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Lecture 8 – SPSS
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Introduction to SPSS
Questionnaire Example: Measuring Purchase Intention
Please state your agreement or disagreement with the following statements.
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Introduction to SPSS
Questionnaire Example: Demographic Variables
Gender:
14. What is your gender?
Male
Female
Age:
15. What is your Age?
25-35 Years
36-45 Years
46-55 Years
More than 55 Years
Income :
16. What is your monthly income level?
20,000-29,999 EGP
30,000-40,000 EGP
40,001 or More EGP
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Introduction to SPSS
Types of Data
Types of Scales
Categorical Continuous
Age
Gender Income Levels Likert Scale
(Open-ended)
Introduction to SPSS
Deciding the Type of Test to Apply
2 variables are Linear/Multiple Identify the influence of the Health consciousness has a
continuous Regression independents variable(s) on the positive influence on
dependent variable. consumers’ purchase
intentions of organic food.
Introduction to SPSS
Deciding the Type of Test to Apply
14
Preparing the Data Set
Import Excel Data to SPSS
Download the Data in Excel sheet (Make sure to download individual responses!)
1 See this link for help on how to download the Excel sheet from google docs
https://youtu.be/iySTMUYFY9k 15
Preparing the Data Set
Import Excel Data to SPSS
Decode all words into numbers by using CTRL+F & Press on the Replace tab
2 Replace each word with the relevant number
(Strongly Disagree =1, Disagree= 2, Neutral =3, Agree=4 and Strongly Agree=5).
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Preparing the Data Set
Import Excel Data to SPSS
After using the Replace feature, you will find that all the data set is now shown into numbers.
Each Column represents a Question as you can see labeled as Q1, Q2, Q3, etc.
3 Each Row represents a Respondent as you can see the answers of each respondent is
recorded on all questions with the relevant numbers. 17
Preparing the Data Set
Import Excel Data to SPSS
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Preparing the Data Set
Import Excel Data to SPSS
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Preparing the Data Set
Import Excel Data to SPSS
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Preparing the Data Set
Import Excel Data to SPSS
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Preparing the Data Set
Import Excel Data to SPSS
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Preparing the Data Set
Import Excel Data to SPSS
In the Values:
1. Click the Ellipses button
2. The Value Labels dialog box will
open.
3. Define the meaning of the numbers.
For example, in the Gender Question
Type [1] in the Value box, type
[Female] in the Label box. Then click
the Add button. Type [2] in the Value
box, type [Male] in the Label box, and
then click the Add. Click the OK
button.
4. Define the values for all questions.
In the case of Likert scale, for
example, Type [1] in the Value box,
type [Strongly Disagree] in the Label
box, etc.
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Preparing the Data Set
Import Excel Data to SPSS
In the Values:
1. Click the Ellipses button
2. The Value Labels dialog box will
open.
3. Define the meaning of the numbers.
For example, in the Gender Question
Strongly Disagree
Type [1] in the Value box, type
[Female] in the Label box. Then click
the Add button. Type [2] in the Value
box, type [Male] in the Label box, and
then click the Add. Click the OK
button.
4. Define the values for all questions.
In the case of Likert scale, for
example, Type [1] in the Value box,
type [Strongly Disagree] in the Label
box, etc.
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Preparing the Data Set
Import Excel Data to SPSS
In the Values:
1. Click the Ellipses button
2. The Value Labels dialog box will
open.
Extremely ununattractive
3. Define the meaning of the numbers.
4. Define the values for all questions.
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Preparing the Data Set
Enter Data on SPSS
Variable View
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Preparing the Data Set
Enter Data on SPSS
Columns:
Questions
Data View
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Preparing the Data Set
Enter Data on SPSS
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Preparing the Data Set
Enter Data on SPSS
In the Values:
1. Click the Ellipses button
2. The Value Labels dialog box will
open.
3. Define the meaning of the numbers.
For example, in the Age Question Type
[1] in the Value box, type [12 years or
young] in the Label box. Then click the
Add button. Type [2] in the Value box,
type [13 years] in the Label box, and
then click the Add. Type [3] in the
Value box, type [14 years] in the Label
box, and then click the Add. Click the
OK button.
4. Define the values for all questions.
In the case of Likert scale, for
example, Type [1] in the Value box,
type [Strongly Disagree] in the Label
box, etc.
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Preparing the Data Set
Enter Data on SPSS
Data View
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Preparing the Data Set
Enter Data on SPSS
Example: Answers of Respondent 1
Health Consciousness Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly
Disagree Agree
1 2 3 4 5
1. I am very self-conscious about my X
health.
2. I am concerned about my health all the X
time.
3. I take responsibility for the state of my X
health.
