COMPUTER MAINTENANCE & TROUBLESHOOTING

EXPERIMENT:- 1
AIM :- Identify basic components of a personal computer.

CPU:-
A central processing unit (CPU) is the electronic circuitry within a computer that carries
out the instructions of a computer program by performing the basic arithmetic, logical,
control and input/output (I/O) operations specified by the instructions. Traditionally, the
term "CPU" refers to a processor, more specifically to its processing unit and control
unit (CU), distinguishing these core elements of a computer from external components
such as main memory and I/O circuitry

Monitor:-
A monitor or a display is an electronic visual display for computers. The monitor
comprises the display device, circuitry. The display device in modern monitors is typically
a thin film transistor liquid crystal display (TFT-LCD) thin panel, while older monitors
used a cathode ray tube (CRT) about as deep as the screen size.

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Keyboard:-
In computing, a keyboard is a typewriter-style device, which uses an arrangement of
buttons or keys, to act as mechanical levers or electronic switches. Following the decline
of punch cards and paper tape, interaction via tele-printer-style keyboards became the
main input device for computers.
A keyboard typically has characters engraved or printed on the keys and each press of a
key typically corresponds to a single written symbol. However, to produce some symbols
requires pressing and holding several keys simultaneously or in sequence. While most
keyboard keys produce letters, numbers or signs (characters), other keys or simultaneous
key presses can produce actions or execute computer commands.

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Mouse:-
A mouse is a pointing device that detects two-dimensional motion relative to a surface.
This motion is typically translated into the motion of a pointer on a display, which allows
for fine control of a graphical user interface.
Physically, a mouse consists of an object held in one's hand, with one or more buttons.
Mice often also feature other elements, such as touch surfaces and "wheels", which
enable additional control and dimensional input.

Speakers:-
Computer speakers, or multimedia speakers, are speakers external to a computer that
disable the lower fidelity built-in speaker. They often have a low-power internal
amplifier. The standard audio connection is a 3.5 mm (approximately 1/8 inch)
stereo connector often color-coded lime green for computer sound cards. There are
also USB speakers which are powered from the 5 volts at 500 milliamps provided by the
USB port, allowing about 2.5 watts of output power.
Computer speakers range widely in quality and in price. The computer speakers typically
packaged with computer systems are small, plastic, and have mediocre sound quality. Some
computer speakers have equalization features such as bass and treble controls.

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Web Camera:-
A webcam is a video camera that feeds or streams its image in real time to or through
a computer to computer network. When "captured" by the computer, the video stream may
be saved, viewed or sent on to other networks via systems such as the internet, and email
as an attachment. When sent to a remote location, the video stream may be saved, viewed
or on sent there. Unlike an IP camera (which connects using Ethernet or Wi-Fi), a webcam
is generally connected by a USB cable, or similar cable, or built into computer hardware,
such as laptops.
The term 'webcam' (a clipped compound) may also be used in its original sense of a video
camera connected to the Web continuously for an indefinite time, rather than for a
particular session, generally supplying a view for anyone who visits its web page over the
Internet. Some of them, for example, those used as online traffic cameras, are expensive,
rugged professional video cameras.

Printers:-
In computing, a printer is a peripheral which makes a persistent human readable
representation of graphics or text on paper or similar physical media. The two most
common printer mechanisms are black and white laser printers used for common
documents, and color inkjet printers which can produce high quality photograph quality
output.

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Dot-Matrix Printers
The dot-matrix printer uses print heads containing from 9 to 24 pins. These pins produce
patterns of dots on the paper to form the individual characters. The 24 pin dot-matrix printer
produces more dots that a 9 pin dot-matrix printer, which results in much better quality and
clearer characters. The general rule is: the more pins, the clearer the letters on the paper.
The pins strike the ribbon individually as the print mechanism moves across the entire print
line in both directions, i-e, from left to right, then right to left, and so on. The user can
produce a color output with a dot-matrix printer (the user will change the black ribbon with
a ribbon that has color stripes). Dot-matrix printers are inexpensive and typically print at
speeds of 100-600 characters per second.

Daisy-wheel printers
In order to get the quality of type found on typewriters, a daisy-wheel impact printer can
be used. It is called daisy-wheel printer because the print mechanism looks like a daisy; at
the end of each “Petal” is a fully formed character which produces solid-line print. A
hammer strikes a “petal” containing a character against the ribbon, and the character prints
on the paper. Its speed is slow typically 25-55 characters per second.

Line printers
In business where enormous amount of material are printed, the character-at-a-time printers
are too slow; therefore, these users need line-at-a-time printers. Line printers, or line-at-a-
time printers, use special mechanism that can print a whole line at once; they can typically
print the range of 1,200 to 6,000 lines per minute. Drum, chain, and band printers are line-
at-a-time printers.

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Drum printer
A drum printer consists of a solid, cylindrical drum that has raised characters in bands on
its surface. The number of print positions across the drum equals the number available on
the page. This number typically ranges from 80-132 print positions. The drum rotates at a
rapid speed. For each possible print position there is a print hammer located behind the
paper. These hammers strike the paper, along the ink ribbon, against the proper character
on the drum as it passes. One revolution of the drum is required to print each line. This
means that all characters on the line are not printed at exactly the same time, but the time
required to print the entire line is fast enough to call them line printers. Typical speeds of
drum printers are in the range of 300 to 2000 lines per minute.

Ink-jet printers
Ink-jet printers work in the same fashion as dot-matrix printers in the form images or
characters with little dots. However, the dots are formed by tiny droplets of ink. Ink-jet
printers form characters on paper by spraying ink from tiny nozzles through an electrical
field that arranges the charged ink particles into characters at the rate of approximately 250
characters per second. The ink is absorbed into the paper and dries instantly. Various colors
of ink can also be used.

