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This product was created to cover the Manitoba Social Studies Grade 5
curriculum – People and Stories of Canada to 1867. All of the expectations
have been covered to save time for busy teachers! Students will practice
literacy skills when demonstrating their understanding of the subject material.

Page Page
Page Title Page Title
# #

Curriculum Connections 2 Colonial Wars – Activity Sheet 20

Curriculum Connections Battle on the Plains of Abraham 21

3
Continued
KWL – People and Stories of Treaties 22
4
Canada to 1867
First People Migration to Selkirk Settlement 23
5
Canada
War of 1812 24
Map of Canada 6
British North America Act 25
First Nation Tribes in Eastern
7
Canada
Canadian Expansion 26
First People in Canada: Daily
8
Life Life in New France 27
Explorer: John Cabot 9
Life in BNA 28
Jacques Cartier 10
John A. Macdonald 29
Samuel de Champlain 11
George Brown 30
First Contact 12
Act of Union: Durham Report 31
Trade: Europeans and First
13 Rights and Freedoms – Now and
People 32
Then
Fur Trade 14
Unit Test: Page 1 33
First Contact - Disease 15
Unit Test: Page 2 34
Smallpox Epidemic 16
Unit Test: Page 3 35
Hudson Bay Company – Reading
17
Response 36 -
Answer Pages
63
Hudson Bay Company – Activity
18
Sheet
Colonial Wars – Reading
19
Response
Cluster 1 - First People Page
Describe First Peoples’ stories of their origins, as well as current theories of
5
migration to the North American continent.
Describe the impact of the ice age on the land. 5
Locate on a map of Canada the major physical regions, vegetation zones, and bodies
6
of water.
Describe practices and beliefs that reflected First Peoples’ connections with the land
7, 8
and the natural environment.
Describe characteristics of diverse First Peoples cultures before contact with
7, 8
Europeans.
Compare daily life in diverse First Peoples communities Examples: food, clothing,
7, 8
shelter; roles of men, women, children, Elders...
Compare types of leadership in diverse First Peoples communities. Examples:
8
hereditary right, matriarchy, democracy...

Cluster 2 - Early European Colonization (1600 to 1763) Page

Relate stories of European explorers and traders in their search for new lands or the
9, 10, 11
Northwest Passage.

Identify reasons why Europeans expanded their territories to include North America. 12

Describe the organization and daily life of Nouvelle France. Examples: seigneurial
27
system, agriculture, religion, les Filles du Roi...

Describe contributions of individuals in the settlement of Nouvelle-France. 11, 27

Identify factors that influenced the movement and settlement of Europeans in early
12
Canada.
Give examples of the impact of interactions between First Peoples and European
12-16, 22
explorers, colonists, and missionaries.

Describe daily life in early French and British settlements in Atlantic Canada. 27, 28

Describe the impact of European wars on First Peoples and French and British
19, 20, 21, 24
colonies in early Canada. Include: First Peoples alliances.
Describe the major events and impact of the British conquest of Nouvelle-France.
Include: Battle of the Plains of Abraham (1759), Treaty of Paris (1763); impact on 19, 20, 21
First Peoples.
Cluster 3 – Fur Trade Page

Describe the influence of the fur trade on the historical development of Canada. 13, 14, 17, 18

Describe factors that led to the development and expansion of the fur trade into the
17, 18
west and north of Canada.

Identify global factors that influenced the fur trade in Canada. Examples: European
13, 14, 17, 18
fashion, wars in Europe...

Give examples of ways in which the fur trade operations were influenced by the land. 27

Relate stories of the people and events of the fur trade. 14, 17, 18

Give examples of the impact of interactions between First Peoples and European 12, 13, 14, 17,
traders and settlers. 18

Cluster 4 -From British Colony to Confederation (1763 to 1867) Page

Describe the cultural diversity of pre-Confederation Canada 27, 28, 31

Give reasons for the migration of the United Empire Loyalists and describe their impact
24
on Canada

Describe the reasons for, main events of, and impact of the Selkirk Settlement of the
23
Red River

Identify global factors that influenced immigration to Canada. 12

Compare daily life in Canada East and Canada West 31

Identify the causes, major events, and results of the War of 1812 24

Identify people, events, and results of the 1837 to 1838 Rebellions and explain their
31
impact on the development of Canada.

Locate on a map of Canada the four provinces of Confederation in 1867. 25, 26

Describe the roles of individuals in building Canadian Confederation. 29, 30

Give examples of the responsibilities and rights of citizens of Canada in 1867. 32

Name: ________________________ Date: ________________________ 4

Learning Goal: What we will be learning in this unit

We are learning about the history of Canada dating back thousands of years ago
until 1867.

Let's find out what you know about the topic! Fill in the K-W-L chart below!

Questions:
- Who lived in Canada thousands of years ago?
- How did the indigenous people live and survive?
- Who else owned the land that is now Canada?
- How did Canada become a country?

Know Want Learned

What do you know? What do you want to learn? What did you learn?
 Name: ________________________ Date: ________________________ 5

Early Migration
The first people that lived in what is now Canada came from Asia over 12,000 years ago. We
know this because scientists have found bones and artifacts that date back that far! It is
believed they crossed a land bridge to get to North America. The land bridge connected Russia
to Alaska across what is now the Bering Sea. The sea levels were much lower at the time, so
the land that is now at the bottom of the sea was usable for the First People to walk on.
Scientists and historians believe that they migrated to North America to follow large animals
like buffalo, moose, deer, and elk across the land bridge. They eventually moved south of Alaska
and spread out across North America.
Impact of the Ice Age on the Land
The last ice age 14,000 years ago produced huge stretches of ice that covered much of
North America. The ice covered most of Canada when it was at its largest point. Sea level
temperatures were between 4-8 degrees colder during this time period. Two massive ice sheets
covered western Canada, the Cordilleran, which lay to the west of the Rocky Mountains, and
the Laurentide, which was east of the Rockies. The world looked much different then it does
today, as the glaciers had a major impact on sea levels. The oceans were between 100m to
150m shallower than they are now! There was much more land then there is now as the
coastlines were pushed further into where the ocean is now. The reason for this was because
the glaciers trapped precipitation underneath which did not allow the water to flow back into
the water cycle. As the temperatures increased, the glaciers started to melt, and the trapped
water could enter the water cycle, causing more water in the oceans.
Glaciers and our Topography
Topography is the arrangement of the natural and artificial physical features in our
environment. Our topography was changed by glaciers, as they moved huge rocks called
erratics into random areas on our landscape. Have you ever seen a massive rock in a random
location (not near a mountain or coastline).

Summarize A summary is brief explanation of the reading passage.

Write down 5 important ideas from the information above in point form!
 Name: ________________________ Date: ________________________ 6

Questions Answer the questions by analyzing the map

1. How many oceans surround Canada?

2. How many provinces does Canada have?

3. How many territories does Canada have?

4. Which is the biggest great lake?

5. Which bay leads to Ontario, Manitoba, Quebec, and the NWT?

6. What is the capital city of British Columbia?

7. What is the capital city of Ontario?

8. What is the capital city of Manitoba?

9. What is the capital city of Saskatchewan?

10. What is the capital city of Prince Edward Island?

11. What is the capital city of Canada?

12. What is the largest lake in Manitoba?

13. Which great lake is not a part of Canada?

14. Which province/territory does Great Slave Lake belong to?

15. Which province/territory is the city of Dawson located in?

 Name: ________________________ Date: ________________________ 7

Directions
The table below displays information about the major First Nations Tribes of Canada.

Tribe Food Language Clothing Religion Gender Roles

Algonquin - deer, - English - breech-cloth - All creatures Men - war
- moose - French - leggings have super- - hunted,
- fish - Algonquin - dresses natural power - leaders
- berries (women) Women:
- syrup - beads - childcare – gathered
Ojibwe - wild rice - English - breech-cloth - Spirits guided Men - war
- corn - Ojibwe - leggings them through - hunted,
- fish - dresses life - leaders
- buffalo (women) Women:
- nuts - beads - childcare – gathered
- fruit
Wendat - corn - English - deerskin - “special Men - war
- beans - French tunics healers” - hunted,
- deer - Huron- - breech-cloth predicted the - leaders
- turkey Wendat - dresses future & Women:
- fish (women) control - childcare – gathered
weather
Beothuk - eggs - Beothuk - breech-cloth - the sun, Men - war
- plants - leggings animals, & - hunted,
- seals - skirts plants have - leaders
- fish (women) feelings & a Women:
- caribou spirit - childcare – gathered
Mi’kmaq - fish - English - breech-cloth - The great Men - war
- caribou - Mi’kmaq - leggings spirit was the - hunted,
- moose - Hide tunics creator of - leaders
- berries (women) the world Women:
- squash - childcare – gathered
- syrup

1. What language was spoken the most by these tribes? Did these tribes have their own languages?
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
2. What clothing did the men wear? What did the women wear?