4. I only worry about my health when I X
am sick. (R)
5. I don’t care about the condition of my X
health.*
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Preparing the Data Set
Enter Data on SPSS
Example: Answers of Respondent 1
Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5
4 2 4 5
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Reverse Coding
Negatively-worded Items
Health Consciousness Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly
Disagree Agree
1 2 3 4 5
1. I am very self-conscious about my
health.
2. I am concerned about my health all the You will make the reverse coding
time. process ONLY IF YOU HAVE
3. I take responsibility for the state of my Negatively worded items.
health.
4. I only worry about my health when I Reversed Item
am sick. (R)
5. I don’t care about the condition of my Reversed Item
health.*
(R) * This refers to a negatively worded item. It moves in an opposite/reverse direction to the rest of the statements.
Notice that all the statements means that a person cares about his health (i.e. he is health conscious). Yet, statements
4 and 5 mean that a person does not care about his health (i.e. he is not health conscious). They are shown with an
asterisk or (r) letter in the original scales that you adopted .
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Reverse Coding
Negatively-worded Items: Variable transformation
Recode variables
1. Select Transform Recode
into Different Variables
2. Select variable that you want to
transform (e.g. Q20)
3. Click Arrow button to put your
variable into the right window
4. Under Output Variable: type name
for new variable and label (e.g. Q20R)
,then click Change
5. Click Old and New Values
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Reverse Coding
Negatively-worded Items: Variable transformation
1 2 3 4 5
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Reverse Coding
Negatively-worded Items: Variable transformation
Recode variables
6. Type 1 under Old Value and 5
under New Value, click Add. Then
type 2 under Old Value, and 4 under
New Value, click Add. (and so on)
7. Click Continue after finish all the
changes.
8. Click Ok
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Reverse Coding
Negatively-worded Items: Variable transformation
Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q20 Q20R
4 2 4 5 5 1
1 5
5 1
4 2
2 4
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Frequency Analysis
.>
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Descriptive Analysis
Descriptive Analysis
Descriptive Output Table
Descriptive Statistics
N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation Variance Age: 24.17 (SD 6.14)
What is your age? 35 19 55 24,17 6,143 37,734
Average time a person has owned
How long have you owned a
35 3 180 79,97 36,154 1307,087 a smartphone (in months) is 79.97
smartphone? (SD 36.15)
On a daily basis, the
average time (in minutes) I 34 0 600 162,35 139,720 19521,569 Average time a person spends on
spent using mobile apps is: using the apps (in minutes) is
On average, the number of 162.35.
mobile apps I use on a 34 2 23 10,15 6,071 36,857
weekly basis is: Standard Deviation = amount of
How many apps have you variation within a given data set
ever installed yourself on A low standard deviation indicates
your mobile phone? (such
that the data points tend to be
as Facebook app, games, 33 2 150 49,45 40,553 1644,568
close to the mean (also called the
expected value) of the set, while a
ringtones, GPS etc.). Please
high standard deviation indicates
give an
that the data points are spread
indication:
out over a wider range of values.
Valid N (listwise) 31
Descriptive Analysis
Ranking and Rating Questions
Descriptive Analysis
Ranking and Rating Questions
-You will run the correlation analysis based on the variables in your hypothesis.
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Correlation Analysis
First click on Analyze from the top of the Choose your 2 variables (Consciousness and
screen > then Correlate >then Bivariate. Purchase Intention) and move them to the
variable box. Make sure to tick on Pearson
1 Correlation check box and then press OK. 2
Consciousness
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Correlation Analysis
Correlation Output
Correlations
Conscio
Perceived Intention
Correlation Coefficient (r) usness
Control
Perceived Control
Consciousness Pearson Correlation 1 .695**
Significance (Sig.2 tailed) Sig. (2-tailed) .000
N 387 387
N=Sample Size Intention Pearson Correlation .695** 1
N 387 387
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Correlation Analysis
Interpretation of Correlation Output
N 387 387
Step 2: Determining the Direction of the relationship Intention Pearson Correlation .695** 1
(Check the Pearson Correlation number “r” if there
Sig. (2-tailed) .000
is no negative sign then correlation is positive).
N 387 387
Step 3: Determining the Strength of the relationship
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
Again check the Pearson correlation number known
as “r”
r=.10 to .29 (Weak)
r=.30 to .49 (Medium)
r=.50 to 1.0 (Strong)
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Correlation Analysis
Interpretation of Correlation Output
Pearson Correlation
Sig. 2 tailed < 0.05 Check Correlation Coefficient Check Correlation Coefficient
(r) (r)
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Correlation Analysis
How to comment on Correlation Output
Please note that in the case of a negative sign, There would be a negative
correlation between the two variables, with high levels on one variable associated
with low levels on another variable. For example, in the case of a negative
correlation between price sensitivity and purchase intention. This means that the
more is consumers’ price sensitivity, the lower is consumers’ purchase intention
to buy organic food products.
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Thank You