Physics Questions 1, (8865) 1f a double-acting actuating cylinder in 9 3,000 psi syste has a piston with a surface area of three square inches on the extension side, and a rod with a Cross-section area of one square inch attached to the piston on the other side, approxinately how much force will the actuator be able to produce when retracting? Pune force a hydraulic actuator can exert is determined by the area of che piston and the pressure of the fluid acting on the piston. The effective area on the retracting side of the piston 1s teo aquare inches. 2 aq. in. x 3,000 pal = 6,000 pounds of forse the forse a hydraulic actuator can exert is determined by the area of the piston and the pressure of the fluid acting on the piston. The effective area on the retracting side of the piston 1s two square inches. 2 sq. in. x 3,000 psi = 6,000 pounds of force 2. 8,000 pounds. *b. £000 pounds, c+ 3,000 pounds. 24 (8466) ‘Te boiling point of a given Liquid varies ‘she boiling point of a liquid varies directly with the pressure above the liquid, The greater the pressure, the higher the boiling point. @ She bosling point of 2 liquid varies dizectly with the pressure above the Liquid, The greater the pressure, the higher the boiling point. ‘a. directly with pressure. b. inversely with pressure. €1 directly with density. 3. (8467) Which of the following is NOT considered a method of heat transfer? neat can be transferred from a body having a high level of heat energy ta a body having a lower level of heat energy by three methods: conduction (actual physical contact), convection (transfer through vertical currents), and radiation (transfer by electromagnetic waves). Diffusion is not a methed of heat transfer @ Heat can be transferred from a body having a high level of heat energy to a body having @ lower level of heat energy by three methods: conduction (actual physical contact), convection (transfer through vertical currents), and radiation (transfer by electronagnetic waves). Diffusion is not a method of heat transfer, 3. Convection. bs conduction: “2, pi ffusion, 4, (8468) An engine that weighs 350 pounds is removed from an aizcraft by means of a mobile hoist. The engine is raised 3 feet above its attachment mount, and the entire assembly is then moved Forward 12 feet. A constant force of 70 pounds is required to move the loaded hoist. What is the total work input required to move the hoist? ~ More infomation is given with this problem than is needed; therefore, it can cause confusion. The only work asked for 18 the amount needed to move the hoist. The holst te moved for a distance of 12 fest anda constant force of 70 pounds 12 needed to nave 1. The work done to move the hoist 1s 12x 70 = 840 foot-pounds. @ More information is given with this problem than is needed; therefore, it can cause confusion. The only work asked for 1s the amount needed to move the hoist. The hoist 4s noved for a distance of 12 feet and a constant force of 70 pounds e needed to move At. The work done to move the hoist ie 12 x 70 = 840 foot-pounde. +a. 840 fo0t-pounds b. 1,890 foot~pounds. 1 1,099 foot-pounds, 5. (8469) maich condition 4s the actual amount of water vapor in a mixture of air and “Absolute humidity Le the actual anount of water in a volume of aiz, and dt ie Reasured in such units as grams per cubic meter. @ Absolute humidity 1s the actual anount of water in a volume of air, and tt ts easured in such units as grans per cubic meter.5. (6468) Which condition is the actual amount of water vapor ina mixture of air and water? “‘xbsolute huridity is the actual amount of water in 9 volune of air, and it is measured in such units as grams per cubic meter. @ Absolute humidity is the actual anount of water ina volume of air, and it measured in such units as grams per cubic meter. f. Relative humidity. bb. Dewpoint, ¥C, Absolute humidity. 6. (8470) Under which conditions will the rate of flow of a Liquid through metering orifice (or Jet) be the greatest {all other factors being equal)? ~ In answering this question, we must recognize that the atmospheric pressure acts equally on both sides of the metering Jet and therefore does not enter into the problem. The metering Jet with che greatest pressure differential across ir will have the greatest rate of flow through it, Jet A has a pressure differential of 0.9 paid. Jet B has a pressure differential of 11 psid. get ¢ has a pressure differential of 12 paid. @ 1m answering this question, we must recognize that the atmospheric pressure acts equally on both sides of the metering jet and therefore does not enter