DESCRIPTIVE

Purpose:

To describe a particular person, place or thing in detail.

Dominant Generic Structure:

1. Identification

2. Description

Language Features:

1. Using Simple Present Tense

2. Using action verb

3. Using adverb

4. Using special technical terms

example :

My Rabbit

contoh descriptive text animalI have a rabbit. His fur is white and has black spots. He has long ears and a
short tail. He also has cute red big eyes! My rabbit likes to eat carrot and other vegetables. When I
release my rabbit out of his cage, he used to jump everywhere and hard to catch. So, I could just put him
on his cage because I’m afraid that he might running away. I don’t wanna lost my rabbit because I love
him very much.

REPORT

Purpose:

To presents information about something, as it is.

Generic Structure:

1. General classification

2. Description

Dominant Language Feature:

1. Introducing group or general aspect

2. Using conditional logical connection

3. Using Simple Present Tense

example :

Mouse-Deer

Mouse-deer, are small ungulates that make up the family Tragulidae, the only members of the
infraorder Tragulina. They are found mostly in forests in South and Southeast Asia, with a single species
in the rainforests of Central and West Africa.

Mouse-deer have primitive features, closer to non-ruminants such as pigs. All species in the family lack
of horns, but both sexes have elongated canine teeth. These are especially prominent in males, where
they project out on either side of the lower jaw, and are used in fights. Their legs are short and thin,
which make them lack in agility, but also helps them maintain a smaller profile to aid in running through
the dense foliage of their environments.

They are solitary or live in pairs. The young are weaned at three months of age, and reach sexual
maturity between five and 10 months. Parental care is relatively limited. Although they lack the types of
scent glands found in most other ruminants, they do have a chin gland for marking each other as mates
or antagonists, and, in the case of the water chevrotain, anal and preputial glands for marking territory.
Their territories are relatively small, on the order of 13–24 hectares (32–59 acres), but neighbors
generally ignore each other, rather than compete aggressively.

PROCEDURE

Purpose:

To help readers how to do or make something completely

Generic Structure:

1. Goal/Aim

2. Materials/Equipments

3. Steps/Methods

Dominant Language Features:

1. Using Simple Present Tense

2. Using Imperatives sentence

3. Using adverb

4. Using technical terms

example :

How to Make Meatballs

Ingredients:

1 kilo of very fine minced meat.

2 eggs.

300 grams of tapioca-flour.

4-8 cloves of garlic.

1 red onion.

1 teaspoon of white pepper.

2 teaspoons of salt.

The steps:

First of all, mix garlic, red onion, salt, and white pepper in a mortar or mixer.

Second, mix the spice-mixture with the eggs, the tapioca-flour and the minced meat.

After that, use your fingers, add a cup of water, and keep on working until the mixture feels soft and
smooth.

Then, boil some water in a rather large pot, at least about 2 liters.

Next step, start rolling the mixture into small meatballs.

Finally, lower the meatballs into the boiling water. When they float up to the surface, the meatballs are
ready to serve.
EXPLANATION

Purpose:

To explain the processes involved in the formation or working of natural or socio-cultural phenomena.

Generic Structure:

1. General statement

2. Explanation

3. Closing

Dominant Language Features:

1. Using Simple Present Tense

2. Using action verbs

3. Using passive voice

4. Using noun phrase

5. Using adverbial phrase

6. Using technical terms

7. Using general and abstract noun

8. Using conjunction of time and cause-effect

example : How Does Rain Happen

We all know that rain is primary source of fresh water for most areas of the world, providing suitable
condition for diverse ecosystems. Rain is water that descends from the sky through several processes
until the rain occurs. Do you know how does rain happen?

contoh explanation text tentang hujan

Sumber gambar: reference.com

The phenomenon of rain is actually a water circle. The concept of water circle includes the sun heating
the Earth’s water surface and causing the water surface to evaporate. Earth’s water includes water from
lake, river, and ocean. Then, the water vapor experiences condensation and becomes condensed vapor.
Condensed vapor is formed from droplets so that when the air temperature is higher, it makes the
droplets gather, condensed and formed into clouds. The presence of winds helps clouds move and
gather in other places that have lower temperatures. At that time, the droplets become heavier and
unstoppable and cause the droplets to fall so that there is rain.

If the droplets drop in an area with very cold temperatures, the droplets will drop as snow. However,
not all rain reaches the surface. Some evaporates while falling through dry air. This is called Virga, a
phenomenon which is often seen in hot, dry desert regions.

NARRATIVE

Purpose:

To amuse/entertain the readers and to tell a story

Generic Structure:

1. Orientation

2. Complication

3. Resolution

4. Reorientation (optional)

Dominant Language Features:

1. Using Past Tense

2. Using action verb

3. Chronologically arranged

example : The Rabbit and the Turtle

One day a rabbit was boasting about how fast he could run. He was laughing at the turtle for being so
slow.
Much to the rabbit’s surprise, the turtle challenged him to a race. The rabbit thought this was a good
joke and accepted the challenge. The fox was to be the umpire of the race. As the race began, the rabbit
raced way ahead of the turtle, just like everyone thought.