_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________

3. What religion did you find most interesting? Why?

_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________

4. What were the men’s jobs and what did the women do?

_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
 Name: ________________________ Date: ________________________ 8

Shelters
Before the Europeans came to North America, the First People lived here in a much different
way then Europeans. For shelter, most First Nation tribes lived in either a wigwam, longhouse, or a
tipi. A wigwam is a smaller dome shaped shelter made from wood and bark that can hold one
extended family only. A longhouse is a much larger wigwam, that is build in a long rectangular shape
with a domed shape roof. Many families would share a longhouse! A tipi was a temporary shelter
that could be built quickly and easily out of animal skins and wooden poles. Only one smaller family
could live in a tipi.
Food
The First People were hunters and gatherers, and therefore were mostly nomadic. This means
they moved around to find food and plants to eat. Depending on the tribe, the men would hunt
different animals, such as: deer, buffalo, moose, caribou, seals, walrus and many more. The women
would search for plants to gather, such as: corn, fruit, nuts, wild rice, and beans.
First People & the Environment
Each First Nation tribe has a spiritual connection to the land that differs from tribe to tribe.
Spiritual connections refer to the understanding that everything in the universe is connected. The
spirit world is connected to the mortal world, the land is connected to the sea, and the sky is
connected to the ground. To them, everything in the environment needed to be respected as it all
had a purpose.
Governance
Each First Nation group had their own government that ruled over the land that had been given to
them from a superior being. The government structures were different depending on the group.
Some groups like the Woodland First Nations would select a leader based on his superior hunting
skills. Other groups like the Huron-Wendat were more democratic, as they had councils that would
make decisions based on the consensus of the council. Each member would vote until they all
agreed!

Text to Text – Make a connection to something else you’ve read

Making Text to World – Make a connection to a current event
Connections Text to Self – Make a connection to something in your life

1. Text to Self – What did you read in the text that reminds you of your life?

______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Text to World – What did you read in the text that reminds you of something happening in the
world now?

______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
True or False
1. A wigwam is a large shelter that could house many families. True False

2. A tipi was a permanent shelter that could be built quickly. True False

3. Men hunted and women gathered in First Nation groups. True False

4. The indigenous people believed everything in nature was connected. True False

5. Some First Nation groups had democratic governments where people could vote True False
 Name: ________________________ Date: ________________________ 9

Background
John Cabot was an Italian explorer who was born in 1450. Not much is known about Cabot from
1450-1497. Cabot was the second European after Christopher Columbus to explore North
America. Although Cabot was Italian, he was hired by the King of England to search for
unknown lands to find gold, spices, and anything else that might be valuable. The King was
desperate to find new land after hearing about Columbus’ recent discovery.

Voyage 1
In 1497, Cabot set sail on his ship, called “Mathew” with 18 other men as part of his crew. They
travelled across the Atlantic Ocean and landed in what is now known as Newfoundland. He
claimed the land for England and King Henry VII. The King was so happy with Cabot, that he
rewarded him with $15.00 and a $30.00 pension. He was also given funds for another trip.

Voyage 2
In 1498, Cabot went on his second voyage looking for Japan, which was home to valuable spices
and gems. He was given 5 ships to travel west across the Atlantic, however no one is 100% sure
what happened next. Some historians believe he landed on the east coast of what is now
Canada and explored this area. Others believe his ship was lost at sea following a bad storm. It
was confirmed that one of the 5 ships did return to Ireland after the boat was damaged in a
storm.
By 1499, Cabot was announced dead, although he was never seen again.

Question
1. What parts of Cabot’s life are unknown? Why do you think it is difficult to know what
happened to Cabot?
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________

Fill in the Blanks

1. Cabot was provided with ___________ ships on his second voyage.
2. Cabot went on his second voyage in the year _____________.
3. Cabot was rewarded ___________ dollars after his first voyage.
4. Cabot claimed ______________________________ for King Henry VII.
5. The King sent Cabot because of Christopher ____________________.

Circle the correct answer

1. Cabot was from England Italy

2. Cabot was hired by King Henry George

3. Cabot was looking for Weapons Spices

4. Cabot’s boat was named Mathew Henry

5. Cabot travelled on which ocean Pacific Atlantic

 Name: ________________________ Date: ________________________ 10

Background
Jacques Cartier was a French explorer who will be remembered as the person that named
Canada. He was born on December 31st, 1491 in Saint Malo, France.
Voyage 1
In 1534, King Francis I sent Cartier on his first voyage to North America to find gold, spices
and the passage to Asia. Cartier was unsuccessful in these goals but did stumble upon land –
Newfoundland. He also discovered Prince Edward Island and the Gulf of the St. Lawrence. Upon
arriving in North America, he encountered First Nation people. Cartier was worried the King
would be upset if he returned to France empty-handed, so he decided to kidnap the Iroquois
Chief Donnacona’s two sons - Dom Agaya and Taignoagny. When he returned to France, King
Francis was impressed enough to send him on a second voyage.
Voyage 2
On his second voyage, Cartier travelled further into Canada using the St. Lawrence River. He
went all the way to Stadacona, where he and his crew would be the first Europeans to spend
the winter in what is now Canada. The bitter cold killed many of the crew.
Voyage 3
Cartier returned once more after being told tales by First Nations of treasure further inland
into Canada. Unfortunately, no treasure was found. He never returned to Canada again.
Cartier died in France on September 1, 1557.

Circle the Correct Answer

1. Cartier was an English explorer True False

2. Cartier went on 3 voyages True False

3. Cartier was looking for diamonds True False

4. Cartier kidnapped 2 aboriginals True False

5. Cartier was looking for a passage to Asia True False

Questions
1. Do you think Cartier was a hero or villain? Use evidence from the text to support your idea.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Why do you think the winter killed many of Cartier’s crew?

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Put the following events in order: Number 1 - 4

Order Event

Cartier kidnapped Donnacona’s 2 sons

Cartier was hired by King Francis to find spices, gold, and a passage to Asia

Cartier discovered Newfoundland

Cartier and his crew spent the winter in Canada

 Name: ________________________ Date: ________________________ 11

Background
Samuel de Champlain was a French navigator, cartographer, and explorer. He is remembered
as being the first European to setup a permanent settlement in Canada – named Quebec City.

Voyage 1 & 2
Champlain’s first voyage in 1603 was to check out the land the French had claimed in what is
now known as Canada. At the time, they called it “New France”. On the second voyage in 1604,
Champlain brought settlers to New France to where is now known as Nova Scotia to colonize
the area. Although this voyage was unsuccessful, Champlain explored the area to learn about
the land.

Voyage 3
In 1608, still determined to colonize New France, Champlain travelled further into Canada along
the St. Lawrence River. He stopped in what is now Quebec City, and setup a trading post
there. He made alliances with the Huron people to trade beaver furs for guns, metal items
(pots, pans, knives), and beads. Champlain would send the furs back to France to be sold. This
was the first trade alliance between the First Nations and European explorers. Champlain
became friends with the Huron, and even battled the Iroquois with them. The Iroquois had no
match for the European guns and were defeated.
During the France and England war for New France, Champlain was captured by the English.
After the war, he was released and went back to Quebec, where he eventually died on
December 25, 1635.

Circle the Correct Answer

1. Samuel Champlain was from England France

2. Champlain wanted to setup permanent Settlement Land

3. Champlain traded weapons for Beads Furs

4. Champlain’s third voyage was in 1604 1608

5. Champlain founded which city Quebec Montreal

Questions
1. Why was Champlain’s third voyage a success?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. What does it mean to colonize an area? Use context clues to make an educated guess!
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Fill in the Blanks
1. Champlain eventually died in ___________________________.
2. Champlain's second voyage was in the year ____________________
3. Champlain was looking to setup permanent __________________________.
4. Champlain became allies with the _________________________ tribe.
5. Champlain was captured by the ____________________________.
 Name: ________________________ Date: ________________________ 12

1. First contact between Europeans and First 2. European explorers explored the “New
People was when the two groups… World” because…
a) Lived in peace a) Europe was crowded
b) First met b) To find gold, spices, timber (resources)
c) Traded furs c) Trade furs and sell back home
d) Battled for land d) All of the above
3. Many First Peoples welcomed Europeans 4. First contact between the two groups
because… always led to…
a) They wanted new friends a) Fighting
b) They could trade for metal, weapons b) Trade
c) They didn’t want to fight back c) Peace
d) All of the above d) None of the above

Reflect!
1. Picture this – Aliens land in your city today. What do you do?

_____________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________

2 Why did the Europeans want to explore North America?

_____________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________

3. In this picture, how do you think they reacted

to each other? (clothing?)

________________________________________________

________________________________________________

________________________________________________

________________________________________________

________________________________________________

________________________________________________

________________________________________________
 Name: ________________________ Date: ________________________ 13

Trade between the Europeans and First People shaped the history of Canada. The
profit made from these trades was the main reason Europeans came back to
North America and fought over the land.

Directions: Read over the thing trade and write E if the Europeans traded the item
or FP if the First People traded the item.

Traded by First People (FP

Items for trade
or Europeans (E)

Guns – Muskets, Arquebus

Beaver Fur

Steel Knives, Axes, Hatchets

Fox, Mink, Otter, Muskrat Furs

Beads

Blankets, Cloth, Handkerchiefs

1. What do you notice about the trading that happened between the First People and
Europeans?

______________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________

2. The beaver furs were often used to make hats. Why did
explorers want to trade with the FP?

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

3. Why do you think the First People wanted most things

made of steel? What do you think they used before steel?

