Chapter-6 ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION IN- BUILDINGS 'n buildings, electrical wiring is done mostly for lights, fans and for air-conditioners. In Tamil Nadu upto a total connected load of 112 KW, Tamil Nadu Electricity Board extends medium voltage power Le, 415V/240V, 3 phase, on which all equipments works. For small bulldings where connected load is léss than 4 KW, Tamil Nadu Electricity Board extends single phase supply at 240 volts only. The principle of distribution of wiring is as in Fig. 9. In case the connécted load exceed 4 KW, Electricity Board extended 3 phase supply at 415V/240V and the principle of distribution of power is as shown in Fig. 7.-To repeat, the three phase supply is split into three separate single phase supplies and the total single phase loads ‘are equally connected on all the three phases |i large buildings the areas are demarked into suitable ‘sections and each section. has one single phase distribution board from which all the equipments are connected. And in very large buildings, three phase supply is extended {o each area or section and further split into three single phases. As shown in Fig. 20. Types of wiring Generally the present day wiring is mostly done either by conduit on wall or ceiling surfaces or concealed cénduits. (pipes embedded in slabs or walls at the time of construction). Conduits should be of sufficient ‘size to accommodate the number of wires required and the thickness of the pipes should have a certain minimum thickness to prevent breaking. There is the 1S 3419 standard for the electrical grade PVC pipes. UT care is taken to make a layout of conduit runs before: pouring of concrete slabs, installation could be done with minimum breaking of walls and ceiling. 28 Wires For small cross section wires upto 16 sq mm (226/0.3 mm) covered by insulation, the cenductors could be of electrical grade copper drawn only in conduit pipes. The other variety is PVC insulated and sheathed. This means there are two layers, of insulation. The outer layer is for protection against: reasonable mes damage. These sheathed wires could be used for" open wiring, such as clipped batten wiring. (wires clipped on to a wooden reeper) For larger cross section. wires, aluminium conductors are used for reasons of economy, A cable consists of 2 to 4-numbers of insulated conductors bundled together, and all covered together with tough PVC or other materials to Prevent damage are called multicore cables ‘They are fit to be buried in ground or clamped con surface, They.are made either with plain PVC protection or armoured, Armour is'a layer Gl flat wire or round wire for extra protection They are made of elther 2 core, 3 core, 3%. core and 4 core. 3¥e core mean, that cone, Ye conductor, has a cross section of 50% main conductor. For example if there are three 50 sq mm créss section “onduetors, the fourth Ye conductor has 25 sq mm cross section conductor, There are also paper insulated voltage cables and others, details Ret possible to discuss here: cables high ‘of which is Other types: of wiring “a Mineral insulated cables: These cables are used in hot temperature conditions such as near furnaces, ©) Batten wiring: Double sheathed wires are clipped-on to a wooden batten fixed on walls. This type of wiring is not. muich in vogue now a days. are)SINGLE PHASE SUPPLY SHALL BUILDING’ WITH SINGLE PHASE THREE ] secon l | Tl mM LARGE BUILDING WITH THREE PHASE SUPPLY REE ASE SUPPLY & : VERY LARGE BUILDING WITH THREE PHASE SUPPLY PRINCIPLE OF DISTRIBUTION OF POWER. THREE’ PHASE SPLITTER DISTRIBUTION BOARD. MAIN SWITCH BOARD. 22-7Chapter-7 ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION IN INDUSTRIES ‘The distribution design is similar to wiring in building. Here wiring is done to cater small and large capacity motors and other equipments. The switches, bus bars should be of sufficient size to cary large amount currents. All motors should be provided with starters (including single phase fractional H.P. motors used in domestic residences) The purpose of starter is to allow the inruch of large starting carent, and if there were to be a sustained cover current for a few secohds, due to fault in the motor or due to overload, the starter will cut off the supply before damage occurs to motor. In our house, we see, the pump motors are started with a-switch fuse. In the switch {uso, the rating of the fuse used is to withstand the large starting current, if a sustained marginal cover load occurs, this fuse ‘will-not blow off, and in the process the motor get? damaged. These fuses are only for protection of starters and connecting wites in the event of short Gircuit in the starter or wires. Location of switch boards. and distribution boards ‘Switch board and distribution board are located at convenient places for a group of loads. Main and branch circuits are divided, for convenience ‘ul operation, keeping In view the capacity of wires cables and switches which should be adequate. 