The rabbit got to the halfway point and could not see the turtle anywhere. He was hot and tired and
decided to stop and take a short nap. All this time the turtle kept walking step by step by step. He never
quit no matter how hot or tired he got. He just kept going.

However, the rabbit slept longer than he had thought and woke up. He could not see the turtle
anywhere! He went at full-speed to the finish line but found the turtle there waiting for him.

SPOOF

Purpose:

To tell an event with a humorous twist and entertain the readers

Generic Structure:

1. Orientation

2. Event(s)

3. Twist

Dominant Language Features:

1. Using Past Tense

2. Using action verb

3. Using adverb

4. Chronologically arranged

example : “Bad Dream”

Once there was a couple sleeping. The wife had a bad dream. She woke up, and was scared and cried.
Her husband tried to comfort her and asked why she cried. Then she replied: “I had a dream that a very
rich and handsome man kidnapped me from you.” Hearing his wife answer, the husband said: “It’s okay,
Honey, it was just a dream.”

Immediately the wife responded loudly: “That is why I’m crying.”

RECOUNT

Purpose:

To retell something that happened in the past and to tell a series of past event

Generic Structure:

1. Orientation

2. Event(s)

3. Reorientation

Dominant Language Features:

1. Using Past Tense

2. Using action verb

3. Using adjectives

example : My First Time in Yogyakarta

My family and I went to my grandmother’s house in Yogyakarta last month. It was my first trip to this
city. We went there two days after my sister’s gradution ceremony in Semarang. We arrived at
Yogyakarta at night. We spent a week staying in my grandmother’s house which is 5 minutes away by
foot to Malioboro street.

In the first morning, we were still too tired after a long trip from Semarang to Yogyakarta. So we decided
to stay at home to recharge our energy. I walk around the neighborhood with my sister just to
experience how it is like to be in Yogyakarta. There were too many house, I think, which made the space
between a house and the other was so small, even the road was also small that only bicycle and
motorcycle can go through.
On the second day, all of us went to Malioboro street. We saw so many merchant with various of
product which they claim to be a traditional product of Yogyakarta. I bought some wooden figurine and
T-shirt with the word “Yogyakarta” printed on it, while my sister bought some leather handbag. My
mom and dad were busy choosing some merchandise to be brought home when we go back.

On the third day, we went to Taman Sari and Keraton Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat to see some historical
building in Yogyakarta. We took a lot of picture there. We also took some picture of the building so we
can check it again at home. We found some place providing Yogya traditional food around the building
and we jumped in right away.

We spent the rest of our week in Yogyakarta by visiting some Shopping Malls such as Jogja City Mall,
Malioboro Mall, Hartono Mall and Ambarrukmo Plaza. We realized that Yogyakarta turned out to be
very warm during the day, that was the reason why we decided to spend more time in air conditioned
building like this.

NEWS ITEM

Purpose:

To inform readers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important

Dominant Generic Structure:

1. Newsworthy event

2. Background events

3. Sources

Dominant Language Features:

1. Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline

2. Using action verbs

3. Using saying verbs

4. Using adverbs : time, place and manner

example : Amazon Prime Day will actually be two days this year
Amazon’s Prime Day will return for the fifth time next month, and this year the discount holiday will run
for two entire days.

Amazon announced that Prime Day this year will start at midnight on Monday, July 15, and run for 48
hours. The company boasts that the event will include more than a million deals around the world, such
as steep discounts on Alexa-enabled devices. In 2018, Prime Day lasted 36 hours, which was longer than
in prior years. Amazon tested out its inaugural Prime Day in July of 2015 to celebrate its 20th
anniversary. It designed the day to replicate Black Friday for Amazon die-hards.

Source : CNN

ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION

Purpose:

To reveal the readers that something is the important case

Generic Structure:

1. Thesis

2. Arguments

3. Reiteration/Conclusion

Dominant Language Features:

1. Using modals

2. Using action verbs

3. Using thinking verbs

4. Using adverbs

5. Using adjective

6. Using technical terms

7. Using general and abstract noun

8. Using connectives/transition
example : Building Strong Relationship

7 contoh analytical exposition no 3

Teks analytical exposition tentang pentingya hubungan antar bangsa

Since building Indonesian nation in 1945, Indonesia shared a positive and friendly relationship with
Australia.

In 1947 Australia supported Indonesia’s struggle for independence by placing embargos on Dutch
supplies, arms and troops. Australian dock workers went on strike and significant numbers of Australians
demonstrated in the streets in support of Indonesian independence. The Dutch were unable to ship
supplies through Australian ports during this period.

