student who is strong in interpersonal intelligence?
KS

a. Works on his/her own.

O

b. Keeps interest to himself/herself.

O

c. Seeks out a classmate for help when problem occurs.

FB

d. Spends time meditating.

PD

43. A sixth grade twelve-year old boy comes from a dysfunctional family and has been abused and
neglected. He has been to two orphanages and three different elementary schools. The student can
decode on the second grade level, but he can comprehend orally material at the fourth or fifth grade
T

level. The most probable cause/s of this student's reading problem is/are __________.
SI

a. emotional factors c. neurological factors

VI

b. poor teaching d. immaturity

44. A child who gets punished for stealing candy may not steal again immediately. But this does not
mean that the child may not steal again. Based on Thorndike's theory on punishment and learning, this
shows that __________

a. punishment strengthens a response

b. punishment removes a response

c. punishment does not remove a response

d. punishment weakens a response

45. It is not wise to laugh at a two-year old child when he utters bad word because in his stage he is
learning to __________.

a. consider other's views

b. distinguish sex differences

c. socialize

M
d. distinguish right from wrong

O
.C
46. John Watson said: "Men are built not born." What does this statement point to?

M
a. The ineffectiveness of training on a person's development.

U
b. The effect of environmental stimulation on a person's development.

R
c. The absence of genetic influence on a person's development.
FO
d. The effect of heredity.
KS

47. Which types of play is most characteristic of a four to six-year old child?
O

a. Solitary and onlooker plays

O

b. Associative and cooperative plays

FB

c. Associative and onlooker plays

PD

d. Cooperative and solitary plays

48. All of the following describe the development of children aged eleven to thirteen EXCEPT
T

__________.
SI

a. they shift from impulsivity to adaptive ability

VI

b. sex differences in IQ becomes more evident

c. they exhibit increase objectivity in thinking

d. they show abstract thinking and judgment

49. Rodel is very aloof and cold in his relationships with his classmates. Which basic goal must have
not been attained by Rodel during his developmental years, according to Erikson's theory on
psychological development?
a. Autonomy c. Initiative

b. Trust d. Generativity

50. Ruben is very attached to his mother and Ruth to her father. In what developmental stage are
they according to Freudian psychological theory?

a. Oedipal stage c. Annal stage

b. Latent stage d. Pre-genital stage

51. Which assumption underlies the teacher's use of performance objectives?

M
a. Not every form of learning is observable.

O
.C
b. Performance objectives assure the learner of learning.

M
c. Learning is defined as a change in the learner's observable performance.

U
d. The success of learner is based on teacher performance.

R
52. The principle of individual differences requires teachers to __________.
FO
a. give greater attention to gifted learners
KS

b. provide for a variety of learning activities

O

c. treat all learners alike while in the classroom

O

d. prepare modules for slow learners in class

FB

53. In instructional planning it is necessary that the parts of the plan from the first to the last have
__________.
PD

a. clarity c. coherence
T

b. symmetry d. conciseness
SI

54. A goal-oriented instruction culminates in __________.

VI

a. planning of activities c. identification of topics

b. evaluation d. formulation of objectives

55. A teacher's summary of a lesson serves the following functions, EXCEPT

a. it links the parts of the lesson

b. lt brings together the information that has been discussed

c. it makes provisions for full participation of students.

d. it clinches the basic ideas or concepts of the lesson.

56. In Krathwohl's affective domain of objectives, which of the following is the lowest level of
affective behavior?

a. Valuing c. Responding

b. Characterization d. Organization

57. The following are used in writing performance objectives, EXCEPT

M
a. delineate c. integrate

O
.C
b. diagram d. comprehend

M
58. If a teacher plans a constructivist lesson, what will he most likely do? Plan how he can

U
a. do evaluate his students' work

R
b. do reciprocal teaching
FO
c. lecture to his students
KS

d. engage his students in convergent thinking

O

59. In mastery learning, the definition of an acceptable standard of performance is called a

O

a. SMART c. behavior
FB

b. criterion measure d. condition

PD

60. The primary objective of my lesson is: "To add similar fractions correctly." Before I can do this I
must first aim at this specific objective: "To distinguish a numerator from a nominator." What kind of
objective is the latter?
T
SI

a. Major c. Enabling
VI

b. Terminal d. Primary

61. Which behavioral term describes a lesson outcome in the highest level of Bloom's cognitive
domain?

a. Create c. Analyze

b. Evaluate d. Design

62. As a teacher, what do you do when you engage yourself in major task analysis?
a. Test if learning reached higher level thinking skills.

b. Breakdown a complex task into sub-skills.

c. Determine the level of thinking involved.

d. Revise lesson objectives.

63. Teacher G's lesson objective has something to do with the skill of synthesizing? Which
behavioral term is most appropriate?

a. Test c. Appraise

M
b. Assess d. Theorize

O
.C
64. In Krathwohl's taxonomy of objectives in the affective, which is most authentic?

