KMSR

Time Study

-estimation of accurate labor cost is very essential as it has got large effect on the price.
-exact estimation of time is very essential for correctly pricing. As labor cost depends upon time estimation,
therefore, time must be estimated correctly as far as possible.
-products should reach to him at a promised date which is only possible when manufacturer is aware of the time
to be taken by the product during manufacture.

TIME STUDY DEFINITION

- “the art of observing and recording the time required to do each detailed element of an industrial
operation”.
The term industrial operation includes manual, mental and machining operations, where:

Industrial Operation

1) Manual time - is divided into three types of operations, i.e. handling of tools, machines and
materials.

2) Mental time - includes time taken by the worker for thinking over some operations.

3) Machining time - includes time taken by the machines in doing its share of work.

Time study can also be defined in the following words “work measurement” is the application of techniques
designed to establish the time for a qualified worker to carry out a specified job at a definite level of performance.

USE OF TIME STUDY

- It is useful in determining the standard time for various operations, which helps in fixing wages and incentives.
- It is useful to estimate the cost of a product accurately.
- It helps in production control.
- It helps in predicting accurately as to when the work will be completed and hence customers can be promised to
take delivery on a fixed date.
- Using the time study techniques, it can be found that how much machines an operator can run.

He performs time study in the following stages:

(a) Analysis of Work- The complete job and its operations are split up into various elements.  includes all the
tasks performed by the worker and not only the effective work.
(b) Standardisation of Methods- Before conducting time-study, all the constituents of the job such as materials,
equipment, tools, working conditions and methods are standardised.
(c) Making Time Study- The study is done on a printed time study record sheet

Making Time Study

Normal Time:
the time required by a normal worker.

Standard Time:
It is the time, which is taken by a normal worker for a specific task or job, working under moderate
conditions and includes other allowances.
Rating Factor:
is expressed as a percentage of the efficiency of representative operator, which indicates how efficient an
operator is in comparison to some of his average fellow workers.

How to Compute for Normal, Average, and Standard Times

FORMULA:

Normal Time (NT) = OT x RF

100
Where: OT = Observed Time
RF = Rating Factor

Standard Time
 Case 1: ST= NT x ( 1+ AF)
Case 2: ST= NT
(1-AF)
Where AF= Allowance Factor

Case 1: Allowance is given as a fraction of the normal time; allowance is added to the the normal time
Case 2: Allowances is given as a fraction of the total workday

EXAMPLE 1

A restaurant conducted a time study for a job assembling ham and cheese sandwiches. There were 10
cycles on the job, and the average time was recorded to be 0.385 minute. Determine the standard time of the
assembly if the operator is rated of 80% and the allowance factor is 12%.

SOLUTION:

Given: OT= 0.385 minute

RF = 80%
AF= 12%

Get the normal time

* Always divide the rating factor by 100 if the rating factor is express as percent form.

NT= OT x RF
100
NT= 0.385 x 80
100
NT= 0.308 minute

Next, get the standard time

*We use case 1 formula since there’s no mode use of allowance factor indicated

ST= NT x ( 1+ AF)
ST= 0.308 x ( 1+ .12)
ST= 0.34496 or 0.345 minute
EXAMPLE 2

A manufacturing company conducted a time study for 10 cycles of a job. The job has five elements and the
total elemental times in minutes for each element and the performance rating factor are given as follows. Determine
the standard time if the allowance factor is 18%.

ELEMENT SUM RATING FACTOR (RF)

A 3.61 1.05
B 4.84 0.90
C 2.93 1.00
D 4.91 1.10
E 1.78 0.95

SOLUTION:

Given: n= 10 cycles Sum divided by

AF= 18% 10

ELEMENT SUM RATING FACTOR (RF) Average Observed

Time( OT)
A 3.61 1.05 0.361
B 4.84 0.90 0.484
C 2.93 1.00 0.293
D 4.91 1.10 0.491
E 1.78 0.95 0.178

Multiply RF
with Avg. OT
ELEMENT SUM RATING FACTOR Average Average Normal
(RF) Observed Time (NT)
Time( OT)
A 3.61 1.05 0.361 0.379
B 4.84 0.90 0.484 0.436
C 2.93 1.00 0.293 0.293
D 4.91 1.10 0.491 0.540
E 1.78 0.95 0.178 0.169
= 1.817
Case 1: ST= NT x ( 1+ AF)

Standard Time= 1.817 (1 +0.18)

= 2.144 minutes

EXAMPLE 3

A time study was conducted in an operation with three elements. Each element was observed four times
and the following table shows the recorded data. Determine the normal time and standard time for the operation for
an allowance factor of 10%. Additionally, the allowance factor is taken as a fraction of the entire work day.

GIVEN DATA:

OBSERVATION
ELEMENT 1 2 3 4 RF
A 0.2 0.3 0.25 0.23 1.20
B 0.18 0.15 0.17 0.16 0.85
C 0.08 0.05 0.07 0.09 0.92

SOLUTION:

1. Get the average observed time per element

2. Get the normal time for each element, then get the sum
3. Get the standard time for the operation.

1) AVERAGE OBSERVED TIME

Element A= 0.2 + 0.3 +0.25+0.23

4
= 0.245

Element B= 0.18 + 0.15 + 0.17 + 0.16

4
= 0.165

Element C= 0.08 + 0.05 + 0.07 + 0.09

4
= 0.073

2) NORMAL TIME

Element A: 0.245 x 1.20 = 0.294

Element B: 0.165 x 0.85 = 0.140
Element C: 0.073 x 0.92 = 0.067
3) STANDARD TIME

∑NT = 0.501

ST= ∑NT
1-AF
= 0.501
1 – 0.10
= 0.557 minute,,