into the problem. The metering jet with che greatest pressure differential across it will have the gesatest rare of flo through at, Jet A nas a pressure destevential ot 0.5 peta. Jet B has a preasure aifferential of 11 psid. vet C has a pressure differential of 12 paid. Unmetered pressure, 18 PSI; metered pressure, 17.5 PSI? atmospheric pressure, 14.5 Pst. b. Unmetered pressure, 23 PSI; metered pressure, 12 PSI atmospheric pressure, 14.3 Pr. +c. Unmetered pressure, 17 PSIy metered pressure, 3 FSI: atmospheric pressure, 14.7 Psi. 7, (9471) (Refer to Figure 61.) The amount of force applied to rope A to Lift the weight is ~ This block and tackle supports the weight with four ropes, and this gives it a mechanical advantage of four. To 1ift a 60-pound weight, a force of 15 pounds must be exerted on rope A. Rope A will have to be pulled four tines the distance the weight 1s Tttea. @ This block and tackle supports the weight with four ropes, and chis gives it a mechanical advantage of four. To lift a 60-pound weight, a force of 15 pounds must be exerted on rope A. Rope A will have to be pulled four tines the distance the weight is litte. 3. 12 pounds. "b. 13 pounds. ce. 20 pounds. 5. (8472) hich will weigh the Least? s"water vapor is only about 5/8 as heavy as an equal volune of dry air. The more water vapor in the air, the less the air weighs. In choice A there is 2 percent water vapor. In choice B there is 65 percent water vapor. In choice C there is 50 percent water, vapor. @ Water vapor is only about 5/8 as heavy as an equal volune of dry air. The nore water vapor in the air, the less the air weighs. In choice A there is 2 percent water vapor. In choice B there is 65 percent water vapor. In choice C there is 50 percent water, vapor. a, 98 parte of dry air and 2 parte of water vapor. “b, 39 parts of dry air and 65 parte of water vapor. c. 80 parte of dry air and 50 parts of water vapor. 9. (8473) Which 4s the ratio of the water vapor actually present in the atmosphere to the anount that would be present 1f the alr were saturated at the prevailing temperature and pressure? ~ Relative hunldity 1s the ratlo of the amount of water vapor actually present in the atnosnhare hat would be he ale were sat be5." WEETSY WHLEH Tes” theFAELS” OE” ENW Water "Wapor” actually present IW” Ehe ateuphere ES the amount that would be present if the air were saturated at the prevatling temperature and pressure? = Relative hunidity ic the ratio of the anount of water vapor actually present in the atmosphere to the amount that would be present if the air were saturated at the prevailing temperature and pressure. @ Relative humidity Le the Fatio of the anount of water vapor actually present in the atmosphere to the amount that would be present 4f the air vere saturated at the prevailing temperature and pressure. a. Absolute humidity. *b, Relative humidity. ©. Dewpoint. 10. (8474) ‘The speed of sound in the atmosphere = The speed of sound in the atmosphere varies with the temperature of the atmosphere. © The speed of sound in the atmosphere varies with the temperature of the atmosphere. a, varies according to the frequency of the sound, *b. changes with a change in temperature. c. changes with a change in presture. 11, (8474.1) The 9peed of sound In the atmosphere 1s most affected by variations 1n which of the following? 1. sound frequency (cps) - 2. Ambient temperature. 3, Barometric pressure =the speed of sound in the atmosphere varies with the anbient temperature of the atmosphere. @ The speed of sound in the atmosphere varies with the anbient temperature of the atmosphere, ard “be Be 3s 12, (8475) TE the volume of a confined gas 1s doubled (without the addition of more gas), the pressure will (asaune the temperature remains constant) SNthe pressure of a gag in an enclosed container varies inversely as the volume of the Container, if the absolute venperature of the gas remains constant. Doubling the volure of the container will decrease the pressure of the enclosed gas to @ value of one-half its original pressure. @ The pressure of a gat in an enclosed container varies inversely as the volume of the container, Lf the absolute venperature of the ga¢ remains constant. Doubling the volume of the container will decrease the pressure of the enclosed gas to a value of one-half tts original pressure. a, increase in direct proportion to the volume increase. b. remain the sare. *G, be reduced to one-half its original value, 15, (8476) If the temperature of a confined liquid is held constant and its pressure is tripled, the volune will ~A Liquid’ is considered