M
a. Characterization c. Responding

U
b. Organization d. Valuing

R
65. "A stitch on time saves nine", so goes the adage.. Applied to classroom management, this means
FO
that we __________
KS

a. may not occupy ourselves with disruptions which are worth ignoring because they are minor

b. must be reactive in our approach to discipline

O
O

c. have to resolve minor disruptions before they are out of control

FB

d. may apply 9 rules out of 10 consistently

66. How can you exhibit referent power on the first day of school?
PD

a. By making them feel you know what you are talking about.
T

b. By telling them the importance of good grades.

SI

c. By reminding your students your authority over them again and again.
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d. By giving your students a sense of belonging and acceptance.

67. Teacher B clears his throat to communicate disapproval of a student's behavior. Which specific
influence technique is this?

a. Signal interference c. Interest boosting

b. Direct appeal d. Proximity control

68. How can you exhibit expert power on the first day of school?
a. By making them feel you know what you are talking about.

b. By making them realize the importance of good grades.

c. By reminding them your students your authority over them again and again.

d. By giving your students a sense of belonging and acceptance.

69. Teacher H strives to draw participation of every student into her classroom discussion. Which
student's need is she trying to address? The need __________

a. to show their oral abilities to the rest of the class

M
b. to be creative

O
.C
c. to feel significant and be part of a group

M
d. to get everything out in the open

U
70. Which is a sound classroom management practice?

R
a. Avoid establishing routines; routines make your student robots.
FO
b. Establish routines for all daily needs and tasks.
KS

c. Apply rules and policies on a case to case basis.

O

d. Apply reactive approach to discipline.

O

71. An effective classroom manager uses low-profile classroom control. Which is a low-profile
FB

classroom technique?

a. Note to parents
PD

b. After-school detention
T

c. Withdrawal of privileges
SI

d. Raising the pitch of the voice

VI

72. Which is one characteristic of an effective classroom management?

a. It quickly and unobtrusively redirects misbehavior once it occurs.

b. It teaches dependence on others for self-control.

c. It respects cultural norms of a limited group students.

d. Strategies are simple enough to be used consistently.

73. How can you exhibit legitimate power on the first day of school?

a. By making your students feel they are accepted for who they are.

b. By informing them you are allowed to act in loco parentis.

c. By making them realize the importance of good grade

d. By making them feel you have mastery of subject matter.

74. With-it-ness, according to Kounin, is one of the characteristics of an effective classroom

manager. Which phrase goes with it?

M
a. Have hands that write fast.

O
.C
b. Have eyes on the back of your heads.

M
c. Have a mouth ready to speak.

U
d. Have minds packed with knowledge.

R
75. Which is an appropriate way to manage off-task behavior
FO
a. Make eye contact.
KS

b. Stop your class activity to correct a child who is no longer on task.

O

c. Move closer to the child.

O

d. Redirect a child's attention to task and check his progress to make sure he is continuing to work.
FB

76. Referring to Teacher S, Nicolle describes her teacher as "fair, caring and someone you can talk
to." Which power or leadership does Teacher S have?
PD

a. Referent power c. Reward power

T

b. Legitimate power d. Expert power

SI

77. Research tells that teachers ask mostly content questions. Which of the following terms does
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NOT refer to content question?

a. Closed c. Concept

b. Direct d. Convergent

78. Read the following then answer the question:

TEACHER: IN WHAT WAYS OTHER THAN THE PERIODIC TABLE MIGHT WE PREDICT THE UNDISCOVERED
ELEMENTS?

BOBBY: WE COULD GO TOTHE MOON AND SEE IF THERE ARE SOME ELEMENTS THERE WE DON'T HAVE.

BETTY: WE COULD DIG DOWN TO THE CENTER OF THE EARTH AND SEE IF WE FIND ANY OF THE MISSING
ELEMENTS.

M
O
RICKY: WE COULD STUDY DEBRIS FROM THE METEORITES IF WE CAN FIND ANY.

.C
M
TEACHER: THOSE ARE ALL GOOD ANSWERS BUT WHAT IF THOSE, EXCURSIONS TO THE MOON, TO THE

U
CENTER OF THE EARTH, OR TO FIND METEORITES WERE TOO COSTLY AND TIME CONSUMING? HOW

R
MIGHT WE USE THE ELEMENTS WE ALREADY HAVE HERE ON EARTH TO FIND SOME NEW ONES?
FO
KS

Question: Which questioning strategy/ies does/do the exchange of thoughts above illustrate?
O
O

a. Funneling c. Nose-dive
FB

b. Sowing and reaping d. Extending and lifting

PD

79. Which questioning practice promotes more class interaction?

a. Asking the question before calling on a student.

T

b. Focusing on divergent questions.

SI

c. Focusing on convergent questions

VI

d. Asking rhetorical questions.

80. Which technique should a teacher use to encourage response if his students do not respond to
his question?

a. Ask a specific student to respond, state the question, and wait a response.

b. Tell the class that it will have detention unless answer are forthcoming.
c. Ask another question, an easier one.

d. Wait for a response.

81. Teacher P wants to develop the skill of synthesizing in her pupils. Which one will she do?

a. Ask her students to formulate a generalization from the data shown in graphs.

b. Ask her students to answer questions beginning with "What if ... "

c. Tell her pupils to state data presented in graphs.

M
d. Directs her students to ask questions on the parts of the lesson not understood.