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________
 Name: ________________________ Date: ________________________ 14

The fur trade was a booming business from the 1500’s to the 1800’s. In 1534, Jacques Cartier
was looking for gold and spices, but instead found fish, and a lot of them! While in North
America cleaning and drying fish, the First Nations became interested in the Europeans metal
items and cloth. They began trading their mink, beaver, and fox furs to the Europeans to be
sold back in France as fashionable hats.
The fur trade became very profitable when Samuel de Champlain saw the opportunity
to keep the trade flowing throughout the year. He built a trading post in Quebec City, which
was the first European settlement in North America. Before this, Europeans would only travel
to and from North America, but now they lived there all year round. This steady flow of
trade was very profitable for France.
England became jealous of the money made on the fur trade. They were offered a deal
by two French fur traders who had access to the thickest beaver furs from where is now
Hudson’s Bay. Pierre Esprit de Radisson and Médard des Groseilliers began selling these furs to
England. The King setup the Hudson’s Bay Company in 1670 and gave the two Frenchmen
control of the business. These trading posts traded guns, metal pots, utensils, beads, cloth and
other things for mainly beaver furs.
With the fur trade flourishing in the 1800’s, competition between the English and French
led to war for control of the fur trade and the land that is now Canada. The English ended up
winning the war, and therefore, control of the fur trade business. Fur trading continued to be
popular until the 1900’s when the fur hats became out of style. People began to feel bad for
what was happening to the animals.

Multiple Choice

1. Which country started the fur trade? France England

2. The furs were often made into Coats Hats

3. The First Nations wanted… Metal Food

4. Who setup the first trading post? Champlain Cartier

5. Which bay had the thickest furs? James Hudson’s

Questions
1. How do you think the fur trade impacted our Canadian history? (THINK – wars,
settlement, who's in control today?)
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Why did the fur trade eventually become less profitable?
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________

Fill in the Blanks

1. The most popular type of hat was made from ____________
2. The English and ___________ fought over the fur trade.
3. Radisson and des Groseilliers were from _____________
4. The first trading post was in __________________ City
5. The King started the Hudson’s _________ Company
 Name: ________________________ Date: ________________________ 15

Epidemic
An epidemic is an infectious disease that spreads throughout a community in a particular time.
Smallpox a very contagious disease that is easily spread from person to person. The symptoms of
smallpox were high fever, skin rash, headache, backache, vomiting, and diarrhea. Epidemics are no
longer as serious an issue because of proper hygiene practices.
First Contact - Transmission of Diseases
When European explorers came to North America, they travelled in ships that had unhealthy living
conditions. The lack of hygiene on these ships led to sailors developing contagious diseases such as:
smallpox, measles, typhus, and influenza. When they landed in North America, the sick passengers
would spread their diseases to people they contacted. Since smallpox, measles, typhus, and influenza
did not exist in North America before Europeans came, the First Nations had never been exposed
to them. This meant they had no antibodies that could fight off the diseases. This led to one of the
largest epidemics in history. Historians estimate that these diseases killed off up to 93% of all
Aboriginals. Smallpox was the most devastating disease.
Disease Warfare
Some European’s even used smallpox as a weapon. There are stories of Europeans getting used
blankets from a hospital treating smallpox and giving these blankets to the First Nations as gifts.
William Trent, who was a European trader, wrote of a meeting with two First Nations: “we gave
them two Blankets and a Handkerchief out of the Small Pox Hospital. I hope it will have the desired
effect.” They wanted to kill of the First Nations so they could have the land to themselves.

Circle the Correct Answer

1. An epidemic is the spread of Disease Fire

2. A symptom of smallpox is Joint pain Rash

3. Epidemics are usually caused by poor Hygiene Sleep

4. Which disease was the worst Typhus Smallpox

5. The percentage of First Nations killed by epidemics 58% 93%

Questions
1. Why did smallpox hurt the First Nations more than the Europeans?
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. What do you think of William Trent?
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

Fill in the Blanks

1. The First Nations had no ________________________ to fight diseases.
2. Some Europeans used smallpox as a _____________________.
3. Smallpox was one of the worst ______________________ in history.
4. Diseases were caused by poor hygiene on ______________________.
5. Smallpox is a very ______________________ disease because it spreads easily.
 Name: ________________________ Date: ________________________ 16

Background
Smallpox was an extremely contagious disease that many European sailors got
when they travelled in ships across the ocean to North America. These ships had
such poor living conditions that diseases developed and were passed along to other
people. Smallpox was passed by viral bacteria landing on blankets and clothing. One
explorer even talked about giving Aboriginals blankets from the smallpox section of
the hospital so they would contract the disease.
Below is a graph that displays how many North Americans died from the
Smallpox disease. Read the information and answer the questions.

Smallpox Deaths in British North America

10
8
6
4
2
0
1700 - 1720

1720 - 1740

1740 - 1760

1760 - 1780

1780 - 1800

1800 - 1820

1820 - 1840
% of Deaths by Smallpox

1. How many died from smallpox out of 100 from 1720 – 1740? _____________________

2. Why do you think 1720 – 1740 was the worst years for smallpox?

_____________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Why do you think so few died from smallpox after the 1800’s?

_____________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Why would the Europeans want the First Nations to die from Smallpox?

_____________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________
 Name: ________________________ Date: ________________________ 17

History
Have you heard of the Hudson’s Bay Company (HBC)?
It all started with Henry Hudson finding the northern
passage into what is now Hudson Bay in 1610. The
beavers in this area had large, thick furs. Years later,
in 1659, two Frenchmen named Radisson and Groseilliers
found these furs and made a deal with the King of
England. The Hudson Bay was a deep-water bay that
allowed large ships to enter, which made trading with
the First People simpler than paddling in smaller boats
throughout the St. Lawrence River. This allowed these
two Frenchmen to start a trading partnership with the
First Nation groups in the Hudson Bay area. With so
many furs to sell, the Hudson’s Bay Company was
Hudson Bay Company Store
formed in 1670. From 1673 to 1684, trading posts
across the Hudson Bay and into James Bay were Cordova Street. Vancouver,
established. The HBC built trading posts across Canada
British Columbia, Canada.
as the demand for these fashionable furs in Europe
became larger.
HBC – Later Days
As Britain and France battled for control of North America, France took aim at Hudson Bay
trading posts, destroying many to get back at Britain. With Britain winning the war for British
North America, the Hudson Bay Company survived until they eventually sold their land to the
Canadian government in 1870. The Hudson’s Bay Company still exists across Canada in the form
of department stores, called “The Bay”.

Summarize! Write 5 important details from the passage above. Use point form.
 Name: ________________________ Date: ________________________ 18

The Hudson’s Bay Company is the oldest running business in Canada. It was started
in 1670 as a collection of trading posts that English settlers would operate across British
North America (present-day Canada). In exchange for animal furs, the trading posts
offered European items like: weapons, gunpowder, bullets, beads, fishhooks, axes, sewing
needles, scissors, cooking pots, and wool blankets.
Rich and poor European settlers hunted and trapped animals for their furs all
across British North America (BNA). The Europeans were desperate to find furs to give
them luxurious items to better their lives, however, the best trappers and hunters were
the First Nations. They knew the land the best and already had successful methods for
trapping and hunting these animals. They were also very motivated to obtain the items at
a trading post to improve their quality of life.
In the late 1800’s, the demand for beaver furs began to slow down. The Hudson’s
Bay Company needed to find other items to trade for in their posts. Business was
slowing down, so they decided to sell their land to settlers and open shops that sold a
diverse range of items in exchange for currency.
By the early 1900’s, all of the trading posts were now shops. The Hudson Bay
Company changed into department stores that sold just about anything a person could
need. These department stores still exist today, under the name: “The Bay”.

True or False

1. The Hudson’s Bay Company started in 1680 True False

2. The HBC traded items for animal furs True False

3. Anyone could trade animal pelts for items at an HBC trading post. True False

4. The best trappers were Europeans True False

5. The items traded for pelts were mainly metal True False

Questions
1. Why did the Hudson’s Bay Company sell their land to settlers?
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
2. What were some items sold at a trading post?
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________

Put the following events in order: Number 1 - 4

Order Event
HBC sells land to settlers
HBC opens trading posts across BNA
HBC opens department stores
Demand for beaver furs slows down
 Name: ________________________ Date: ________________________ 19

When the Europeans arrived in North America, the First Nations welcomed them and
were eager to participate in trade. This led to respectful relationships between the two
groups, and often even alliances.
As the fur trade became more profitable, wars started over control of land and of
the fur trade. The French partnered with the Huron to fight the Iroquois for control of the
St. Lawrence River. The St. Lawrence was important because it gave boats access from the
Atlantic Ocean to across Canada (through connecting lakes and rivers). The French and Huron
won this early battle.
The English also wanted control of the fur trade. This war between France and Britain
was called the 7 Years War, and it was happening in North America, as well as in Europe. With
the French and First Nations being allies, they often fought together against British forces.
Ultimately, they were eventually outmatched by Britain, who owned the strongest military in the
world.
The Battle on the Plains of Abraham was for control of Quebec City, which was
France’s first and largest settlement. Britain knew if they could take it over, they would end
up defeating France. General James Wolfe brought 7,700 troops to the battle against General
Montcalm of France who had 13,000 troops (some were First Nations). They met on the Plains
of Abraham, where Montcalm ordered his men to fire. While they fired, the British troops
waited and got 2 bullets ready. The disorganized French fire was mostly misses, while the
British hit with both their shots, sending the French in retreat. Britain won the battle and
eventually took control of present-day Canada.

