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PIPE ov cMe, Crndnds rv on Nay 9 Crrtindton shed ~“Orntekd 4 Mb GereS prom 2 Fe ont: Koalhny Lod Flo Crmther: tbe Qn he ee Stilts [hoe Rasy ee fat Cormectns Rar Zhe ol Le, ;Aah * Lek Pee For khopr AM Boe bby 7 es a oe scsi asia eeE7"s whos nabonA a + note hore nr porvdle Crile Cordudionits , Chen td : . : tC Gade eee nd, walt node + Sn kletheee o) Rep ELstreaves — Mo rvenited) osm e ) 2 Pee Burney ~~ hen Fe gy teers El etReeSS Aspe nerrtly £ LE Bemley Lortt Reith ho remy rrvercd by va Balt At. Cll meehen’sChapter-5 EARTHING FOR SAFETY All non conducting metellic parts of slectrcal safe from shotk. This is the principle of puilpmenis “ere exrthed (grounding Protection . with all” electrical equipments American term) for safety from shock Earthing earthen, of eleeivical ‘metallic enclosures of electrical equipments to But there are certain ae this cae ins though an earth electrode, Een Principle fo work. All electrical poner Searods (earth ipa) is a deviee to eatebich peaagets werk on 3 phase (415V betwecn electrical connection with earth mass. phases) or on single phase of 240V between Shy Phase end neutral which is earthed at Here, earth mass ts used as a conductor of eee aoe eran: shat curent. As you reed futher, yoo’ von ; ee Reig RE atte ever ts off treba a epee fas —. Foe a Has from the earthing electrode conrasn tome aeeiee = earth electrode, the earth mass, to the eqn OO on ‘dna nt through the earth ens, (2th neutral termina “ef the Sa the 2 through the earth mass, fad re: fom witch ieenalormer, power a through the earth electrode at the transionnst then to the neutral t inal of the transformer. current flows thro. h the fuse in the Sacites ‘concted to ome ‘emeade bey feeding the mote other transformers instalied Nearby. It is a * Tepance of overhead lines, the resitance ef Grrth electrode at motor, the: resistance path Now let us see how Seething .of electrical through aie earth mass, and the resistance at Fe rants Werks as a sabety device, ein the electrode of the transformer. This’ resistance Fig sforma Down transformer or which restricts the flow of feukt current and is distribution 4 000 elise: chled. garaaa ae Therefore the value of flepped down to 415V between Eien 240 Teer ee toe calculated by the simple formula, between any : fs Poraciad fy fine! 20d) neato. Pewee Where, is the current, E is the voltage Sich use. A fault has developed in the rie ie 240 volts and Ris the Tesistance Z, in Trot” A fault means the insulation ie the Ohms. fonmected t0 the body of the moter Since the Assuming the single Phase motor is 1/2 HP body is connected to an earth electrode a heavy taking a full load current’ of 2.5 amps, the to the earth electrode at the transformer which, withstand the starting current of the motor. The fers ioeaey oatbes neutral fermara erase fuse is only to protect the wires connecting the poet era Wear a pore eee cf motor against “short cineit rs Protect the electricity between the two earth electrodes. ‘motor against overload @ starter has to be used, This heavy current blows the fuse in the switch A Starter allows the starting ‘currents, “which "endering the snstulic encaaine of the at JRSts for a fraction of a second, but disconnectsfhe supply when a sustained oveduidl cwrent ccurs for a few seconds, {This 5A fuse melts at 2 times, hence this fuse fiows at @ maximum current’ of 10.0 Amps Hence applying the formula es an @ 10A = 240/R or R = 240/10 = 24 Ohms, hetelore the total resistance of the circuit (or oP impedance) shall not be more than 24 Qhms. In another case if the eieuit is protected by a 60A fusing at 120 Amps the loop spedance shall not exceed 240/120 = 2 Ohms, i: Pefefore it is important to keep the loop impedance below the required values and which pane depends on rating of fuse backup of (oad, In the impedance loop circuit, the places where high resistance is encountered are ot the Garth electrode at the consumers’ end and ot rerimam. Generally the ideal earth electrodes resistance is kept at 1 to 2 Ohms, 240/4 = 60a, 60 amps is fusing current or thé fuse carrying current is 30 amps, "all equipments are protected. whose ying current is not more than 30 amps. with a loop resistance of 4 Ohms Generally as the final circuits in domestic Paseo ere usedivars nat mere aioe Amps, Protection is achieved against shocks in case of insulation failure provided the loop ‘esitance is not more than 4 Ohms. In the place of 304 fuse, 9 30 amps MCB affords better protection, since it trips at 1.25 22 fines the rated current, whereas a wire fuse Imelis at aréund 2 times its rated current Where dreuits are protected with higher fuse Tating, this principle will not work. In such situations, other types of protection should be incorporated. They are 1) Achieve, earth electrode resistance to low a value, by use of proper size of earth Wires. 