One or more nozzles in the print head emit a steady stream of ink drops. Droplets of ink
are electrically charged after leaving the nozzle. The droplets are then guided to the paper
by electrically charged deflecting plates [one plate has positive charge (upper plate) and
the other has negative charge (lover plate)]. A nozzle for black ink may be all that’s needed
to print text, but full-color printing is also possible with the addition of needed to print text,
but full-color printing is also possible with the addition three extra nozzles for the cyan,
magenta, and yellow primary colors. If a droplet isn’t needed for the character or image
being formed, it is recycled back to its input nozzle.

Several manufacturers produce color ink-jet printer. Some of these printers come with all
their color inks in a cartridge; if you want to replace on color, you must replace all the
colors. Other color ink-jet printers allow you to replace ink individually. These printers are
a better choice if user uses one color more than other colors. These printers produce less
noise and print in better quality with greater speed.

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Laser printers
A laser printer works like a photocopy machine. Laser printers produce images on paper
by directing a laser beam at a mirror which bounces the beam onto a drum. The drum has
a special coating on it to which toner (an ink powder) sticks. Using patterns of small dots,
a laser beam conveys information from the computer to a positively charged drum to
become neutralized. From all those areas of drum which become neutralized, the toner
detaches. As the paper rolls by the drum, the toner is transferred to the paper printing the
letters or other graphics on the paper. A hot roller bonds the toner to the paper.

Laser printers use buffers that store an entire page at a time. When a whole page is loaded,
it will be printed. The speed of laser printers is high and they print quietly without
producing much noise. Many home-use laser printers can print eight pages per minute, but
faster and print approximately 21,000 lines per minute, or 437 pages per minute if each
page contains 48 lines. When high speed laser printers were introduced they were
expensive. Developments in the last few years have provided relatively low-cost laser
printers for use in small businesses.

Scanner:-
In computing, an image scanner—often abbreviated to just scanner, although the term is
ambiguous out of context (barcode scanner, CAT scanner, etc.)—is a device that optically
scans images, printed text, handwriting, or an object, and converts it to a digital image.
Commonly used in offices are variations of the desktop flatbed scanner where the
document is placed on a glass window for scanning. Hand-held scanners, where the device
is moved by hand, have evolved from text scanning "wands" to 3D scanners used for
industrial design, reverse engineering, test and measurement, orthotics, gaming and other
applications. Mechanically driven scanners that move the document are typically used for
large-format documents, where a flatbed design would be impractical.
Modern scanners typically use a charge-coupled device (CCD) or a contact image
sensor (CIS) as the image sensor, whereas drum scanners, developed earlier and still used
for the highest possible image quality, use a photomultiplier tube (PMT) as the image
sensor. Rotary scanner, used for high-speed document scanning, is a type of drum scanner
that uses a CCD array instead of a photomultiplier. Non-contact planetary
scanners essentially photograph delicate books and documents. All these scanners produce
two-dimensional images of subjects that are usually flat, but sometimes solid; 3D scanners
produce information on the three-dimensional structure of solid objects.
Digital cameras can be used for the same purposes as dedicated scanners. When compared
to a true scanner, a camera image is subject to a degree of distortion, reflections, shadows,
low contrast, and blur due to camera shake (reduced in cameras with image stabilisation).

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Resolution is sufficient for less demanding applications. Digital cameras offer advantages
of speed, portability and non-contact digitizing of thick documents without damaging the
book spine. As of 2010 scanning technologies were combining 3D scanners with digital
cameras to create full-color, photo-realistic 3D models of objects
In the biomedical research area, detection devices for DNA microarrays are called scanners
as well. These scanners are high-resolution systems (up to 1 µm/ pixel), similar to
microscopes. The detection is done via CCD or a photomultiplier tube

Modem:-
A modem (modulator-demodulator) is a device that modulates signals to encode digital
information and demodulates signals to decode the transmitted information. The goal is to
produce a signal that can be transmitted easily and decoded to reproduce the original digital
data. Modems can be used with any means of transmitting analog signals, from light
emitting diodes to radio. A common type of modem is one that turns the digital data of
a computer into modulated electrical signal for transmission over telephone lines and
demodulated by another modem at the receiver side to recover the digital data.
Modems are generally classified by the amount of data they can send in a given unit of
time, usually expressed in bits per second (symbol bit/s, sometimes abbreviated "bps"),
or bytes per second (symbol B/s). Modems can also be classified by their symbol rate,
measured in baud.

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Projector:-
A projector or image projector is an optical device that projects an image (or moving
images) onto a surface, commonly a projection screen. Most projectors create an image by
shining a light through a small transparent lens, but some newer types of projectors can
project the image directly, by using lasers. A virtual retinal display, or retinal projector, is
a projector that projects an image directly on the retina instead of using an external
projection screen. Movie theaters use a type of projector called a movie projector. Another
type of projector is the enlarger, a device used to produce photographic prints from
negatives.

Microphone:-
A microphone is an acoustic-to-electric transducer or sensor that converts sound into
an electrical signal. Electromagnetic transducers facilitate the conversion of acoustic
signals into electrical signals. Microphones are used in many applications such
as telephones, hearing aids, public address systems for concert halls and public
events, motion picture production, live and recorded audio engineering, two-way
radios, megaphones, radio and television broadcasting, and in computers for recording
voice,speech recognition, VoIP, and for non-acoustic purposes such as ultrasonic checking
or knock sensors. Most microphones today use electromagnetic induction (dynamic
microphones), capacitance change (condenser microphones) or
piezoelectricity (piezoelectric microphones) to produce an electrical signal from air
pressure variations. Microphones typically need to be connected to a preamplifier before
the signal can be amplified with an audio power amplifier and a speaker or recorded.

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