to be a noncompressible fluid. Its volume changes with a change in ste temperature but it remains relatively constant as its preseure changes. If the pressure on a confined liquid 1s tripled, the volume of the Liquid will remain virtually the same. @ A Liquid ie considered to be a noncompressible fluid. Its volume changes with a change in {ts temperature but it remains relatively constant as its pressure changes. If the pressure on a confined liquid 1s tripled, the volume of the Liquid wil remain virtually the sane, a. triple. Bl be reduced to one-third its original volume. *G. Eemain the sane,14, (8477) How much work Input is required to lower (not drop) a 120-pound welght from the top of a 3+foot table to the floor? > Mork is the product of the anount of force applied to an cbject times the distance through waich the force causes the object to move. As much force is needed to hold back an object when it is being lowered as it does to raise the ebject. If 120 pounds Of force is needed to hold back a weight as it is lowered for 3 feet, 360 foot-pounds Of work has heen done. @ Work 1s the product of the amount of force applied to an object times the distance through which the force causes the object to move. As much force 1s needed to hold back an object when it {8 being lowered as It does to raise the object. Tf 120 pounds of force 19 needed to hold back a weight as it is lowered for 3 feet, 360 foot-pounds of work has been done. 3. 120 pounds of force. *b. 360. fo0t-pounds, e+ 40 Foor-pounde. 15. (8478) which atmospheric conditions will cause the true landing speed of an aiferaft to be the greatest? + The true landing speed of an aireraft is determined by the density of the alr. The anount of aerodynamic lift produced by the wing of an airplane or the rotor of a helicopter is determined by several things. Aneng these are the shape of the alrfotl, the speed of the airfoil through the air, and the density of the air. The denser the air, the lower the speed that will produce the sane amount of lift. Density of the air Gepends upon both ite temperature and ite humidity, The hotter the air, the lees dense, The more water vapor in the air (the higher its huxidity), the less dense the air. An airplane will have to Fly the fastest to produce the required lift under Conditions of high terperature and high humidity. @ The true landing speed of an aircraft is devermined by the deneity of the air. The amount of aerodynamic 11ft produced by the wing of an airplane or the rotor of a helicopter ie determined by several things. Anong these are the shape of the airfoll, the speed of the airfoll through the air, and the density of the air. The denser che’ air, the lower the speed that will produce the sane ancunt of lift, Density of the air Gepends upon hoth ite tenperature and ts humidity. The hotter the air, the less Gense, The more water vapor in the air (the higher its humidity), the less dense the air. An airplane will have to Fly the fastest to produce the required lift under conditions of high temperature and high humidity. 2. Low tenperature with low humidity. bl High temperature with low humidity. “2. High temperature with high humidicy, 16, (8479) TE the fluid pressure 1s 800 PST in a 1/2-Inch line supplying an actuating cylinder with a piston atea of 10 square inches, the force exerted on the plsten will bs = The size of the line that supplies fluid to an actuating cylinder has nothing to do with the anount of force the piston in the cylinder can exert, When a pressure of 600 Psi acts on a piston with an area of 10 square inches, a force of 800 x 10 = 8,000 pounds 1s produced. @ The size of the line that supplies fluid to an actuating cylinder has nothing to do with the anount of force the piston in the cylinder can exert. When a pressure of 800 pai acta on a piston with an area of 10 square inches, a force of 800 x 10 ~ 8,000 pounds is produced. 3. 4,000 pounds. *b. $,000 pounde c+ 800 pounds, 17, (8480) in physice, which of the following factors are neceseary to determine power? 1. Force exerted, 21 Distance moved. 31 tine required. = eower is the time rate of doing work. In order to determine the anount of work done, Wwe must know the anount cf force ued and the distance through wiich thie force acted. Force times distance Le equal to work, the ancunt of power needed is found by dividing the mount of work done by the time used in doing che work. To find the amount ofpower? 1, Force exerted. 2! Distance moved. 