2) Use of earth fault relays with cireuit breakers. There are different types of earth and sensitive types. Sensitive types (RCCBs - residual current chroait Sreakers) ore used in domestic premises, coarse types in lerge installations Even with these devices proper earthing of cavipments is necessary, af the instant of fault, an equipotential area is created around the fauity “equipment, | shock hazard is minimised aff in a few seconds the earth foult relay trips off the power to the: delective section. An ‘mportant. ‘component in earthing is the connection with earth “mass with an earth clectrode generally called as carth pipe As discussed before, the safety of ‘electric! patam, with @ good earth electrode properly installed, Pipe earth electrode Since most of public and electrical contractors do not know the importance’ of a good eth electrode, some use 6 feet Gl pipe of ciflerene diameters. For Domestic, and distributer transformers, IS 3043-1987 specifies that the Gl earth pipe-shall be not less than 38mm die mm to 3000mm: in length buried Nerlcally, surrounded by: charcoal powder, salt and earth, in the market thin substandatd 2 Mus. Gl pipe Mih holes tilled with flimsy terminal clamoe are ‘puailable,’ These pipes do not seve the Purpose. The 2 Mirs. length pipe does net reach the moisture zone in the soil, the flimsy terminal clamps offers joint resistance to flo,SS ea due to which within 6 moinths, the pipes gets conoded, and’ become useless and the safety is Jeopardized. However; now in the merket, there 's an earth pipe, which is fully hot dip galvanised meeting the IS specification. As per JS a properly galvanized earth pipes lasts for more than 12 years. This is the real earth pipe, even though costly, performance wise and Gurability, it 18 cost effective. Plate earth electrode IS 3043-1987 ‘specifies plate earth electrode for generating stations and major sub-stations, It consists of 1200mm x 1200mm. C1 plate or Gl, MS plate, which can transmit fault Surrent in the order of thousands of amperes. These plates are buried about 2 meters below ground surrounded by a mixture of charcoal powder, salt and earth to a thickness of 15, cm. These plate earthing ere very expensive and difficult to install. Low earth resistance values are difficult to achieve with these plate earth electrodes. Measurement of earth electrode and loop resistance ‘The earth electrode resistance is generally measured at the fag end of the summer, when the sround water table is lowest and earth surface is dry. For good earth resistance value (here good means low value) the soil surrounding the earth electrode should be kept moist or the earth electrode should touch moisture zone in the’ ground. The. terminals connected shall:have a firm connection to earth Pipe/plate. As per IS code of practice earth electrode resistance shall be measured once in two years, Measurement of earth electrode and earth wire loop resistance Measuring the resistance of earth electrode is simple with a direct. reading “earth resistance tester generally called-by the commercial name ‘earth megger’. The instrument terminals are connected as shown in the Fig. 15. If the resistance value of an earth electrode is Rot satisfactory, it could be improved by Pouring a solution of common salt in water around: the earth electrode and allowing the solution’ to soak into the earth. Refer Chaper 24. Along with the electrode resistance, the earth wire loop resistance should be checked. In the case of a three pin socket the resistance between the thick earth pin of the sacket to the earth electrode should be measured. It is Rot satisfactory to measure the resistance by meter alone. A positive test is to inject a value of fault current at low voltage and calculate the resistance by the Ohms law formula. By this test, ioose contacts at joints could be detected. AS per Indian Electricity Rules, all single phase flow voltage not exceeding 250V) equipments should be connected to one earth electrode. And all three phase equipments (above 240V) should have two separate earth wires connected to two separate earth electrodes. Fig. 16 shows how single phase'and