What are the Methodologies

of appraisal approaches?
There are two primary methods for conducting performance appraisals: based on absolute or relative standards.
Absolute Appraisal Methods
Common methods of conducting an absolute appraisal are critical incident, BARS (Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scale), and a graphic
rating scale.
Relative Appraisal Methods
A second category of appraisal methods uses relative or comparative standards. Common methods in use include ranking and paired
comparison and forced distribution.
Provide some formulas relating to Practical
appraisal mathematics (statistics and basic
mathematics)?
• Summary of Basic Formulas

• Direct Capitalization

• Where: Subscripts:

• I = Income O = Overall Property

• R = Capitalization Rate M = Mortgage

• IO = Net Operating Income E = Equity

• V = Value L = Land

• M = Mortgage Ratio B = Building

• DCR = Debt Coverage Ratio

• (also called Debt Service Coverage Ratio)

• F = Capitalization Factor (Multiplier)

• GIM = Gross Income Multiplier

• EGIM = Effective Gross Income Multiplier

• NIR = Net Income Ratio

• Basic Income/Cap Rate/Value Formulas Basic Value/Income/Factor Formulas

• II=R VVV=I F

• —— R = I/V —— I = V/F

• R V V = I/R I F F = V/I
What is Specialized Valuation?, cite some case
studies .
• • The aim of valuation is to achieve the best estimate of the
transaction price of property. The market of specialised properties is
very diverse as property does not transact sufficiently often to allow
the establishment of price by comparison with previously sold assets
What is Geographical Information System (GIS)?
how does it help map reading and plotting?
• A geographic information system (GIS) is a system that creates,
manages, analyzes, and maps all types of data. GIS connects data to
a map, integrating location data (where things are) with all types of
descriptive information (what things are like there).
• • How is GIS used in navigation?
• • A Geographic Information System (GIS) takes the information
gathered from Global Positioning System (GPS) units and organizes
the information into maps. GIS maps are interactive. They allow you
to see the map from different angles, to zoom in and out, and to hide
selected features.
How GIS is used in map mapping?
It's a specific type of mapping technology that allows you to
layer data tied to geographic points. ... GIS mapping helps you
to visualize and identify patterns that are difficult to see if the
data elements are in table format. It also helps to identify
patterns that emerge when you view two or more datasets
together
What are the different types of appraisal
reports?
• TYPES OF APPRAISAL REPORTS
• A summary of the USPAP changes to written appraisal reporting options.
• USPAP 2014-2015 contained some significant changes to how written appraisal
reporting options are classified. There are now only two types of appraisal
reports: Restricted Appraisal Reports and Appraisal Reports.
• In the 2012-2013 version of USPAP, there were three written appraisal reporting
options: Restricted-Use Appraisal Reports, Summary Appraisal Reports, and Self-
Contained Appraisal Reports.
• Many appraisers have long stated that Summary Appraisal Reports and a Self-
Contained Appraisal Reports contained significant overlap, and have had a
difficult time distinguishing between the two. As a result, these two reporting
options were effectively combined, and will now be referred to as Appraisal
Reports. Restricted-Use Appraisal reports were renamed Restricted Appraisal
Reports.
Under the 2018 PVS, tell us the guidelines on
Appraisal of machinery and equipment?
• What is appraisal of machinery and equipment?
•

• Machinery and Equipment appraisers use the Direct Market

Comparison (or Sales Comparison) approach to indicate value by
analyzing recent sales (or offering) prices of assets that are
comparable to the assets that are the subject of the appraisal.