Much of the support Australians gave to Indonesians was based on the friendship that developed
between Australian soldiers and the Indonesia people at the end of the Second World War. There was
also a strong anti-imperialist mood among some sections of the Australian population at that time.

It is significant for Indonesia and Asian neighbors to strengthen the relationship.

HORTATORY EXPOSITION

Purpose:

To persuade the readers that something should or should not be the case or be done

Generic Structure:

1. Thesis

2. Arguments

3. Recommendation

Dominant Language Features:

1. Using Simple Present Tense

2. Using modals

3. Using action verbs

4. Using thinking verbs

5. Using adverbs
6. Using adjective

7. Using technical terms

8. Using general and abstract noun

9. Using connectives/transition

example : Cars Should Be Banned In The City

Cars should be banned in the city. As we all know, cars create pollution, and cause a lot of road deaths
and other accidents.

Firstly cars, as we all know, contribute to all most of the population in the world.

Cars emit deadly gas that causes illness such as bronchitis, lung cancer and ‘triggers’ of asthma. Some of
these illnesses are so bad that people can die from them.

Secondly, the city is very busy. Pedestrians wander everywhere and cars commonly hit pedestrians in
the city, which causes them to die. Cars today are our roads biggest killers.

Thirdly, cars are noisy. If you live in the city, you may find it hard to sleep at night or concentrate on your
homework, and especially talk to someone.

In conclusion, cars should be banned in the city for the reasons listed.

DISCUSSION

Purpose:

To present information and opinions about issues in more one side of an issue (‘For/Pros’ and
‘Against/Cons’)

Generic Structure:

1. Issue

2. Arguments for and against

3. Conclusion

Dominant Language Features:

1. Using Simple Present Tense

2. Use of relating verb/to be

3. Using thinking verb

4. Using general and abstract noun

5. Using conjunction/transition

6. Using modality

7. Using adverb of manner

example : The Advantage and Disadvantage of Cellphone for Children

contoh discussion text paling singkat

Kids using a cellphone – Advantages or disadvantage? This is a pro and con short essay

If you want to give your kid a cellphone, consider the advantage and disadvantage of cellphones for
children.

On top of the advantages, cell phones can encourage child safety at all times. Just imagine if the children
to be in an emergency circumstance, they can simply utilize cellphone to get in touch with you for help

On the other hand, cellphone also gives negative impact to kid. Rather than studying, kids have a
tendency to spend much more time sending text messages to buddies or maybe using a number of apps
such as games.

So, choosing the appropriate cell phone for your sons or daughters can influence all benefits associated
with a cell phone for children

Source: http://www.examiner.com/article/cell-phones-for-kids-the-advantages-and-disadvantages

REVIEW

Purpose:

To critique or evaluate an art work or event for a public audience

Dominant Generic Structure:

1. Orientation

2. Evaluation
3. Interpretative Recount

4. Evaluation

5. Evaluative Summation

Dominant Language Features:

1. Focus on specific participants

2. Using adjectives

3. Using long and complex clauses

4. Using metaphor

example : NEGERI 5 MENARA

The title of the Novel: the land of 5 Towers

Author: A. Fuadi’s

Publisher: Gramedia Pustaka Utama

Copyright: August 2010

KotaTerbit: Jakarta

Number of pages: 424 thing

The novel land of 5 Towers work of Ahmad Fuadi’s which was a best seller in this novel, tells the story of
five friends, he lived in a boarding school that is Hut Madani (PM). This best seller novel is the first novel
of a trilogy which was charmingly tells the story of a typical boarding school education world, complete
with all the trinkets of life the santrinya.

Alif Kevin was a very wanted HIGH SCHOOL school in Bukittinggi West Sumatera with examinations
which are pretty good. But her dream seems shattered, destroyed not a trace, because Amaknya does
not allow. He wanted a school at Madrasah Aliyah Alif which berbasik religion, citing Amak want Alif
became Ustad (Cleric). Halfheartedly, Alif Amaknya wishes to receive a religious school.

The beginning she sangatkaget with all the strict regulations and activities the lodge. Luckily, he found
friends from different areas of the correct ² fun. Because half his heart has now become rounded. Under
the Tower PM here’s five of them thus creating dream ² i through his imagination staring at the sky and
stringing the clouds into the land of dreams. They are confident in the future of that dream will be
realized. Because they are convinced of the powerful spell they get from Kyai Rais (Professor of PM),
namely man jadda wajada, who are meant to be successful.
The advantages of this novel is to change our mindset about the cottage life just studying religion.
Because in the novel other than learning the science of religion, it also studied the public such as English,
Arabic, art etc. The lessons that can be learned is never underestimate a dream is as high as any of it,
because God Almighty hears the prayers of his people.