O
82. The following are sound specific purposes of questions EXCEPT

.C
a. to call the attention of an inattentive student

M
b. to teach via student answers

U
R
c. to stimulate leaders to ask questions FO
d. to arouse interest and curiosity

83. For maximum interaction, a teacher ought to avoid __________ questions.

KS

a. informational c. leading
O

b. rhetorical d. divergent
O
FB

84. If teacher has to ask more higher-order questions, he has to ask more __________ questions.

a. closed c. concept
PD

b. fact d. convergent
T

85. Which is NOT a sound purpose for asking questions?

SI

a. To probe deeper after an answer is given.

VI

b. To discipline a bully in class.

c. To remind students of a procedure.

d. To encourage self-reflection.

86. After giving an input on a good paragraph, Teacher W asks her students to rate a given
paragraph along the elements of a good paragraph. The students' task is in level of __________

a. application
b. analysis

c. evaluation

d. synthesis

87. Read the following then answer the question

TEACHER: IN WHAT WAYS OTHER THAN THE PERIODIC TABLE MIGHT WE PREDICT THE UNDISCOVERED
ELEMENTS?

M
BOBBY: WE COULD GOTO THE MOON AND SEE IF THERE ARE SOME ELEMENTS THERE WE DON'T HAVE.

O
.C
M
BETTY: WE COULD DIG DOWN INTO THE CENTER OF THE EARTH AND SEE IF WE FIND ANY OF THE
MISSING ELEMENTS

U
R
FO
RICKY: WE COULD STUDY DEBRIS FROM THE METEORITES IF WE CAN FIND ANY
KS

TEACHER: THOSE ARE ALL GOOD ANSWERS. BUT WHAT IF THOSE EXCURSIONS TO THE MOON, TO THE
O

CENTER OF THE EARTH, OR TO FIND METEORITES WERE TOO COSTLY AND TIME CONSUMING? HOW
O

MIGHT WE USE THE ELEMENTS WE ALREADY HAVE HERE ON EARTH TO FIND SOME NEW ONES?
FB
PD

Question: The Teacher's questions in the above exchange are examples of __________ questions

a. fact c. direct
T

b. concept d. closed
SI

88. Read this question: "How will you present the layers of the earth to your class?" This is a
VI

question that

a. directs

b. leads the student to evaluate

c. assesses cognition

d. probes creative thinking

89. The teacher's first task in the selection of media in teaching is to determine the ______.

a. choice of the students

b. availability of the media

c. objectives of the lesson

d. technique to be used

90. Based on Edgar Dale's Cone of Experience, which activity is closest to the real thing?

M
a. View images c. Watch a demo

O
b. Attend exhibit d. Hear

.C
91. Based on Edgar Dale's Cone of Experience, which activity is farthest from the real thing?

M
a. Read c. View images

U
R
b. Hear d. Attend exhibit FO
92. Which criterion should guide a teacher in the choice of instructional devices?

a. Attractiveness c. Novelty
KS

b. Cost d. Appropriateness
O

93. To elicit more student's response, Teacher G made use of covert responses. Which one did she
O

NOT do?
FB

a. She had the students write their response privately.

PD

b. She showed the correct answers on the overhead after the students have written their
responses.
T

c. She had the students write their responses privately then called each of them.
SI

d. She refrained from judging on the student's responses.

VI

94. Teacher W wants to review and check on the lesson of the previous day? Which one will be
most reliable?

a. Having students identify difficult homework problems.

b. Having students correct each other's work.

c. Sampling the understanding of a few students

d. Explicitly reviewing the task-relevant information necessary for the day's lesson.
95. Teacher M's pupils are quite weak academically and his lesson is already far behind his time
table. How should Teacher M proceed with his lesson?

a. Experientially c. Logically

b. lnductively d. Deductively

96. Which activity should a teacher have more for his students if he wants them to develop logical-
mathematical thinking?

a. Problem solving c. Drama

M
b. Choral reading d. Storytelling

O
97. Which guideline must be observed in the use of prompting to shape the correct performance of

.C
your students?

M
a. Use the least intrusive prompt first.

U
b. Use all prompts available.

R
c. Use the most intrusive prompt first.
FO
d. Refrain from using prompts.
KS

98. To promote effective practice, which guideline should you bear in mind? Practice should be
O

a. done in an evaluative atmosphere

O

b. difficult for students to learn a lesson

FB

c. arranged to allow students to receive feedback

PD

d. take place over a long period of time

99. Which is one role of play in the pre-school and early childhood years?
T
SI

a. Develops competitive spirit.

VI

b. Separates reality from fantasy.

c. Increases imagination due to expanding knowledge and emotional range.

d. Develops the upper and lower limbs.

100. Teacher T taught a lesson denoting ownership by means of possessives. He first introduced the
rule, then gave examples, followed by class exercises, then back to the rule before he moved into the
second rule. Which presenting technique did he use?
a. Combinatorial c. Part-whole

b. Comparative d. Sequential

101. The burnout malady gets worse if a teacher doesn't intervene to change whatever areas he or
she can control. Which one can renew a teacher's enthusiasm?

a. Stick to job

b. Initiate changes in jobs

c. Judge someone else as wrong

M
d. Engage in self-pity

O
.C
102. Which Filipino trait works against the shift in teacher's role from teacher as a fountain of
information to teacher as facilitator?