True or False
1. The 7 Years War was only in Canada True False
2. France won the battle on the Plains of Abraham True False
3. The French and First Nations fought together True False
4. Britain had the strongest military True False
5. James Wolfe was the General for Britain True False

Questions
1. Why was the St. Lawrence River important?
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
2. How did Britain win the battle on the Plain of Abraham?
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Put the following events in order: Number 1 – 4
Order Event
The French and Huron won the battle for the St. Lawrence River
Britain won the battle on the Plains of Abraham
General Wolfe used rally fire against the French
The French became trading partners with the First Nations
 Name: ________________________ Date: ________________________ 20

With the “New World” (modern day Canada) proving profitable for European countries,
war began to breakout for control of the land. There were 3 main groups fighting over
the land and everything it had to offer.

Countries/Groups Claim – Reason they should have the land

- Lived on it first
First Nations
- Respected the land and environment

- John Cabot (Italian) was the first to discover Canada

England (Newfoundland) and was sent by King Henry (England)
- Won the war for the land

- First European country to establish a permanent settlement in

France Canada (Samuel De Champlain – Quebec City)
- Gave Canada its name (Jacques Cartier)

1. War was the ultimate decider of who “won” the land (Canada). Without war, who
do you think should have ruled Canada? Why?

_____________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Why was Canada so profitable for Europeans? What was worth fighting for?

_____________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

Samuel De Champlain had built a strong

trading relationship with the First People in the
1600’s. The First Nations honoured this
relationship and fought alongside the French.

1. Describe the combat styles of each group?

How did their weapons differ?
___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________
 Name: ________________________ Date: ________________________ 21

The Battle of the Plains of Abraham was fought between France and England.
England had been taking over land with their powerful army all over Atlantic
Canada and had their sights on France’s strongest village – Quebec City.

What do you notice about

how Quebec City was
protected?

____________________________________

____________________________________

____________________________________

____________________________________

____________________________________

____________________________________

The battle between the two sides lasted less than 30 minutes. Both leaders died in
the battle. Their last words are written below.

“I am happy that I shall not live After hearing of victory -

to see the surrender of “Now, God be praised, I die
Quebec” contented.” (happy, at ease)

1. Why was this battle so important to control of “The New World”?

_____________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________

2. What are your thoughts on both generals last words?

_____________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________
 Name: ________________________ Date: ________________________ 22

Background
Treaties are formal agreements made between two or more groups of people.
They were often used between First Nation groups and European settlers when
there was an argument over land or resources. Often these treaties led to First
Nation groups giving land away for a peaceful relationship with the other group.

Timeline of Treaties

1613
Two Row Wampum
The Haudenosaunee agreed with the
Dutch to be partners in the Fur Trade.
1763
The Royal Proclamation
After England defeats France for the
rights to the “New World”, England
recognizes that the First Nations have
some claim to land.
1701
Great Peace of Montreal
This treaty was made between 40
groups to stop the fighting and war that
had been happening
1725 – 1779
Atlantic Peace and Friendship Treaty
The Mi'kmaq and British agree to stop
fighting. Britain get some use of the
land to keep trapping furs, but the
Mi'kmaq get to keep most of their land.

1775 - 1850
Series of Unnamed Treaties
1764
A series of treaties are created to
The Treaty of Niagara
secure land for Britain and force the
24 First Nation groups accept the Royal
First Nation groups to move North
Proclamation and stop fighting with
and West.
Britain. The other groups reject the
treaty and continue fighting.

Questions
1. Why were treaties created?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
2. What happened when First Nation groups didn’t agree to a treaty?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________

3. Do you think the First Nations should have signed the treaties? Why?

_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Name: ________________________ Date: ________________________ 23

The Selkirk Settlers

During the early 1800’s, the land of Manitoba was sparsely populated with native tribes,
fur traders and another group called the Metis. The Metis were the people with mixed
bloodlines from European and Indigenous descent. That all changed quickly, as the people that
lived in the eastern parts of North America were moving west with promises of cheap and
fertile farmland. Thomas Douglas became known as Lord Selkirk, a Scottish man with a plan
to establish a settlement around the Red River. The land was owned by the Hudson’s Bay
Company, so Selkirk decided to buy stock in the company. With the help of his friends and
family, Selkirk was able to buy the land which was 186,000 square kilometers – five times the
area of Scotland. He paid 10 shillings at the time, or 60 of today’s Canadian dollars for the
land. What a deal!
Now that he owned the land, he needed settlers to join him in building a community in
the Red River area. He posted advertisements all over Scotland showing how beautiful the
Red River area was. With these posters, he received some interest and the first group of
settlers took the 2-month journey with him across the Atlantic ocean, and another 50 days
of canoeing across the Hudson Bay. Upon arrival, the settlement was not ready for them,
but the local First Nation communities welcomed them in, and gave them a place to live for
the winter. Once spring came along, their settlements in the Red River area were ready and
Selkirk became the first European city in Manitoba.
The Land
Thomas Douglas decided to build his settlement next to the Red River, so they could use
the river for transportation, irrigation of farmland, and fishing. They built a village using a
wooden fence to surround the buildings inside. A school and church were promised to the
settlers who would make the move to Selkirk. Houses were built of wood that ran horizontally
\
and that had a pointed roof that would allow the snow and rain to run off. Large trees could
be found outside of buildings and homes. People frequently travelled along the Red River in
canoes. Dirt pathways led people from one building to the next.

Draw a picture of the village of Selkirk! Read the paragraph

Visualize above carefully to add in all the details!
 Name: ________________________ Date: ________________________ 24

1783 - Treaty of Paris – This treaty ended the American Revolution and officially gave the USA
independence from Britain’s rule. The boundary between the USA and BNA was set.

1792 – Immigration to BNA from the USA – First Lieutenant-General of Upper Canada John
Graves Simcoe promised Americans cheap fertile land in Upper Canada. By 1812, half of the
population of Upper Canada was American born.

1794 - Battle of Fallen Timbers – An American force under General Anthony Wayne attacked
First Nation lands in the Ohio region winning a battle against the Ottawa, Chippewa, Shawnee,
and Potawatomi tribes. A small Canadian militia army fought and lost with the First Nations.

1807 - The Chesapeake-Leopard Affair – British navy ship named Leopard attacked the US
Chesapeake ship looking for British born sailors. They took one British sailor and forced him to
join the British Naval forces. This outraged the Americans!

1807 – Trade Suspended – Trade between the USA and BNA was suspended.

1811 – US Attacks Royal Navy – US ship named President opens fire on British naval ship Little
Belt off the coast of North Carolina killing 9 British sailors and wounding 23 more.

1812 – Americans Declare War on Britain, BNA, and the First Nations – 35,000 American soldiers
and 450,000 American militia fought against an army of 58,000 British soldiers, 258,000 militia,
and 10,000 aboriginals. The Leader of Upper Canada was Sir Isaak Brock who fought with First
Nation Shawnee leader Tecumseh in many battles over a 2-and-a-half-year span.

1815 – Treaty of Ghent – Both sides discussed a peace treaty from 1814-1815. With the distances
between Britain and the USA being so far, communication was very slow. In 1815, the Treaty of
Ghent was finally signed and agreed upon ending the war of 1812.

What questions do you have about the information?

Questioning I wonder…

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

True or False Circle the correct answer

1. The War of 1812 lasted until 1812 True False

2. The War of 1812 was fought between the USA, Britain, BNA, and the First Nations True False

3. Many of the people living in Upper Canada were born in America True False

4. One of the First Nation Chiefs that impacted the war was Chief Tecumseh True False

5. The war ended quickly as communication between sides was ongoing True False

6. The British, BNA and First Nation side had more soldiers True False
7. In 1810, trade was suspended as the relationship between the USA and Britain was
True False
shaky.
8. The First Nations fought with British and BNA troops helping them keep their land True False
Name: ________________________ Date: ________________________ 25

In 1867, four provinces decided to join confederation – Ontario, Quebec,

Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick. The BNA act was signed by the 4
provinces on July 1st, 1867. The provinces celebrated with fireworks, and
cannon fire,
Questions
1. What do you notice about
Canada at the time of
confederation – 1867?

___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________

2. What has changed to the

geography of Canada by
1886?

___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
 Name: ________________________ Date: ________________________ 26

Confederation was a success and more British colonies joined. Take a look at
the maps below to see who joined and when.

1. In 1905, more colonies joined.

What do you notice about the
map?

___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________

2. From 2001-2003, the map

of Canada is how we see it
today. What has changed?