30 Earthing All exposed non-current carrying metal parts of electrical equipments should be connected to earth electrodes buried in earth by a conductor of sufficient cross section. The principle of this system: is, that for any reason, a current carrying conductor comes in contact with the metallic body of the electrical equipments, 2 heavy current flows through the earth wire, through the earth electrode, through the earth, to the earth electrode connected, to the neutral of step down transformer from which supply is fed to the equipments. This heavy current blows the fuse in the circuit to which the equipments is connected, the equipments safe from shock thus render This safely system fails, if the connected earth wire has a loose contact, if the earth electrode is not properly installed, and if the earthing electrode terminals and wires are not connected properly. Therefore proper care should be taken at the time of installation and later Periodical checks should be conducted. Earth electrode resistance, ‘can be measured with a low resistance Ohm meter called earth resistance measurement meter. Also the resistance between the earth electrode and equipments shall be checked. In other terms it Is called the earth loop resistance. In buildings, earth loop. resistance should be measured, between earth electrode, and earth pin of every 15A, SA’ sockets. The earth resistance for any earth electrode should not exceed more than’ 2 ohms. For more details ead chapter 5)Chapter-8 PLANNING ELECTRICAL WIRING FOR BUILDINGS Now let us start how to plan electrical wiring for a two bed room house. General norms for electrical points for residential flats are as follows, Bedroom: 2 Nos. light ‘points, 2 Nos. 5A sockets, 1 No. fan point, 1 No. 20A socket for window A/C. Dining cum drawing: 4 Nos, light points, 4 Nos. SA sockets, 2 Nos. fan points, 1 bell point, 1'No. telephone point 1 No. TV cable socket, Kitchen: 2 Nos. light points, 1 No. 5A socket, 1’ No. 15A socket, 1 No. exhaust fan point Bathroom: 1 No. light point on mirror, 1 No. ISA socket for geyser with control switches outside. It is not advisable to provide switches or sockets in bath’ rooms. Additional points: in verandah and other places as required by occupant. For offices: 1 No. light point and 1 No. SA socket and 1 No. fan point may be provided for every 100 sq.ft. (9.7 sq. mires) of area 1 No. 20A socket may be provided for every 200 saft. (19.4 sq. mitre) for a 1% ‘ton window A/C, The above norms are only thumb rule, Step one Now, on the building plan, mark all electrical Points. The location of these points depends ‘on furniture layout. There should be 5A socket at the place, where the TV is to be placed. Sockets should be located net less than 450mm from finished floor level. Such sockets should be of shutter type to. Prevent children poking their fingers, Locate the fan, point in the centre, if the room is small and not right above the fe at middle of the bed. Similarly locate points at the Proposed places of ele-trical gadgets. Provide ISA 15A/20A socket for A/C, fridge, (if the capacity. warrants) geyser, stove etc. Place all control switches at convenient locations (not behind doors). This is merely an exercise of common sense. Also mark the location of telephone point and TV cable point Step two Now draw the conduit lines on building plans connecting all points. Group conduit runs from all points to one circuit. (not more than 10 Points or 800W per circuit) Run separate conduits. for power, telephone and TV cable (Fig. 21 & 22), Step three 2) Colnt the number of light, fan, 5A socket, bell points, ete. b) Count all power points. ©) Calculate the total wattage of all. points. All light points, 5A sockets, fan points, on an average could be taken as 60W Per point. And all power points could be taken at 1 KW (1000W) per 15A socket If the total load workout to less than 4 KW, single phase supply could be availed from the supplier (Electricity Board in our country). Draw an electrical schematic connection drawing, Ref. Fig. 21 & 22. There are 18 lights & fan points. 18x 60W = 1080 W 1 No. of geyser. 1 x 1000W = 1000 W 1 No. 1ton A/C. 1 x 1500W = 1500 W Total 3580 W ‘As per general norms each circuits shall not have more than 10 points or not more than 800 Watts (for light, fan, 5A sockets and bell Points) and each power circuit shall not havemore than two 15A sockets with the combined load of these two sockets nol exceeding 2 KW. Here the total power load exceeds 2 KW. Therefore, there should be two circuits for lights, fans and two circuits for power, one circuit for geyser and other for the A/C. The single line circuit diagram of this installation is shown in Fig. 21. Step four Now lorate the EB meter and consumers main switch board and distribution board on the plan. ‘The location of these should be convenient for both for Electricity Board meter reader and for the consumers’ operation. Hence sufficient thought should be given. Also the main switch should be installed at reasonable height, for operation in an emergency -by consumers. Locate the earth electrode pit points, One earth electrode pit point for single phase and two for three phase supply. Fig. 16 and refer chapter 5 & chapter 24. Step five Measure the conduit pipe length, take a list of * all items, and prepare bill of quantities. It is simple common sense to, work out the list of umber of light switches, sockets ete, Generally ® coll of wires is required to wire & points in 2 small residence. The most important thing here, is the principle of wiring, the rest is sklled workmanship. For large buildings, the principle of wiring of light, fan and power points is same. If the total load exceed more than 4 KW, a 415V/240V 3 phase supply is to be availed. The three phases are separated and each phase has a distribution board either with rewirable fuses, or MCBs. The number of circuits or ways in the distribution board, depends on the number of light points. As explained before, a circuit should not have more the 10 points or load more than 800W. There are 4 way, 6 way . 