M
a. Authoritativeness c. Hiya

U
R
b. Authoritarianism d. Pakikisama FO
103. Which method has been proven to be effective in courses that stress acquisition of knowledge?
KS

a. Socratic method c. Mastery learning

b. Cooperative learning d. Indirect instruction

O
O

104. Direct instruction is for facts, rules, and actions as indirect instruction is for __________,
__________, __________.
FB

a. hypotheses, verified data and conclusions

PD

b. concepts, patterns and abstractions

c. concepts, processes and generalizations

T
SI

d. guesses, data and conclusions

VI

105. For which may you use the direct instruction method?

a. Become aware of the pollutants around us.

b. Appreciate Milton's Paradise Lost.

c. Use a microscope properly

d. Distinguish war from aggression.

106. I want to teach concepts, patterns and abstractions. Which method is most appropriate?
a. Indirect instruction c. Direct instruction

b. Discovery d. Problem solving

107. What should a teacher do for students in his class who are not on grade level?

a. Give them materials on their level and let them work at a pace that is reasonable for them,
trying to bring them up to a grade level.

b. Give them the same work as the other students, because they will absorb as much as they are
capable of

M
c. Give them the same work as the other students, not much, so that they won't feel

O
embarrassed.

.C
d. Give them work on the level of the other students and work a little above the classmates level

M
to challenge them.

U
108. By what name is Indirect instruction the Socratic method also known?

R
a. Mastery learning c. Morrison method
FO
b. Indirect Method d. Questioning method
KS

109. Teacher B is a teacher of English as a Second Language. She uses vocabulary cards, fill-in-the-
blank sentences, dictation and writing exercises in teaching a lesson about grocery shopping. Based on
O

this information, which of the following is a valid conclusion?

O

a. The teacher is reinforcing learning by giving the same information in, a variety of methods.
FB

b. The teacher is applying Bloom's hierarchy of cognitive learning.

PD

c. The teacher wants to do less talk.

d. The teacher is emphasizing listening and speaking skills.

T
SI

110. Which is a form of direct instruction?

VI

a. Discovery process c. Programmed instruction

b. Problem solving d. Inductive reasoning

111. Which does NOT belong to the group of alternative learning systems?

a. Multi-grade grouping c. Graded education

b. Multi-age grouping d. Non-graded grouping

112. Teacher H gave her first-grade class a page with a story in which pictures take the place of some
words. Which method did she use?

a. The whole language approach

b. The Spaulding method

c. The rebus method

d. The language experience approach

113. Teacher B uses the direct instruction strategy. Which sequence of steps will she follow?

M
I. Independent practice

O
.C
II. Feedback and correctiveness

M
III. Guided student practice

U
IV. Presenting and structuring

R
V. Reviewing the previous day's work
FO
a. V-II-IV-III-I c. V-lV-III-II-I
KS

b. III-II-IV-I-V d. I-V-II-III-IV
O

114. Why should a teacher NOT use direct instruction all the time?
O

a. It requires much time.

FB

b. It requires use of many supplementary materials.

PD

c. It is generally effective only in the teaching of concepts and abstractions.

d. It reduces students engagement in learning.

T
SI

115. Teacher A is a teacher of English as a Second Language. She uses vocabulary cards, fill-in-the-
blank sentences, dialogues, dictation and writing exercises in teaching a lesson about grocery shopping.
VI

Based on this information, which of the following is a valid conclusion?

a. The teacher is applying Bloom's hierarchy of cognitive learning.

b. The teacher is teaching in a variety of ways because not all students learn in the same manner.

c. The teacher wants to make her teachirig easier by having less talk.

d. The teacher is emphasizing reading and writing skills.

116. I combined several subject areas in order to focus on a single concept for inter-disciplinary
teaching. Which strategy/method did I use?

a. Problem-entered learning

b. Thematic instruction

c. Reading-writing activity

d. Unit method

117. Teacher E discussed how electricity flows through wires and what generates the electric charge.

M
Then she gave the students wires, bulbs, switches, and dry cells and told the class to create a circuit that

O
will increase the brightness of each bulb. Which one best describes the approach used?

.C
a. It used a taxonomy of basic thinking skills

M
b. It was contructivist

U
c. It helped students understand scientific methodology

R
d. It used cooperative learning
FO
118. With indirect instruction in mind, which does NOT belong to the group?
KS

a. Problem solving c. Inductive reasoning

O

b. Lecture-recitation d. Discovery
O

119. I drew learners into several content areas and encouraged them to solve a complex question for
FB

inter-disciplinary teaching. Which strategy did I use?

PD

a. Problem-centered learning

b. Unit method
T

c. Reading-writing activity
SI

d. Thematic instruction
VI

120. In self-directed learning, to what extent should a teacher's "scaffolding" be?

a. To a degree the student needs it.

b. None, to force the student to learn by himself.

c. To the minimum, to speed up development of student's sense of independence.

d. To the maximum, in order to extend to the student all the help he needs.
121. Which is a major advantage of a curriculum-based assessment?

a. It is informal in nature.

b. It connects testing with teaching.

c. It tends to focus on anecdotal information on student progress.

d. It is based on a norm-referenced measurement model.