three phase equipments are earthed in a work-shop. So far, we have leamt, that good earthing of Fon-conducting metallic parts of all electrical equipments is necessary for safety against shock, We have also learnt that the electrode (or earth pipe) should have a good contact with earth mass. And earth clectrodes at the transformer end and consumer's end should have low earth resistance values At most of the places, earth electrodes do not have the required low value, specially with the earth electrodes of distribution transformers of electricity suppliers. To over come this problem the use of properly rated RCCBs could be considered, as discussed before. ELCBs and RCCBs ELCB means earth leakage circuit breaker and RCCB means residual current circuit breaker. These are safely devices now being manufactured in our country.G&G ee ee G uo 6 & The principle of operation of ELCB is different from that of RCCB. ELCB is a relay having a coil and..a normally closed contact, which is connected in soties with the no-volt coil of the main circuit ‘breaker. One end of the coil is connected to the earthing system: of the instalation’ and another end cf the coil. is connected to an guxiiary earth electrode. Operation i When the voltage-of:the earthing system of the installation’ raises to “40° volts due to -fault conditions, the coil inthe relay gets eneigised, and the normally closed contact, opens, cutting off supply to nowolt: coll df the circuit breaker and in tum the circuit breaker ‘trips’ or Guts OFF" main supply-thus making the installation sale. ‘This inethod of protection has some limitations, ‘in that, if an equipment is not properly connected to. the “earthing system, that equipment may become live and may cause danger. In the market there are now available, what are called ROCBs (Residual current circuit breakers) both single phase and three phase. ‘These ate available in 30ma, 60ma and 100 miliamps —sensivities, fone milli ampere. «is: 1/2000° of an ampere) They work on the ‘Thus the principle of operation of RCCB and ELCB are different.. The advantage of using RCCBs is that even if an_equipment any where ‘beyond the RCCB- is not connected to earth, the minute leakage currents trips the RCCB 47H 7 If 50ma flows in the human body it leads to fatal accident. Hence if 30ma RCCB is used, before the leakage current reaches 50ma, the ‘RCCB will cut off power before a fatal accident occurs. Of course, the sperson would feel sense of shock. Hf 30ma*RCCB is used in main circuits, there would be ‘nuisance tripping. 30ma RCCBs should be used: for individual sockets feeding equipments, ‘such as «fridges and washing machines, where. a person comes in contact often. For fixed equipments such as water heaters Pump motor circuits 100me 'RCCBs could be used in the main incoming. RCCBs are not only ated for their sensitivities, but also rated for load camying capacity. They come in load cariving capacity of 32A, 40A and 634, ‘Therefore one: should carefully select rating depending upon the loeds. However a good sonthing. 1s necessary even with the use of RECBs. Earthing, practice Different methods: of earthing practice of distribution” systems, are. internationally “designated “by ‘letters. They ‘are “T.T. eystern, “TNS System, TN-CS system, TNC system and “LT, system, ‘Forspublic distribution, any one of T.T., TNS and:TN-CS system are followed. In. our country ‘T-T.-system. is incorporated where neutral at ~the transformer: is earthion and consumers are 10 safe. quard ‘their equipment: by having their own earth: electrodes (Pig. 17, 18; 19). For the serious reader it -4s-suggest to go through the vevised 1S 3043-1987 ‘Code of Practice for Earthing’ which gives more details on’ earthing 25 well 2s various eystems of earthing practice ‘This: pubieation costs -Rs.250/-ssi ead x 4 os Y—PHASE WIRE i TeHase wine 4 NEUTRAL Wise aan YON CONSUMER'S EQUIPMENT. 000 { | | EARTH PIPE NEAR | . TRAN ; TRANSFORNER 11. system | (THIS SYSTEM 15 ADOPTED -In UR COUNTRY? Fig. 19 aa hn ananaanananaa~ Lemma ee RE AF AE SE RE eet sg TRaysroauen H=s Eat Pipe wean TRANSFORMER yf L oe Pease Anwounco. wire wine wiee wire Mas pHASE Ly pease Lo - Phase —wedreat, TMS S¥stem consumen's coupwenr ' Fig. 17 (Wa cease wine A ease MRE 82 Phase wine Neviaal Wine : imansFonven Ge 3p |,cousmen's couioénr ct <_— oS cS. SYSTEM ha, 18‘OU i GU 4 a is i os eile = = car oar ne ie ruse w Leen ae te | odat }-SLARIER “IwaNsronMen Hf 7 cuRReNT NEAR TRANSFORMER] Fig. 14 EARIM wesistauce nesreR - ELECTROOE x OE cesie0