[ | | | IMPORTANT FORMULAE TERMS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING 1. CPM—PERT 1. ty = fo +4, + tp nota (e=) 6 3. Standard deviation along critical path = JE(6,,)? eee Te o 5. Total float = LST - EST or =LFT -EFT 6. Free float = (T,/— T,') — t# 7. Independent float = (T,/- Tg! 8. Cost slope = (Py — Py Ty -T) 2. STRENGTH OF MATERIALS STRESS AND STRAIN 1. Extension of circular tapering rod, JP 1 Eddy For particular section in which 4Pl d,=d,=4,8= pr where P is the load at the end. Extension of truncated conical rod due to self weight, . pl? (d, + da) = GEG, - d2) where p is the density of bar. : 2. Extension of tapering rod of uniform thickness ¢ and width of bar varying uniformly from a to 6. 609 pl - I baa Eia-) (@) 3. Elongation due to self weight of uniform bar ;o ee 2h 2AE 4. Bar of uniform strength A= Aue A, _W or 2:3 108i 7a A, and A, are the cross sectional areas of the ends of the bar (A, > A,) and, lis the length of the bar. 5. Temperature stresses for bar of tapering section CEat (By ~ By) Tog.(Ba / By) 6. Hoop stress due to fall of temperature )e 2) (Temperature strain) — D = diameter of wheel, d = diameter of tyre (d little less than D), o = stress due to shrink fitting. 7. Volumetric strain of a rectangular bar £y = 8) + Eq +8 8. Volumetric strain of a cylindrical rod weal 9. Volumetric strain of a sphere 38d l=——=38ed d 10. Rectangular block subjected to normal stresses on all its facesCivil ENGINEERING THROUGH OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS £,=(, +9, +9,) (1- 2) + (b) Suddenly applied load, oe m in this case e, = €, +, + &, pit ie ety7. For solid circular section e < 2 8. For column of external of external diameter internal diameter d eet +d? 8D 9. Wall and pillars pressure es subjected to wind P, pbah ba where p = unit weight of the material. SHEAR STRESS 1. Longitudinal shear stress VAy Ib V = transverse shear VAy q= 2. Horizontal shear flow = 8. For rectangular section Vv Gove. ~ Far a ave 52 4 Wax = 3 Tavs 5. For J beam Vv inflange 9 = 7 (D?-d”) BY a 2 (pa) in web 5 BI G Bev vd? (pdt peter ay -?? ar : av 6. For triangular section Jinax = jp, \s |< o = > i R]© elo Sy Sy 2Vv Ia. = GE SHEAR CENTRE 2 Lee(shear centre) = 4! for channel section 2. For unequal flanged Hf section 1 — 72 bh PRINCIPAL STRESS 1. Member subjected to axial load 6, = 6, cos 20 = sin 26 2.Member subjected to like principal stresses” a) 3, -9. +95 | SHEE cong tan® By - oy Maximum shear stress, T max = a 3.At a point the complementry shear stresses of intensity q are induced. 0 = tsin 20 ‘ p= tT cos 20 4. Normal and tangential stresses on two mutually perpendicular planes are given by: oy+. 9 -5, . y= J cos 20 + tsin 20 sin 20 -t cos 20TYPE QUESTIONS FAIL - ; 1. Maximum principal stress theory (so, +0,)+ J + 407 st, 2 y 2. Maximum principal strain theoryBUILDING MATERIALS 7. Johnson’s parabolic formula ‘THIN SHELLS 1. Hoop or circumferential stress Pa fe a = 4n?E . Johnson's straight line formula Pd 2. Longitudinal stress f= GrCIVIL ENGINEERING THROUGH 08! 614 2. Zp= F 3. The greatest twisting moment which & given shaft can resist = Max. permissible shear stress x polar modulus mD* nD® «svat ane 5. Torsional moment of resistance = fs Zp 6. Ip (for hollow shaft) = = (d,t-4,4) x 2p = seqr thts 2x NT 60,000 1 kW = 1000 Nm/‘sec. 8-f, where $= shear strain of shaft material 9. Shaft in series eS -(2) dy) In Co dy) Ing Cy polar moment of inertia. shaft in parallel T= T, +7) P= TL bade bee ee 11. When the hollow and solid shaft have the same torsional strength Whottow _ _G-n?) Wroia a—n > 12. When the hollow and solid shafts are of equal weights Totow. = 1=n* Tis = 13. When the diameter of the solid shaft is equal to the external diameter of the hollow shaft Trottow ule = 1 nt Thin circular tube subjected to torsion JECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS 14. T= 15. Twist of tube in a length L art _ 2 e= pc DC nd® d a1 a flb > (Key) 16.T=t 16 fk 2 nd® _ ng, 20 p (Coupli 17. Taq th gat (Coupling) 18. Strain energy stored by whole shaft = = x volume of shaft 19. Strain energy stored by hollow shaft of fnternal diameter d and external diameter D 2 3 7 a } x volume of shaft 20. Torsion of rectangular section aes By + 18x where x = short side y = long side For square section, 7 = 0.208 x? oS 1 SPRING 1. Deflection for close-coiled helical spring 5 = S4WRin ee a — cat 4 Rn 3. Total maximum shear stress (close coile helical spring having axial pull) _ 16WR | 4W anux = as * age 4. Spring of square section wire _ 44.7 WR°n ate Ne! 44.7 Bn Carriage springs (Leaf springs) : 2. Stiffness, 5BUILDING MATERIALS 615 ec MgLy + 2Mg (1, +1) + Mola + a For centrally loaded beam § = ———_ , SAR, ger & by &) Bs 6.f= wl L L : z nb? 5 : BEnbr® 6, y= st xl-2) J. Proof load, Wy = Bebe by i = : ae Equation for three hinged circular arch, At the proof load, maximum bending R= 2 3. Equation of parabolic arch, also r(2R-r) =