122. Which are direct measures of competence?

M
a. Personality tests c. Paper-and-pencil tests

O
b. Performance tests d. Standardized test

.C
123. "What is most likely to happen to our economy when export continuously surpasses import" is a

M
thought question on __________.

U
a. creating c. synthesizing

R
b. relating cause-and-effect d. predicting
FO
124. The test item "Group the following items according to shape" is a thought test item on
KS

__________.

a. creating c. generalizing
O
O

b. classifying d. comparing
FB

125. In the context on the theory on multiple intelligences, what is one weakness of the paper-pencil
test?
PD

a. It is not easy to administer.

b. It puts the non-linguistically intelligent at a disadvantage

T
SI

c. It utilizes so much time.

VI

d. It lacks reability.

126. With synthesizing skills in mind, which has the highest diagnostic value?

a. Essay test c. Completion test

b. Performance test d. Multiple choice test

127. Which one can best evaluate students' attitudinal development?

a. Essay test c. Observation

b. Portfolio d. Short answer test

128. With specific details in mind, which one has (have) a stronger diagnostic value?

a. Multiple choice test

b. Non-restricted essay test

c. Restricted essay test

d. Restricted and non-restricted essay tests

M
129. Teacher A discovered that his pupils are very good in dramatizing. Which tool must have helped
him discover his pupils' strength?

O
.C
a. Portfolio assessment

M
b. Performance test

U
c. Journal entry

R
130. Which can effectively measure students' awareness of values?
FO
a. Projective techniques c. Likert scales
KS

b. Moral dilemma d. Anecdotal record

O

e. Paper-and-pencil test
O

131. Teacher F wanted to teach the pupils the skill to do cross stitching. Her check up quiz was a
FB

written test on the steps of cross stitching. Which characteristic of a good test does it lack?

a. Scorability c. Objectivity
PD

b. Reliability d. Validity
T

132. If your Licensure Examination Test (LET) items sample adequately the competencies listed in the
SI

syllabi, it can be said that the LET possesses __________ validity.

VI

a. concurrent c. content

b. construct d. predictive

133. "In the light of the facts presented, what is most likely to happen when ... ?" is a sample thought
question on

a. inferring c. synthesizing

b. generalizing d. justifying
134. In a criterion-referenced testing, what must you do to ensure that your test is fair?

a. Make all of the questions true or false.

b. Ask each student to contribute one question.

c. Make twenty questions but ask the students to answer only ten of their choice.

d. Use the objectives for the units as guide in your test construction.

135. Which test has broad sampling of topics as strength?

M
a. Objective test c. Essay test

O
b. Short answer test d. Problem type

.C
136. Which is the first step in planning an achievement test?

M
a. Define the instructional objective.

U
R
b. Decide on the length of the test. FO
c. Select the type of test items to use.

d. Build a table of specification.

KS

137. The first thing to do in constructing a periodic test is for a teacher to __________
O

a. decide on the number of items for the test

O
FB

b. go back to her instructional objectives

c. study the content

PD

d. decide on the type of test to construct

T

138. In the parlance of test construction what does "TOS" mean?

SI

a. Table of Specifics
VI

b. Table of Specifications

c. Table of Specific Test Items

d. Team of Specifications

139. Shown a picture of children in sweaters inside the classroom, the students were asked this
question: "In what kind of climate do these children live?" This is a thought question on __________

a. inferring c. creating
b. applying d. predicting

140. Which guideline in test construction is NOT observed in this test item Jose Rizal wrote
__________.

a. The central problem should be packed in the stem.

b. There must be only one correct answer.

c. Alternatives must have grammatical parallelism.

d. The alternates must be plausible.

M
141. Quiz is to formative test while periodic is to __________

O
.C
a. criterion-reference test c. norm-reference test

M
b. summative test d. diagnostic test

U
142. If teacher wants to test students' ability to organize ideas, which type of test should she

R
formulate? FO
a. Multiple-choice type c. Essay
KS

b. Short answer d. Technical problem

143. Out of 3 distracters in a multiple choice test item, namely B, C, and D, no pupil chose D as
O

answer. This implies that D is __________

O

a. an ineffective distracter
FB

b. a vague distracter
PD

c. an effective distracter

d. a plausible distracter
T
SI

144. Study this group of tests which was administered with the following results, then answer the
question
VI

Subject Mean SD Ronnels's Score

Math 56 10 43

Physics 41 9 31

English 80 16 109
In which subject(s) did Ronnel perform best in relation to the group's performance?

a. Physics and Math c. Physics

b. English d. Math

145. Study this group of tests which was administered with the following results, then answer the
question.

Subject Mean SO Ronnel's Score

Math 56 10 43

M
Physics 41 9 31

O
.C
English 80 16 109

M
U
In which subject(s) did Ronnel perform most poorly in relation to the group's performance?

R
a. English c. Math
FO
b. English and Math d. Physics
KS

146. What can be said of Peter who obtained a score of 75 in a Grammar objective test?
O

a. He answered 75 items in the test correctly.