31 Tine required. ='ower is the time rate of doing work. in order to determine the amount of work done, we must know the amount of force used and the distance through which this force acted, Force tines distance 4s equal to work, The amount of power needed is found by dividing the amount of work done by the time used in doing the work. To find the amount of power needed to do a job, we must Know the force, the distance and the tine. © Power is the tine rate of doing ork. In order to determine the ancunt of work done, ‘ne must know the amount of force used and the distance through which this force acted, Force tines distance 4e equal to work. The anount of power needed is found by dividing the amount of work done by the time used in doing the work. To find the amount of Power needed to do a Job, we must know the force, the distance and the time. a. land 2. nd 3. 1, 2, and 3. 18. (6482) What force must be applied to roll a 120-pound barrel up an inclined plane 9 Feet long to a height of 3 feet (disregard friction) ? EtteR TE Length of ramp, measured along the slope. Height of ra Weight of object to be raised or lowered. Force required to raise or lower object. = This is a simple mechanical advantage problem. We roll the barrel three times as far as we lift it, so the force we must exert to roil the barrel up the inclined plane is only one third of the weight of the barrel. We must exert a force of 40 pounds to roll 2 120-pound barrel up the 9-foot inclined plane to lift it 3 feet. @ This is a simple mechanical advantage problem. We roll the barrel three tines as far as we life it, so the force we must exert to roll the Bartel up the inclined plane 4s only one third of the weight of the barrel. We must exert a force of 40 pounds to roll 4 120-pound barrel up the 9-foot inclined plane to Lift it 3 feet ta. 40 pounds. b. 120 pounds. 1 360 pounds. 19. (8482) which statement concerning heat and/or temperature is true? > Heat is a form of energy, and temperature is a measure of the intensity of the kinetic energy of the molecules in a substance. Heat energy, in the form of latent heat, can be added to an object or taken from it without changing ite teuperature. But, the temperature of an object changes directly with the anount of sensible heat put into it or taken from it. @ Heat is a form of energy, and temperature is a measure of the intensity of the kinetic energy of the molecules ina substance. Heat energy, in the form of latent heat, can be added to an object or taken from it without changing its temperature. But, ‘the temperature of an object changes directiy with the amount of sensible heat put into iter taken from it. 2. There is an inverse relationship between temperature and heat. *b. Temperature 1s a measure of the kinetic energy of the molecules of any substance. c. denperature ie a measure of the potential energy of the nolecules of any sunstance. 20. (8483) What is absolute humidity? ~ Absolute humidity is the actual amount of water in a volune of air. It is measured in such units as grams per cubic meter. @ Absolute humidity is the actual anount of water ina volune of air. It is measured in such units as grams per cubic meter. a. The temperature to which hunid air must be cooled at constant pressure to become saturated. *e. The actual amount of the water vapor in a mixture of air and water, c. The ratio of the water vapor actually present in the acnosphere to the amount that would be present if the air were saturated at the prevailing temperature and pressure21. (8484) The temperature to which humid air must be cooled at constant pressure to become saturated is called ~ The temperature to which a body of air must be lowered before the water vapor in the air condenses out as visible, liquid water is called the dew point of the air. @ The temperature to which a body of air must be lowered before the water vapor in the air condenses out as visible, liquid water is called the dew point of the air. *a. dewpoint. b. absolute humidity. ce. relative humidity. 