___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
 Name: ________________________ Date: ________________________ 27

Early Years in New France

The French king claimed the land in the north eastern parts of North America for France,
naming it New France. The First People had lived on this “new” land for thousands of years
before, but the European countries of France and Britain saw it as land they could take for
themselves. Only a handful of French settlers came to New France as it was not as desirable as
the warmer French colonies in the Caribbean. The first French settlers were missionaries who
made it their job to educate, civilize and convert the indigenous people to the Christian religion.

Farming
In the 1700’s, most settlers were tenant farmers growing wheat, oats, corn, barley, and maize on
long strips of land that resided on the St. Lawrence River. These farmers were given land that
they could rent from a seigneur. A seigneur was someone who was granted land in New France
by the King of France. The seigneur would force the tenant farmers to pay them rent and
would also take 1/16th of the grains they produced as a tax.

Coureurs de Bois and the Voyageurs

The Coureurs de Bois were French Canadian woodsman who travelled deep into the woods in
Canada to trade European goods to the First People in exchange for furs. These men began the
Fur Trade by being the first to travel long distances for beaver furs that would be sent back
to Europe to be fashioned into hats, coats, and other clothing. By the mid 1700’s, the Coureurs
de Bois were replaced by the Voyageurs, who were hired by licensed fur traders to travel along
rivers using canoes. They were able to travel much faster and reach destinations that provided
more valuable furs.

True or False

1. A seigneur rented land to tenant farmers True False

2. A seigneur would take half of the tenant farmers

True False
grains

3. The Coureurs de Bois were early fur traders True False

4. The Voyageurs were farmers in New France True False

5. The mink fur was the most popular True False

Questions Answer the questions using evidence from the text

1. Who were the first French settlers and what was their plan?
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
2. How was land divided in New France? Would you rather be a seigneur or a tenant farmer?
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
 Name: ________________________ Date: ________________________ 28

British North America – What Was It?

Before confederation in 1867, Canada was called British North America, as the land was
owned and controlled by Britain. The colonies - Canada, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia,
Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland, Vancouver Island and British Columbia were all
scattered across North America. Each colony was geographically, economically, and
politically separated, but each still had ties to Britain. The United Province of Canada was
located where Ontario and Quebec are now. They were composed of Upper and Lower
Canada, with the English Protestants living in Upper Canada and the French Catholics living
in Lower Canada.

The People of British North America

In 1860, there were around 4 million people living in British North America. They were
scattered across the many colonies that Britain controlled, however most lived in Upper
and Lower Canada. Along the Prairies, First Nation tribes lived alongside fur traders and
the Metis. They hunted and fished on their land and lived without disruptions from the
European settlers. Most people that lived in BNA got married in their twenties. Women did
not have the same rights as men. In fact, they had the same rights as children at the
time. Disease was a big issue during this time period as each family had approximately 6-8
children in which one was lost due to a disease or illness. Medicine and doctors were not
as available or as advanced as they are today. Common illnesses like measles or influenza
(the flu) were often lethal. Infant mortality rates were extremely high as healthcare was
not ready to deal with pregnancy issues. Many families were poor and needed the help of
soup kitchens to survive. Life in BNA was difficult!

Multiple Choice Circle the correct answer

1. The French lived in which part of Canada? Upper Lower

2. Most people lived in which colony? PEI Canada

3. How many people lived in BNA in 1860? 5,000,000 4,000,000

4. Each colony in BNA was controlled by? Canada Britain

5. Each family had 6-8 children and how many died from a disease? 1 2

1. What was life like for the average person in British North America?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
2. What was life like for the First Nations and the Metis on the Prairies in the 1860s?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
 Name: ________________________ Date: ________________________ 29

True or False
I was a doctor from Kingston, Ontario True False

I was born in the Canada West True False

I was the leader of the conservative party True False

I was the first Prime Minister of Canada True False

I convinced George Brown and George Etienne Cartier that True False
confederation would benefit everyone.

I am a Father of Confederation True False

I started The Great Coalition after tiring of political True False

deadlock between myself and George Brown

Questions
1. How do you think John’s background as a lawyer helped him convince the
colonies to unite?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2. John A. Macdonald and George Brown were sworn enemies. Why do you
think they put aside their differences to push for confederation?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________
3. Why did John A. Macdonald become Prime Minister
Min over Brown and Etienne Cartier?

___________________________________________________________________________________
_______
____________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________
 Name: ________________________ Date: ________________________ 30

Multiple Choice: Circle the best answer

1. I was a. politician and a _____________. 2. I was the leader of the ______ party
a) Lawyer a) Reform party (Clear Grits)
b) Newspaper owner/editor b) The Blue Party
c) Doctor c) The Green Party
d) teacher d) Conservative Party

3. I disliked the ______________ people. 4. I wanted the following for my English

community
a) Irish Canadians a) A railway connecting the colonies
b) First Nations b) More trade between colonies
c) English Canadians c) Representation by Population
d) French Canadians d) Ottawa to be the Capital City

5. My main political rival was: _________ 6. I joined forces with ___ in the Great
Coalition to support confederation
a) George Etienne Cartier a) Antoine-Aime Dorion
b) John A. Macdonald b) William McDougall
c) Antoine-Aime Dorion c) George Etienne Cartier
d) William McDougall d) John A. Macdonald

Questions
1. My wife made me realize I was treating the French
unfairly. How did this impact the history of Canada?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

2. Why did I agree to “The Great Coalition” with John A.

Macdonald?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
 Name: ________________________ Date: ________________________ 31

Lord Durham
By 1839, the American Revolution was over, and the War of 1812 had ended. The problem was
that Upper Canada and Lower Canada were not getting along as the French and English sides
could not agree on anything. John George Lambton, who was later named the Lord of Durham
was sent to Canada from Britain to help sort things out between Upper and Lower Canada. He
stayed there for 4 months while he wrote a report that contained recommendations that would
help the future of Canada.
Durham Report
His two main recommendations were:
(1) Unite Upper and Lower Canada into one province
He recommended they unite because they were two warring colonies in one state. They were
two different cultures – English and French – that were in constant conflict. The two
governments were in conflict and the people were also against each other. Uniting them under
one name of Canada was intended to bring them together.
(2) Use a modified form of responsible government
He proposed that the people needed a voice in who controlled their land. For a long time, the
settlers were told what they could do and how they could do it, but it wasn’t working. Many of
them were unhappy and life was generally difficult. Durham hoped that if the people could have a
voice by electing individuals into government, they could make changes that would improve their
lives.
Act of Union
The Act of Union was passed in 1840 and put into action in 1841. It removed the separate
legislations in both Upper and Lower Canada and replaced it with a new set of laws that would
join Upper and Lower Canada. The Act of Union formed the United Province of Canada.

What questions do you have about the information?

Questioning I wonder…

___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________

True or False Circle the correct answer

1. Upper and Lower Canada were constantly fighting. True False

2. Lord Durham was sent from Britain to solve the problems in Upper and
True False
Lower Canada.

3. He stayed in BNA for 5 months. True False

4. He recommended that Upper & Lower Canada stay separate provinces True False

5. He recommended a responsible government that gave people a voice True False

6. The Act of Union united Upper and Lower Canada into one province True False

7. The English and French people in Canada always got along True False
8. The leaders in Canada listened to Lord Durham and implemented his
True False
recommendations.
 Name: ________________________ Date: ________________________ 32

Rights and Freedoms

A r i g h t is a f r e e d o m t h a t is p r o t e c t e d f o r Canadian cit izens. A

r e s p o n s i b i l i t y is a d u t y t h a t c i t i z e n s n e e d t o do. F o r example, Canadian
citizens have t h e r i g h t t o f r e e s p e e c h and religion, b u t t h e
responsibility t o r e s p e c t o t h e r s r i g h t s and f r e e d o m s .

Right s and F reedoms in 1 8 67

The Constitution Act was signed in 1867 (also known as the BNA Act). It did not
outline any specific rights or responsibilit ies. These came later in the form of
the Canadian Bill of Rights in 1960 and the Charter of Rights and Freedoms in
1982. In 1867, only two rights were guaranteed for Canadians. (1) French
language rights in the government as well as all government documents being
available in both French and English. (2) the right to operate Catholic and
Protestant religious schools.

Right s and F reedoms T oday

Once the Charter of Rights and Freedoms was signed in 1982, the following
rights and freedoms were protected for all Canadian citizens.
• The f r e e d o m o f religion, t h o u g h t , and e x p r e s s i o n
• T h e r i g h t t o p a r t i c i p a t e in a d e m o c r a t i c g o v e r n m e n t ( v o t e )
• T h e f r e e d o m t o m o v e a r o u n d and live w i t h i n C a n a d a
• T h e r i g h t t o b e t r e a t e d equally
• T h e r i g h t t o s p e a k English o r F r e n c h
• The r igh t t o be p r o t e c t e d u n d er the law

Directions
R e a d t h e e x a m p l e and c i r c l e w h e t h e r i t is p r o t e c t e d u n d e r o u r C h a r t e r .