O

b. He answered 75% of the test items correctly.

FB

c. His rating is 75.

PD

d. He performed better than 5% of his classmates.

147. In his second item analysis, Teacher H found out that more from the lower group got the test
T

item # 6 correctly. This means that the test item __________.

SI

a. has a negative discriminating power

VI

b. has a lower validity

c. has a positive discriminating power

d. has a high reability

148. NSAT and NEAT results are interpreted against set mastery level. This means that NSAT and
NEAT fall under __________.

a. intelligence test c. criterion-referenced test

b. aptitude test d. norm-referenced test

149. Teacher Y does norm-referenced interpretation of scores. Which of the following does she do?

a. She describes group performance in relation to a level of mastery set.

b. She uses a specified content as its frame of reference.

c. She compares every individual students' scores with others' scores.

d. She describes what should be their performance.

M
150. Test norms are established in order to have a basis for __________.

O
a. establishing learning goals

.C
b. interpreting test results

M
c. computing grades

U
R
d. identifying pupils' difficulties FO
151. Which is most implied by a negatively skewed score distribution?

a. The scores are evenly distributed from left to the right

KS

b. Most pupils are achievers

O

c. Most of the scores are low

O
FB

d. Most of the scores are high

152. Which holds true to standardized tests?

PD

a. They are used for comparative purposes

T

b. They are administered differently

SI

c. They are scored according to different standards

VI

d. They are used for assigning grades

153. Students' scores on a test were: 72, 72, 73, 74, 76, 78, 81, 83, 85. The score 76 is the
__________.

a. mode c. mean

b. average d. median

154. Are percentile ranks the same as percentage correct?

a. It cannot be determined unless scores are given.

b. It cannot be determined unless the number of examinees is given.

c. No d. Yes

155. In which competency do my students find the greatest difficulty? In the item with a difficulty
index of __________.

a. 0.1 b. 0.9 c. 0.5 d. 1.0

156. Study this group tests which was administered wit the following results, then answer the

M
question

O
Subject MeanSD Ronnel's Score

.C
Math 56 10 43

M
Physics 41 9 31

U
R
English 80 16 109 FO
In which subject(s) were the scores most homogenous?
KS

a. Math c. Physics

b. English d. Physics and Math

O
O

157. Which measure(s) of central tendency separate(s) the top half of the group from the -bottom
half?
FB

a. Median c. Median and Mean

PD

b. Mean d. Mode

158. Which applies when skewness is zero?

T
SI

a. Mean is greater than the median

VI

b. Median is greater than mean

c. Scores have three modes

d. Scores are normally distributed

159. Standard deviation is to variability as mode to __________.

a. level of difficulty c. correlation

b. discrimination d. central tendency

160. What is the mean of this score distribution: 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10?

a. 7 b. 6 c. 8.5 d. 7.5

161. Standard deviation is to variability as mean is to __________.

a. coefficient of correlation c. discrimination index

b. central tendency d. level of difficulty

162. What measure of central tendency does the number 16 represent in the following data: 14, 15,
17, 16, 19, 20, 16, 14, 16?

M
a. Mode c. Mode and median

O
.C
b. Median d. Mean

M
163. Which one can enhance the comparability of grades?

U
a. Using common conversion table for translating test scores in to ratings

R
b. Formulating tests that vary from one teacher to another
FO
c. Allowing individual teachers to determine factors for rating
KS

d. Individual teachers giving weights to factors considered for rating

O

164. Which describes norm-referenced grading?

O

a. The performance of the group

FB

b. What constitutes a perfect score

PD

c. The students' past performance

d. An absolute standard
T
SI

165. The search for related literature by accessing several databases by the use of a telephone line to
connect a computer library with other computers that have database is termed __________.
VI

a. compact disc search c. on-line search

b. manual search d. computer search

166. Two students are given the WISE II. One has a full scale IQ of 91, while the other has an IQ of
109. Which conclusion can be drawn?

a. The second student has significantly higher intellectual ability

b. The first student is probably below average, while the second has above average potential
c. Both students are functioning in the average range of intellectual ability

d. Another IQ test should be given to truly assess their intellectual potential

167. Which type of report refers to "on-the-spot" description of some incident, episode or
occurrence that is being observed and recorded as being of possible significance?

a. Autobiographical report

b. Biographical report

c. Value and interest report

M
d. Anecdotal report

O
.C
168. The best way for a guidance counselor to begin to develop study skills and habits in
underachieving student would be to __________.

M
a. have these underachieving students observe the study habits of excelling students

U
R
b. encourage students to talk about study habits from their own experiences
FO
c. have them view film strips about various study approaches
KS

d. give out a list of effective study approaches

169. Which illustrates a developmental approach in guidance and counseling?

O
O

a. Spotting on students in need of guidance

FB

b. Teaching students how to interact in a positive manner

c. Acting as a mediator
PD

d. Making the decision for the confused student

T

170. Who among the following needs less verbal counseling but needs more concrete and
SI

operational forms of assistance? The child who __________.