22, (8485) If both the volume and the absolute temperature of a confined gas are doubled, the pressure will ~ The pressure exerted by a confined gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature. If the absolute temperature is doubled, the pressure will also double. The pressure exerted by a confined gas is inversely proportional to its volume. If its volume is doubled, the pressure will decrease to a value that is one half of the original. If both the volume and the absolute temperature of a confined gas are doubled, the two changes will cancel each other, so the pressure of the gas will not change. @ The pressure exerted by a confined gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature. If the absolute temperature is doubled, the pressure will also double. The pressure exerted by a confined gas is inversely proportional to its volume. If its volume is doubled, the pressure will decrease to a value that is one half of the original. If both the volume and the absolute temperature of a confined gas are doubled, the two changes will cancel each other, so the pressure of the gas will not change. *a. not change. b. be halved. c. become four times as great.23. (8486) If all, or a significant part of a stall strip is missing on an airplane wing, a likely result will be = "stall stripe are small triangular epoilere, or wedges, attached to the leading edge in the root area of a wing that hae a tendency to stall at the tip before the root. Stalls beginning at the tip cause a loss of aileron effectiveness, lateral control, when it 1s most needed. @ "stali strips are small triangular spoilers, or wedges, attached to the leading edge in the root area of a wing that hae a tendency to etall at the tip before the root. Stalls beginning at the tip cause 4 loss of aileron effectiveness, and therefore lateral control, when it 1s most needed. ‘a, asymmetrical lateral control at or near stall angles of attack. b, decreased lift in the area of installation at high angles of attack, ©. aeymmetrical lateral control at low angles of attack. 26, (8486.1) the purpose of etall strips on aizplane wings is to = Stall strips are small triangular spoilers, or wedges, attached to the leading edge at the root area of a wing that hae a tendency to stall at the tip before the root. Stalls beginning at the tip cause @ loss of aileron effectiveness, and therefore lateral control, when it is most needed. At high angles of attack, stall stripe disrupt the airflow over the wing root and force it to stall before the portion of the wing ahead of the aileron. @ Stall strips are small triangular spoliers, or wedges, attached to the leading edge at the root area of a wing that has a tendency to stall at the tip before the root. Stalls beginning at the tip cause a loss of aileron effectiveness, and therefore lateral control, when it 1 most needed. At high angles of attack, stall strips disrupt the airfiow over the wing root and force it to stall before the portion of the wing ahead of the atleron. a. increase lift in the areas of installation 'b prevent stall in the areas of installation “6. ensure that the wing root areas stall first. 25, (8487) An airplane wing 1s designed to produce 1ift resulting from = Aerodynamic Lift is produced on an airfoil by the pressure difference across the airfoil along with the downward deflection of air. The preasure below the wing surface is greater than that above the wing. The pressure below the wing may be considered positive and that above the wing negative. f aerodynamic lit is produced on an airfoil by the pressure difference across the airroil along with the downward deflection of air. The pressure below the wing sU1 is greater than that above the wing. The pressure below the wing may be considered positive and that above the wing negative. a. positive air pressure below and above the wing's surface along with the downward Getiection of air. ‘b. positive air pressure below the wing's surface and negative alr pressure above the wing's surface along with the downward deflection of air. &. negative air pressure below the wing's surface and positive air pressure above the wing's surface along with the downward deflection of air. 25. (8408) The purpose of aircraft wing dihedral is to = Dihedral or the upward slant of the wing from the fuselage is used to increase the lateral stability. Lateral stability is roll stability and 1s stability about the Jongitudinal axis. ® dihedral or the upward slant of the wing from the fuselage 1s used to increase the lateral stability. Lateral stability 1s roll stability and 1s stability about the jongitudinal axis. wa. increase lateral stabslscy. b. Increase longitudinal stability. fc. increase Lift comfficient of the wing. 27. (8489) Aspect ratio of a wing is defined as che ratio of the “dhe aspect vatio of 2 wing d2 the ratie of the wing span to the mean, or average, chord. Fer a nonrectangular wing, acpect ratio ic found by dividing the square of the wing ¢pan by the wing area.@ The aspect ratio of a wing 19 the ratio of the wing span to the mean, or average, chord, Fer a nonrectangular wing, aepect ratio is found by dividing the square of the wing span by the wing area. wingspan to the wing root. bl square of the chord to the wingspan. “6, wingspan to the mean chord. 