You w a n t t o m o v e f r o m BC t o Manitoba Yes No

A m a n should m a k e m o r e m o n e y t h a n a w o m a n Yes No

You n e e d t o b e s p o k e n t o in Spanish b y a g o v e r n m e n t
employee Yes No

You w a n t t h e p o l i c e t o help y o u f i n d y o u r stolen goods Yes No

You w a n t o t h e r s t o join y o u r religion s o y o u f o l l o w

p e o p l e a r o u n d telling t h e m a b o u t i t Yes No

You a r e 16 and w a n t t o v o t e Yes No

You’d like t o m o v e t o t h e U S A Yes No

You w o u l d like t o r u n f o r Mayor o f your City Yes No

 Name: ________________________ Date: ________________________

Multiple Choice /10

1. The First People in North American migrated 2. In most First Nation tribes, the women's role is
from… to…
a) Mexico a) Hunt and fish
b) France b) Fight in battles
c) Australia c) Gather fruit and vegetables
d) Asia d) Make decisions for the tribe
3. Most First Nation groups were nomadic, 4. Who was the first explorer to discover the
meaning they….? northern parts of North America?
a) Moved around a lot looking for food a) Samuel de Champlain
b) Stayed in one place b) John Cabot
c) Created farmland to grow crops c) Jacques Cartier
d) Ate what was available to them on their land d) Henry Hudson
5. Which explorer created the first settlement in 6. Which explorer named Canada?
North America?
a) Samuel de Champlain a) Samuel de Champlain
b) John Cabot b) John Cabot
c) Jacques Cartier c) Jacques Cartier
d) Henry Hudson d) Henry Hudson
7. European explorers explored the “New World” 8. Which disease was the most devastating for the
because… First Nations?
a) Europe was crowded a) Measles
b) To find gold, spices, timber (resources) b) Typhus
c) Trade furs to sell back home c) Smallpox
d) All of the above d) Scurvy

9. Which fur was the most valuable in Europe? 10. Who fought against the US in the War of 1812?

a) Mink a) Britain
b) Beaver b) BNA
c) Fox c) First Nations
d) Bear d) All of the above
 Definitions – What does the term mean (1 mark each) /5
Term Definition (what does it mean)

Hudson Bay
Company

Durham Report/Act
of Union

Treaty

Smallpox

First Contact

Short Answer Questions (2 marks each) /8

1. How did the First People live in Canada before the Europeans colonized North America?

____________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________

2. What rights and freedoms did Canadians have in 1867? How are they different today?

____________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Who was Lord Selkirk? What was the Selkirk Settlement?

____________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Describe the battle on the Plains of Abraham? Who won? Why was it important?

____________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________
Long Answer (5 marks each) /10
1. Why was the fur trade so important to the history of Canada? How did the trading happen? Which company
was important in the fur trade. Include: the Couriers de Bois & the Voyageurs

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Describe the history of Canada starting from the First people migrating from Asia to confederation in 1867.
Include at least 5 major events that shaped our history.

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________
 Name: ________________________ Date: ________________________

Early Migration
The first people that lived in what is now Canada came from Asia over 12,000 years ago. We
know this because scientists have found bones and artifacts that date back that far! It is
believed they crossed a land bridge to get to North America. The land bridge connected Russia
to Alaska across what is now the Bering Sea. The sea levels were much lower at the time, so
the land that is now at the bottom of the sea was usable for the First People to walk on.
Scientists and historians believe that they migrated to North America to follow large animals
like buffalo, moose, deer, and elk across the land bridge. They eventually moved south of Alaska
and spread out across North America.
Impact of the Ice Age on the Land
The last ice age 14,000 years ago produced huge stretches of ice that covered much of
North America. The ice covered most of Canada when it was at its largest point. Sea level
temperatures were between 4-8 degrees colder during this time period. Two massive ice sheets
covered western Canada, the Cordilleran, which lay to the west of the Rocky Mountains, and
the Laurentide, which was east of the Rockies. The world looked much different then it does
today, as the glaciers had a major impact on sea levels. The oceans were between 100m to
150m shallower than they are now! There was much more land then there is now as the
coastlines were pushed further into where the ocean is now. The reason for this was because
the glaciers trapped precipitation underneath which did not allow the water to flow back into
the water cycle. As the temperatures increased, the glaciers started to melt, and the trapped
water could enter the water cycle, causing more water in the oceans.
Glaciers and our Topography
Topography is the arrangement of the natural and artificial physical features in our
environment. Our topography was changed by glaciers, as they moved huge rocks called
erratics into random areas on our landscape. Have you ever seen a massive rock in a random
location (not near a mountain or coastline).

Summarize A summary is brief explanation of the reading passage.

Write down 5 important ideas from the information above in point form!

Answers will vary

 Name: ________________________ Date: ________________________

Questions Answer the questions by analyzing the map

1. How many oceans surround Canada? 3

2. How many provinces does Canada have? 10

3. How many territories does Canada have? 3

4. Which is the biggest great lake? Superior

5. Which bay leads to Ontario, Manitoba, Quebec, and the NWT? Hudson Bay

6. What is the capital city of British Columbia? Victoria

7. What is the capital city of Ontario? Toronto

8. What is the capital city of Manitoba? Winnipeg

9. What is the capital city of Saskatchewan? Regina

10. What is the capital city of Prince Edward Island? Charlottetown

11. What is the capital city of Canada? Ottawa

12. What is the largest lake in Manitoba? Lake Winnipeg

13. Which great lake is not a part of Canada? Michigan

14. Which province/territory does Great Slave Lake belong to? Northwest Territories

15. Which province/territory is the city of Dawson located in? Yukon

 Name: ________________________ Date: ________________________

Directions
The table below displays information about the major First Nations Tribes of Canada.

Tribe Food Language Clothing Religion Gender Roles

Algonquin - deer, - English - breech-cloth - All creatures Men - war
- moose - French - leggings have super- - hunted,
- fish - Algonquin - dresses natural power - leaders
- berries (women) Women:
- syrup - beads - childcare – gathered
Ojibwe - wild rice - English - breech-cloth - Spirits guided Men - war
- corn - Ojibwe - leggings them through - hunted,
- fish - dresses life - leaders
- buffalo (women) Women:
- nuts - beads - childcare – gathered
- fruit
Wendat - corn - English - deerskin - “special Men - war
- beans - French tunics healers” - hunted,
- deer - Huron- - breech-cloth predicted the - leaders
- turkey Wendat - dresses future & Women:
- fish (women) control - childcare – gathered
weather
Beothuk - eggs - Beothuk - breech-cloth - the sun, Men - war
- plants - leggings animals, & - hunted,
- seals - skirts plants have - leaders
- fish (women) feelings & a Women:
- caribou spirit - childcare – gathered
Mi’kmaq - fish - English - breech-cloth - The great Men - war
- caribou - Mi’kmaq - leggings spirit was the - hunted,
- moose - Hide tunics creator of - leaders
- berries (women) the world Women:
- squash - childcare – gathered
- syrup

1. What language was spoken the most by these tribes? Did these tribes have their own languages?
English and their own tribes language

2. What clothing did the men wear? What did the women wear?

Men = Breech-cloth, leggings & Women = tunics, skirts, beads, dresses – clothing was made from animals

3. What religion did you find most interesting? Why?

Answers will vary

4. What were the men’s jobs and what did the women do?

Men hunted, protected the tribe in war, and made decisions for the tribe. Women took care of the children and
gathered food.
 Name: ________________________ Date: ________________________

Shelters
Before the Europeans came to North America, the First People lived here in a much different
way then Europeans. For shelter, most First Nation tribes lived in either a wigwam, longhouse, or a
tipi. A wigwam is a smaller dome shaped shelter made from wood and bark that can hold one
extended family only. A longhouse is a much larger wigwam, that is build in a long rectangular shape
with a domed shape roof. Many families would share a longhouse! A tipi was a temporary shelter
that could be built quickly and easily out of animal skins and wooden poles. Only one smaller family
could live in a tipi.
Food
The First People were hunters and gatherers, and therefore were mostly nomadic. This means
they moved around to find food and plants to eat. Depending on the tribe, the men would hunt
different animals, such as: deer, buffalo, moose, caribou, seals, walrus and many more. The women
would search for plants to gather, such as: corn, fruit, nuts, wild rice, and beans.
First People & the Environment
Each First Nation tribe has a spiritual connection to the land that differs from tribe to tribe.
Spiritual connections refer to the understanding that everything in the universe is connected. The
spirit world is connected to the mortal world, the land is connected to the sea, and the sky is
connected to the ground. To them, everything in the environment needed to be respected as it all
had a purpose.
Governance
Each First Nation group had their own government that ruled over the land that had been given to
them from a superior being. The government structures were different depending on the group.
Some groups like the Woodland First Nations would select a leader based on his superior hunting
skills. Other groups like the Huron-Wendat were more democratic, as they had councils that would
make decisions based on the consensus of the council. Each member would vote until they all
agreed!

Text to Text – Make a connection to something else you’ve read

Making Text to World – Make a connection to a current event
Connections Text to Self – Make a connection to something in your life

1. Text to Self – What did you read in the text that reminds you of your life?
Answers will vary

2. Text to World – What did you read in the text that reminds you of something happening in the
world now?
Answers will vary

True or False

1. A wigwam is a large shelter that could house many families. True False

2. A tipi was a permanent shelter that could be built quickly. True False

3. Men hunted and women gathered in First Nation groups. True False

4. The indigenous people believed everything in nature was connected. True False

5. Some First Nation groups had democratic governments where people could vote True False
 Name: ________________________ Date: ________________________

Background
John Cabot was an Italian explorer who was born in 1450. Not much is known about Cabot from
1450-1497. Cabot was the second European after Christopher Columbus to explore North
America. Although Cabot was Italian, he was hired by the King of England to search for
unknown lands to find gold, spices, and anything else that might be valuable. The King was
desperate to find new land after hearing about Columbus’ recent discovery.