VI

a. has mental retardation

b. has attention-deficit disorder

c. has learning disability

d. has conduct disorder

171. The cultivation of reflective and meditative skills in teaching is an influence of __________.

a. Shintoism c. Confucianism
b. Zen Buddhism d. Taoism

172. Helping in the development of graduates who are "maka-Diyos" is an influence of

a. naturalistic morality

b. classical Christian morality

c. situational morality

d. dialectical morality

M
173. The attention to the development of a deep respect and affection for our rich cultural past is an
influence of __________.

O
.C
a. Confucius c. Teilhard de Chardin

M
b. Hegel d. Dewey

U
174. Whose teaching is in support of "Education for All" (EFA), he asserted that in teaching there

R
should be no distinction of social classes. FO
a. Sun Yat Sen c. Mencius
KS

b. Confucius d. Lao tsu

175. We encounter people whose prayer goes like this: "O God, if there is a God; save my soul, if I
O

have a soul" From whom is this prayer?

O

a. Stoic c. Agnostic
FB

b. Empiricist d. Skeptic
PD

176. How would you select the most fit in government positions? Applying Confucius teachings,
which would be the answer?
T

a. By course accreditation of an accrediting body

SI

b. By merit system and course accreditation

VI

c. By merit system

d. By government examinations

177. Whose influence is the education program that puts emphasis on self-development. through the
classics, music, and rituals?

a. Buddha c. Confucius
b. Mohammed d. Lao tsu

178. Your teacher is of the opinion that the world and everything in it are ever changing and so
teaches you the skill to cope with change. What is his governing philosophy?

a. Idealism c. Experimentalism

b. Existentalism d. Realism

179. Value clarification as a strategy in Values Education classes is anchored on which philosophy?

a. Existentialism c. Idealism

M
b. Christian philosophy d. Hedonism

O
.C
180. A guest speaker in one graduation rites told his audience: "Reminder, you are what you choose
to be." The guest speaker is more of a/an __________.

M
a. realistic c. idealist

U
R
b. pragmatist d. existentialist FO
181. "All men are pretty much alike. It is only by custom that they are set apart", said one Oriental
philosopher. Where can this thought be most inspiring?
KS

a. In a multi-cultural group of learners

O

b. In multi-cultural and heterogeneous groups of learners and indigenous peoples' group

O

c. In a class composed of indigenous peoples

FB

d. In heterogeneous class of learners

PD

182. From whom do we owe the theory of deductive interference as illustrated in syllogisms?

a. Plato c. Aristotle
T
SI

b. Scorates d. Pythagoras
VI

183. Teacher A knows of the illegal activities of a neighbor but keeps quiet in order not to be involved
in any investigation. Which foundational principle of morality does Teacher A fail to apply?

a. The end does not justify the means.

b. The principle of double-effect

c. Always do what is right.

d. Between two evils, do the lesser evil.

184. Teacher A is directed to pass an undeserving student with a death threat. Which advice will a
hedonist give?

a. Pass the student. Why suffer the threat?

b. Don't pass him. You surely will not like someone to give you a death threat in order to pass.

c. Don't pass him. Live by your principle of justice. You will get reward, if not in this life, in the
next!

d. Pass the student. That will be of use to the student, his parents and you.

M
185. History books used in schools are replete with events portraying defeats and weaknesses of the

O
Filipino as a people. How should you tackle them in the classroom?

.C
a. Present them and express your feelings of shame.

M
b. Present facts and use them as means in inspiring your class to learn from them.

U
c. Present them and blame those people responsible or those who have contributed.

R
d.
FO
Present them as they are presented, and tell the class to accept reality.

186. If you agree with Rizal on how you can contribute to our nation's redemption, which should you
KS

work for?
O

a. Opening our doors to foreign influence

O

b. Upgrading the quality of the Filipino through education

FB

c. Stabilizing the political situation

PD

d. Gaining economic recovery

187. Rights and duties are correlative. This means that __________.
T

a. rights and duties regulate the relationship of men in society

SI

b. rights and duties arise from natural law

VI

c. each right carries with it one or several corresponding duties

d. rights and duties ultimately come from God

188. A teacher who equates authority with power does NOT __________.

a. shame

b. develop self-respect in every pupil

c. retaliate

d. intimidate

189. Which is a true foundation of the social order?

a. Obedient citizenry

b. The reciprocation of rights and duties

c. Strong political leadership

M
d. Equitable distribution of wealth

O
190. In what way can teachers uphold the highest possible standards of quality education?

.C
a. By continually improving themselves personally and professionally

M
b. By wearing expensive clothes to change people's poor perception of teachers

U
R
c. By working out undeserved promotions FO
d. By putting down other professions to lift the status of teaching

191. A teacher/student is held responsible for his actions because s/he __________.
KS

a. has instincts c. has a choice

O

b. is mature d. has reason

O
FB

192. The typical autocratic teacher consistently does the following EXCEPT

a. encouraging students. c. ridiculing students.

PD

b. shaming students. d. intimidating students.

T

193. What should you do if a parent who is concerned about a grade his child received compared to
SI

another student's grade, demands to see both students' grades?

VI

a. Refuse to show either record.

b. Show both records to him.

c. Refuse to show any record without expressing permission from principal.

d. Show only his child's records.