28. (8490) A xing with a very high aspect ratio (in comparison with a low aspect ratio wing) will have = Wings with a high aspect ratio have low drag at high angles of attack, low stalling speed, and good control at low airspeeds. Sailplanes have very high aspect ratios and fy slowly. @ Wings with a high aspect ratio have low drag at high angles of attack, low stalling speed, and good control at low airspeeds. Sailplanes have very high aspect ratios and fy slowly. a, increased drag at high angles of attack. *b, a low stall speed. c. peor control qualities at lox airspeeds. 29. (8491) The desired effect of using winglets on an aircraft's wingtips is te = Winglets, small upturned vertical surfaces mounted on the wing tips, reduce drag by reducing the spanwise flow of air, therefore reducing vortices. The desired effect of using winglets on an alreraft's wingtips 1 to increase the 1ift to drag (1/D) ratio Of the wing, @ winglets, small upturned vertical surfaces mounted on the wing tips, reduce drag by reducing the spanwise flow of air, therefore reducing vortices. The desired effect of using winglets on an aircraft's wingtips 1s to increase the lift to drag (1/D) ratio of the wing “a, increase the 1ift to drag ratio. b. ‘reduce the aspect ratio. cL optimize wing dihedral and improve lateral stability 30, (8487.1) which of the following Le Newton's First Law of Motion, generally termed the Law of Inertia? = Newton's first law explains that when an object is at rest, it tries to remain at rest. But when it is moving, it tries to keep moving ina straight line and will not speed up, slow down, or turn unless it ie acted upon by an outside force. This tendency’ of the object to remain in its original condition of motion is called snertia @ Newton's first law explains that when an object is at rest, it tries to remain at rest. But when it 1s moving, it tries to keep moving in a straight Line and will not speed up, slow down, or turn unless it is acted upon by an outside force. This tendency’ of the object to remain in its original condition of motion 1s called snertia a. To every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. b. Force is proportional to the product of mass and acceleration. *, Every body persists in its state of rest, or of motion in a straight line, unless acted upon by some outside force. 31, (84911) The main rotor system on a helicopter is classified in three groups. nich of those listed 1e NOT one of these groups? = The classification of main rotor systens 1s based on how the blades move relative to the main roter hub. the principal classifications are known as fully articulated, semi-rigid, and rigid. ® The classification of main rotor systens is based on how the blades move relative to the main roter hub. The principal classifications are known as fully articulated, semi-rigid, and rigid. a. the fully articulated rotor system. “D, The flexible-beam rotor system. c. the sent-rigia rotor system.32. (8491.2) Which of the following statements ate correct? ~ The primary flight controls on a helicopter are the collective and cyclic control levers and anti-torque pedals. When the collective pitch control lever is raised, the blade angle of all the rotor blades increases uniformly and they create the lift that allows the helicopter to take off vertically. The cyclic pitch conttol lever, like the yoke of an airplane, can be pulled back or pushed forward (for backward or forward motion), and can be moved left and right (to bank left or right). @ The primary flight controls on a helicopter are the collective and cyclic control levers and anti-torque pedals. When the collective pitch control lever is raised, the blade angle of all the rotor blades increases uniformly and they create the lift that allows the helicopter to take off vertically. The cyclic pitch control lever, like the yoke of an airplane, can be pulled back or pushed forward (for backward or forward motion), and can be moved left and right (to bank left or right). a, When the cyclic pitch control lever is raised, the blade angle of all the rotor blades increases uniformly and they create the lift that allows the helicopter to take off vertically. *b. When the collective pitch control lever is raised, the blade angle of all the rotor blades increases uniformly and they create the lift that allows the helicopter to take off vertically. ¢. When the collective pitch control lever is raised, the blade angle of the aft rotor blades decreases uniformly and they create the lift that allows the helicopter to take off vertically.