Voyage 1
In 1497, Cabot set sail on his ship, called “Mathew” with 18 other men as part of his crew. They
travelled across the Atlantic Ocean and landed in what is now known as Newfoundland. He
claimed the land for England and King Henry VII. The King was so happy with Cabot, that he
rewarded him with $15.00 and a $30.00 pension. He was also given funds for another trip.

Voyage 2
In 1498, Cabot went on his second voyage looking for Japan, which was home to valuable spices
and gems. He was given 5 ships to travel west across the Atlantic, however no one is 100% sure
what happened next. Some historians believe he landed on the east coast of what is now
Canada and explored this area. Others believe his ship was lost at sea following a bad storm. It
was confirmed that one of the 5 ships did return to Ireland after the boat was damaged in a
storm.
By 1499, Cabot was announced dead, although he was never seen again.

Question
1. What parts of Cabot’s life are unknown? Why do you think it is difficult to know what
happened to Cabot?
His life before his first voyage. Maybe he didn’t do anything memorable in that time
period. Also, his death is undocumented. They didn’t have the technology back then
to document events.

Fill in the Blanks

1. Cabot was provided with 5 ships on his second voyage.
2. Cabot went on his second voyage in the year 1498
3. Cabot was rewarded 15 dollars after his first voyage.
4. Cabot claimed Newfoundland for King Henry VII.
5. The King sent Cabot because of Christopher Columbus

Circle the correct answer

1. Cabot was from England Italy

2. Cabot was hired by King Henry George

3. Cabot was looking for Weapons Spices

4. Cabot’s boat was named Mathew Henry

5. Cabot travelled on which ocean Pacific Atlantic

 Name: ________________________ Date: ________________________

Background
Jacques Cartier was a French explorer who will be remembered as the person that named
Canada. He was born on December 31st, 1491 in Saint Malo, France.
Voyage 1
In 1534, King Francis I sent Cartier on his first voyage to North America to find gold, spices
and the passage to Asia. Cartier was unsuccessful in these goals but did stumble upon land –
Newfoundland. He also discovered Prince Edward Island and the Gulf of the St. Lawrence. Upon
arriving in North America, he encountered First Nation people. Cartier was worried the King
would be upset if he returned to France empty-handed, so he decided to kidnap the Iroquois
Chief Donnacona’s two sons - Dom Agaya and Taignoagny. When he returned to France, King
Francis was impressed enough to send him on a second voyage.
Voyage 2
On his second voyage, Cartier travelled further into Canada using the St. Lawrence River. He
went all the way to Stadacona, where he and his crew would be the first Europeans to spend
the winter in what is now Canada. The bitter cold killed many of the crew.
Voyage 3
Cartier returned once more after being told tales by First Nations of treasure further inland
into Canada. Unfortunately, no treasure was found. He never returned to Canada again.
Cartier died in France on September 1, 1557.

Circle the Correct Answer

1. Cartier was an English explorer True False

2. Cartier went on 3 voyages True False

3. Cartier was looking for diamonds True False

4. Cartier kidnapped 2 aboriginals True False

5. Cartier was looking for a passage to Asia True False

Questions
1. Do you think Cartier was a hero or villain? Use evidence from the text to support your idea.
Answers will vary

2. Why do you think the winter killed many of Cartier’s crew?

They were not prepared for the cold weather that prevented crops from growing.

Put the following events in order: Number 1 - 4

Order Event

3 Cartier kidnapped Donnacona’s 2 sons

1 Cartier was hired by King Francis to find spices, gold, and a passage to Asia

2 Cartier discovered Newfoundland

4 Cartier and his crew spent the winter in Canada

 Name: ________________________ Date: ________________________

Background
Samuel de Champlain was a French navigator, cartographer, and explorer. He is remembered
as being the first European to setup a permanent settlement in Canada – named Quebec City.

Voyage 1 & 2
Champlain’s first voyage in 1603 was to check out the land the French had claimed in what is
now known as Canada. At the time, they called it “New France”. On the second voyage in 1604,
Champlain brought settlers to New France to where is now known as Nova Scotia to colonize
the area. Although this voyage was unsuccessful, Champlain explored the area to learn about
the land.

Voyage 3
In 1608, still determined to colonize New France, Champlain travelled further into Canada along
the St. Lawrence River. He stopped in what is now Quebec City, and setup a trading post
there. He made alliances with the Huron people to trade beaver furs for guns, metal items
(pots, pans, knives), and beads. Champlain would send the furs back to France to be sold. This
was the first trade alliance between the First Nations and European explorers. Champlain
became friends with the Huron, and even battled the Iroquois with them. The Iroquois had no
match for the European guns and were defeated.
During the France and England war for New France, Champlain was captured by the English.
After the war, he was released and went back to Quebec, where he eventually died on
December 25, 1635.

Circle the Correct Answer

1. Samuel Champlain was from England France

2. Champlain wanted to setup permanent Settlement Land

3. Champlain traded weapons for Beads Furs

4. Champlain’s third voyage was in 1604 1608

5. Champlain founded which city Quebec Montreal

Questions
1. Why was Champlain’s third voyage a success?
He was able to setup a permanent settlement with French settlers. He also setup a trading
post for the fur trade.

2. What does it mean to colonize an area? Use context clues to make an educated guess!
To setup a civilization in an area – setting up infrastructure and communities to live year round.

Fill in the Blanks

1. Champlain eventually died in 1635
2. Champlain's second voyage was in the year 1604
3. Champlain was looking to setup permanent settlement
4. Champlain became allies with the Huron tribe.
5. Champlain was captured by the English
 Name: ________________________ Date: ________________________

1. First contact between Europeans and First 2. European explorers explored the “New
People was when the two groups… World” because…
a) Lived in peace a) Europe was crowded
b) First met b) To find gold, spices, timber (resources)
c) Traded furs c) Trade furs and sell back home
d) Battled for land d) All of the above
3. Many First Peoples welcomed Europeans 4. First contact between the two groups
because… always led to…
a) They wanted new friends a) Fighting
b) They could trade for metal, weapons b) Trade
c) They didn’t want to fight back c) Peace
d) All of the above d) None of the above

Reflect!
1. Picture this – Aliens land in your city today. What do you do?

Answers will vary

2 Why did the Europeans want to explore North America?

For access to resources like gold, spices, and timber. It was crowded in Europe and there was not enough food for

them to survive. They also had the competition to colonize the new lands – France/Britain/Spain

3. In this picture, how do you think they reacted

to each other? (clothing?)

Answers will vary

 Name: ________________________ Date: ________________________

Trade between the Europeans and First People shaped the history of Canada. The
profit made from these trades was the main reason Europeans came back to
North America and fought over the land.

Directions: Read over the thing trade and write E if the Europeans traded the item
or FP if the First People traded the item.

Traded by First People (FP

Items for trade
or Europeans (E)

Guns – Muskets, Arquebus E

Beaver Fur FP

Steel Knives, Axes, Hatchets E

Fox, Mink, Otter, Muskrat Furs FP

Beads E

Blankets, Cloth, Handkerchiefs E

1. What do you notice about the trading that happened between the First People and
Europeans?

The European traded things made of metal, beads, and blankets/cloth to the First People for furs.

2. The beaver furs were often used to make hats. Why did
explorers want to trade with the FP?

- The beaver hats were worth a lot back in Europe. They would make the

trades and then sell the hats back in England.

3. Why do you think the First People wanted most things

made of steel? What do you think they used before steel?

They had to use rocks, and bones as sharp objects before they were

introduced to steel.
 Name: ________________________ Date: ________________________

The fur trade was a booming business from the 1500’s to the 1800’s. In 1534, Jacques Cartier
was looking for gold and spices, but instead found fish, and a lot of them! While in North
America cleaning and drying fish, the First Nations became interested in the Europeans metal
items and cloth. They began trading their mink, beaver, and fox furs to the Europeans to be
sold back in France as fashionable hats.
The fur trade became very profitable when Samuel de Champlain saw the opportunity
to keep the trade flowing throughout the year. He built a trading post in Quebec City, which
was the first European settlement in North America. Before this, Europeans would only travel
to and from North America, but now they lived there all year round. This steady flow of
trade was very profitable for France.
England became jealous of the money made on the fur trade. They were offered a deal
by two French fur traders who had access to the thickest beaver furs from where is now
Hudson’s Bay. Pierre Esprit de Radisson and Médard des Groseilliers began selling these furs to
England. The King setup the Hudson’s Bay Company in 1670 and gave the two Frenchmen
control of the business. These trading posts traded guns, metal pots, utensils, beads, cloth and
other things for mainly beaver furs.
With the fur trade flourishing in the 1800’s, competition between the English and French
led to war for control of the fur trade and the land that is now Canada. The English ended up
winning the war, and therefore, control of the fur trade business. Fur trading continued to be
popular until the 1900’s when the fur hats became out of style. People began to feel bad for
what was happening to the animals.