194. Teacher Q does not want Teacher B to be promoted and so writes an anonymous letter against
Teacher B accusing her of fabricated lies Teacher Q mails this anonymous letter to the Schools Division
Superintendent. What should Teacher Q do if she has to act professionally?
a. Submit a signed justifiable criticism against Teacher B, if there is any.

b. Go straight to the Schools Division Superintendent and gives criticism verbally.

c. Hire a group to distribute poison letters against Teacher B for information dissemination.

d. Instigate student activists to read poison letters over the microphone.

195. Teachers often complain of numerous non-teaching assignments that adversely, affect their
teaching. Does this mean that teachers must be preoccupied only with teaching?

a. Yes, if they are given other assignments, justice demands that they be properly compensated.

M
b. Yes, because other community leaders, not teachers, are tasked to leading community activities

O
.C
c. NO, because every teacher is expected to provide leadership and initiative in activities for
betterment of communities.

M
d. Yes, because teaching is enough full time job.

U
R
196. In a study conducted, the pupils were asked which nationality they preferred, if given a choice.
FO
Majority of the pupils wanted to be Americans. In this case, in which obligation relative to the state, do
schools seem to be failing? In their obligation to __________.
KS

a. respect for all duly constituted authorities

O

b. promote national pride

O

c. promote obedience to the laws of the state

FB

d. instill allegiance to the Constitution

PD

197. In the Preamble of the Code of Ethics of Professional Teachers, which is NOT said of teachers?

a. LET passers
T

b. Duly licensed professionals

SI

c. Possess dignity and reputation

VI

d. With high-moral values as well as technical and professional competence

198. Teacher H and Teacher I are rivals for promotion. To gain the favor of the promotional staff,
Teacher I offers her beach resort for free for members of the promotional staff before the ranking. As
one of the contenders for promotion, is this becoming of her to do?

a. Yes. This will be professional growth for the promotional staff.

b. No. This may exert undue influence ori the members of the promotional staff and so may fail to
promote someone on the basis of merit.

c. Yes. The rare invitation will certainly be welcomed by an overworked promotional staff.

d. Yes. There's nothing wrong with sharing one's blessings.

199. Each teacher is said to be a trustee of the cultural and educational heritage of the nation and is,
under obligation to transmit to learners such heritage. Which practice makes him fulfill such obligation?

a. Use the latest instructional technology.

M
b. Observe continuing professional education.

O
c. Use interactive teaching strategies.

.C
d. Study the life of Filipino heroes.

M
200. Teacher F is newly converted to a religion. Deeply convinced of his new found religion, he starts

U
Monday classes by attacking one religion and convinces his pupils to attend their religious services on

R
Sundays. Is this in accordance with the Code of Ethics of ¬Professional Teachers?
FO
a. Yes. What he does is values education.
KS

b. No. A teacher should not use his position to proselyte others.

O

c. Yes. In the name of academic freedom, a teacher can decide what to teach.
O

d. Yes. What he does strengthens values education.

FB
PD
T

1. a 8. b 15. d 22. c 29. d

SI

2. c 9. b 16. b 23. b 30. b

VI

3. a 10. d 17. c 24. c 31. d

4. d 11. a 18. b 25. d 32. c

5. c 12. a 19. b 26. b 33. d

6. a 13. d 20. d 27. b 34. a

7. b 14. c 21. d 28. d 35. a

36. a 61. c 86. b 111. c 136. d

37. a 62. b 87. c 112. b 137. b

38. d 63. d 88. d 113. c 138. b

39. c 64. d 89. c 114. c 139. a

40. b 65. c 90. b 115. b 140. b

41. a 66. b 91. a 116. d 141. b

M
42. c 67. a 92. d 117. c 142. c

O
43. c 68. a 93. b 118. d 143. a

.C
44. c 69. c 94. c 119. a 144. a

M
45. a 70. b 95. a 120. c 145. a

U
R
46. b 71. d 96. a
FO 121. d 146. d

47. b 72. a 97. a 122. d 147. b

48. a 73. d 98. a 123. b 148. c

KS

49. b 74. d 99. c 124. b 149. c

O

50. a 75. d 100. c 125. d 150. b

O
FB

51. c 76. b 101. b 126. b 151. c

52. b 77. a 102. c 127. b 152. c

PD

53. b 78. d 103. c 128. d 153. d

T

54. a 79. b 104. c 129. b 154. c

SI

55. b 80. a 105. c 130. d 155. a

VI

56. d 81. a 106. c 131. a 156. d

57. a 82. a 107. a 132. c 157. c

58. d 83. c 108. d 133. a 158. d

59. b 84. d 109. a 134. d 159. c

60. c 85. b 110. c 135. c 160. a

161. b 186. b

162. c 187. c

163. a 188. b

164. a 189. b

165. c 190. a

166. a 191. c

M
167. c 192. a

O
168. b 193. b

.C
169. c 194. a

M
170. b 195. c

U
R
171. b 196. b FO
172. b 197. a

173. a 198. b
KS

174. d 199. d
O

175. c 200. b
O
FB

176. c

177. a
PD

178. b
T

179. b
SI

180. d
VI

181. b

182. a

183. c

184. b

185. b