2d 8 way single phase distribution boards available. In large building single phase power is distributed like lighting circuits, right fromthe entry point of power into the building. The Principle of layout of distribution, sub- distribution and final circuits are discussed in chapter-6. In the bill of quantities these additional equipments should be incorporated. In flats and commercial occupancies, where tenants are independent owners, the tenants receives power supply direct, from Electricity Board, As per the requirement of Electricity Board, all the meters are to be installed in a group elther on ground floor or basement. Hence at the time of planning care should be taken to allot sufficient space for installation these meters. Most planners allot space under staircases, which is -not sufficient, such installations end up shabbily leading to fire hazards. Way back the writer has designed a fully metal clad meters fixing boards which are now being adopted, by quality conscious builders. Refer Fig: 23 & 24. For ownership residential flats and commercial spaces, the Electricity Board installs their oun transformer, and a pillar box through which ower is extended to a group of meters. The bullding promoters should give space in the premises to install the EB transformer and the pillar box. Pillar box is a metallic enclosure of about of 2 ft x 4 ft x 5 ff high in which heaw fuses (200 to 500A) are installed. This is a lerge fuse distribution board (which was discussed in previous chapters). Each circuit can handle abeyt 112 KW. Therefore when designing a‘ meter panel for distribution to individual tenants the total actual consuming load should not exceed 112 KW. If each tenant has a connected load (the total of all electrical energy consuming equipments) say a load of 8 KW, and there are 20 tenants then the total connected load of all the consumers in the building is 8 x 20 = 160KW. But at any point of time, all the‘consumers will Not use all the electrical ‘equipments at one time. Therefore the actual load will never be equal’ to connected load. The ratio between total connected load to actual consuming load is called the load factor. If the number of dwelling are more, the load factor comes down, By experience it was found the load factor is as following. 7 evince a45, SI at 43 40 ae 28 to 30 33 and so on. ‘That is, in the last item, if the total connected load of 28 dwellings is 300 KW, then the actual working load will be around 1/3 or 100 KW. ‘As mentioned before the TNEB, extend power upto 112 KW in one feeder, and if after applying the load factor, and if the load exceeds 112 KW, the meters shall be grouped and fed from two different feeders from the pillar box. Provide separate metering panels for a ‘group of meters. In Fig. 23, meters are grouped. Note since the panels are to be installed in basement, the incoming supply section fuses are installed on the top of the bus. If installed in ground floor, the incoming section fuses: could be at the bottom. 'n Tamilnadu if the total connected load of single consumer exceeds 112KW the consumer should avail HT supply at 11000V. He should install his own step-down transformer to reduce the 11000V to 415V and 240V on which ‘most of the electrical equipments operate in our country. Since 11000V js a high voltage, and, is dangerous, the installations come under the Purview of Electrical Inspector to Govt. Detailed ‘wiring plans have got to be approved by these authorities, get:the installation inspected by the * Electrical Inspector” and ‘a safety certificate obtained. After the submission of safety certificate, the Electricity Board will energize the installation i.e, connect the 11000V supply. ‘And also a qualified electrical supervisor should be’ appointed, This does not mean, that one has to start the installation work after getting approval of plans (epproval of plan takes a lot of time) Experienced contractors & consultants can 36 design the installation and start the work before approval Most of the architects, building owners do not § allot suificient space for the installation of transformer and relevant switch gears, and start the constiuction of civil work and later get into problems. One should properly plan and allot space for the location of the HT transformer and connected switch gear, (sub- station) as well 4 as allot the required space for Electricity Board § to install their recording meters. HT energy consumption These electrical sub-station can be of indoor type or outdoor type. In indoor type, th transformer and HT switchgears are installed indoors, ‘and the equipments are connected by cables: Location of HT and LT equipments, table trenches should be, carefully planned. ‘Transformers installed on: a plinth with HT controlling switch gear fixed on two poles near by is called an outdoor sub-station. However its connected to medium ‘voltage switch gear installed indoors. (Fig. 26), Layout of indoor and outdoor sub-stations are shown in Fig. 27. Nowadays large building are air-conditioned, requiring large amount of power. necessitating transformer substations. Planning substation location, where space is at premium depends fon the experience of the designer. Generally outdoor sub-station are preferred. in out of city limits; where space is not at premium and are less. expensive than’ indoor substations. The - latest innovation’ is the installation of unitised ‘or package sub-stations.. This equipment consists of HT OCB/ACB transformer and M.V. OCB/ACB are all connected together in one piece. This ‘type of equipment could be accommodated in. 50% of the space required by the conventional method where HT OCB/ACB, Transformer and M.V. OCB/ACB are: installed separately and. connected by cables. (Fig. 27,28 & 29) For more details read ‘chapter 11. ‘Some Aspects of “Electrical’ Distribution Design in Multstoried MultiOccupier. Flats and Commercial Buildings.”“Ly gee Ole) J f= ele BOeeEly gL OI eae 2 "ADAM COMPLEX.baF ELEVATION =e NE Kt eegie eee ePIC 1 () SOOO | f joleye]ele i" | Goa be nah ms ou £0 METER Mees AcOM SIDE ELEVATION PROPOSED” RESIDEN VAL eres A 3 ‘ANNA, MAIN RORD, BED ROOM covony, PULIYUR _OIWISION | ~ — ORAWN By | O-R-MALA : Towe cueceo ov} B.A. FMS AT BLOCK rnc tons Rr aT 8 RAJA AAO, ELECTRICAL CONSUL! ANTS, SATHYAM THERTRE rete! 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