Multiple Choice

1. Which country started the fur trade? France England

2. The furs were often made into Coats Hats

3. The First Nations wanted… Metal Food

4. Who setup the first trading post? Champlain Cartier

5. Which bay had the thickest furs? James Hudson’s

Questions
1. How do you think the fur trade impacted our Canadian history? (THINK – wars,
settlement, who's in control today?)
It brought settlers and explorers to Canada. Without it, Europeans may have not been
interested in exploring here, which would mean Canada would have stayed land for the
Indigenous.
2. Why did the fur trade eventually become less profitable?
People started feeling badly for the animals being used.

Fill in the Blanks

1. The most popular type of hat was made from beaver
2. The English and French fought over the fur trade.
3. Radisson and des Groseilliers were from France
4. The first trading post was in Quebec City
5. The King started the Hudson’s Bay Company
 Name: ________________________ Date: ________________________

Epidemic
An epidemic is an infectious disease that spreads throughout a community in a particular time.
Smallpox a very contagious disease that is easily spread from person to person. The symptoms of
smallpox were high fever, skin rash, headache, backache, vomiting, and diarrhea. Epidemics are no
longer as serious an issue because of proper hygiene practices.
First Contact - Transmission of Diseases
When European explorers came to North America, they travelled in ships that had unhealthy living
conditions. The lack of hygiene on these ships led to sailors developing contagious diseases such as:
smallpox, measles, typhus, and influenza. When they landed in North America, the sick passengers
would spread their diseases to people they contacted. Since smallpox, measles, typhus, and influenza
did not exist in North America before Europeans came, the First Nations had never been exposed
to them. This meant they had no antibodies that could fight off the diseases. This led to one of the
largest epidemics in history. Historians estimate that these diseases killed off up to 93% of all
Aboriginals. Smallpox was the most devastating disease.
Disease Warfare
Some European’s even used smallpox as a weapon. There are stories of Europeans getting used
blankets from a hospital treating smallpox and giving these blankets to the First Nations as gifts.
William Trent, who was a European trader, wrote of a meeting with two First Nations: “we gave
them two Blankets and a Handkerchief out of the Small Pox Hospital. I hope it will have the desired
effect.” They wanted to kill of the First Nations so they could have the land to themselves.

Circle the Correct Answer

1. An epidemic is the spread of Disease Fire

2. A symptom of smallpox is Joint pain Rash

3. Epidemics are usually caused by poor Hygiene Sleep

4. Which disease was the worst Typhus Smallpox

5. The percentage of First Nations killed by epidemics 58% 93%

Questions
1. Why did smallpox hurt the First Nations more than the Europeans?
They didn’t have antibodies to fight off the diseases.

2. What do you think of William Trent?

Answers will vary

Fill in the Blanks

1. The First Nations had no antibodies to fight diseases.
2. Some Europeans used smallpox as a weapon
3. Smallpox was one of the worst epidemics in history.
4. Diseases were caused by poor hygiene on ships
5. Smallpox is a very contagious disease because it spreads easily.
 Name: ________________________ Date: ________________________

Background
Smallpox was an extremely contagious disease that many European sailors got
when they travelled in ships across the ocean to North America. These ships had
such poor living conditions that diseases developed and were passed along to other
people. Smallpox was passed by viral bacteria landing on blankets and clothing. One
explorer even talked about giving Aboriginals blankets from the smallpox section of
the hospital so they would contract the disease.
Below is a graph that displays how many North Americans died from the
Smallpox disease. Read the information and answer the questions.

Smallpox Deaths in British North America

10
8
6
4
2
0
1700 - 1720

1720 - 1740

1740 - 1760

1760 - 1780

1780 - 1800

1800 - 1820

1820 - 1840
% of Deaths by Smallpox

1. How many died from smallpox out of 100 from 1720 – 1740? 8

2. Why do you think 1720 – 1740 was the worst years for smallpox?

Lots of ships were coming to the ports from Europe in these years

3. Why do you think so few died from smallpox after the 1800’s?

A vaccination was created to cure and treat smallpox

4. Why would the Europeans want the First Nations to die from Smallpox?

They wanted the land to themselves and the First Nations occupied the land at the time.
 Name: ________________________ Date: ________________________

History
Have you heard of the Hudson’s Bay Company (HBC)?
It all started with Henry Hudson finding the northern
passage into what is now Hudson Bay in 1610. The
beavers in this area had large, thick furs. Years later,
in 1659, two Frenchmen named Radisson and Groseilliers
found these furs and made a deal with the King of
England. The Hudson Bay was a deep-water bay that
allowed large ships to enter, which made trading with
the First People simpler than paddling in smaller boats
throughout the St. Lawrence River. This allowed these
two Frenchmen to start a trading partnership with the
First Nation groups in the Hudson Bay area. With so
many furs to sell, the Hudson’s Bay Company was
Hudson Bay Company Store
formed in 1670. From 1673 to 1684, trading posts
across the Hudson Bay and into James Bay were Cordova Street. Vancouver,
established. The HBC built trading posts across Canada
British Columbia, Canada.
as the demand for these fashionable furs in Europe
became larger.
HBC – Later Days
As Britain and France battled for control of North America, France took aim at Hudson Bay
trading posts, destroying many to get back at Britain. With Britain winning the war for British
North America, the Hudson Bay Company survived until they eventually sold their land to the
Canadian government in 1870. The Hudson’s Bay Company still exists across Canada in the form
of department stores, called “The Bay”.

Summarize! Write 5 important details from the passage above. Use point form.

Answers will vary

 Name: ________________________ Date: ________________________

The Hudson’s Bay Company is the oldest running business in Canada. It was started
in 1670 as a collection of trading posts that English settlers would operate across British
North America (present-day Canada). In exchange for animal furs, the trading posts
offered European items like: weapons, gunpowder, bullets, beads, fishhooks, axes, sewing
needles, scissors, cooking pots, and wool blankets.
Rich and poor European settlers hunted and trapped animals for their furs all
across British North America (BNA). The Europeans were desperate to find furs to give
them luxurious items to better their lives, however, the best trappers and hunters were
the First Nations. They knew the land the best and already had successful methods for
trapping and hunting these animals. They were also very motivated to obtain the items at
a trading post to improve their quality of life.
In the late 1800’s, the demand for beaver furs began to slow down. The Hudson’s
Bay Company needed to find other items to trade for in their posts. Business was
slowing down, so they decided to sell their land to settlers and open shops that sold a
diverse range of items in exchange for currency.
By the early 1900’s, all of the trading posts were now shops. The Hudson Bay
Company changed into department stores that sold just about anything a person could
need. These department stores still exist today, under the name: “The Bay”.

True or False

1. The Hudson’s Bay Company started in 1680 True False

2. The HBC traded items for animal furs True False

3. Anyone could trade animal pelts for items at an HBC trading post. True False

4. The best trappers were Europeans True False

5. The items traded for pelts were mainly metal True False

Questions
1. Why did the Hudson’s Bay Company sell their land to settlers?
Because the fur trade was no longer profitable, so they didn’t need the land to
hunt on. They needed money to open stores.
2. What were some items sold at a trading post?
Gunpowder, metal pots, bullets, beads, fishhooks, axes, sewing needles, scissors,
cooking pots, and wool blankets

Put the following events in order: Number 1 - 4

Order Event
3 HBC sells land to settlers
1 HBC opens trading posts across BNA
4 HBC opens department stores
2 Demand for beaver furs slows down
 Name: ________________________ Date: ________________________

When the Europeans arrived in North America, the First Nations welcomed them and
were eager to participate in trade. This led to respectful relationships between the two
groups, and often even alliances.
As the fur trade became more profitable, wars started over control of land and of
the fur trade. The French partnered with the Huron to fight the Iroquois for control of the
St. Lawrence River. The St. Lawrence was important because it gave boats access from the
Atlantic Ocean to across Canada (through connecting lakes and rivers). The French and Huron
won this early battle.
The English also wanted control of the fur trade. This war between France and Britain
was called the 7 Years War, and it was happening in North America, as well as in Europe. With
the French and First Nations being allies, they often fought together against British forces.
Ultimately, they were eventually outmatched by Britain, who owned the strongest military in the
world.
The Battle on the Plains of Abraham was for control of Quebec City, which was
France’s first and largest settlement. Britain knew if they could take it over, they would end
up defeating France. General James Wolfe brought 7,700 troops to the battle against General
Montcalm of France who had 13,000 troops (some were First Nations). They met on the Plains
of Abraham, where Montcalm ordered his men to fire. While they fired, the British troops
waited and got 2 bullets ready. The disorganized French fire was mostly misses, while the
British hit with both their shots, sending the French in retreat. Britain won the battle and
eventually took control of present-day Canada.

True or False
1. The 7 Years War was only in Canada True False
2. France won the battle on the Plains of Abraham True False
3. The French and First Nations fought together True False
4. Britain had the strongest military True False
5. James Wolfe was the General for Britain True False

Questions
1. Why was the St. Lawrence River important?
It provided access from the Atlantic Ocean all the way across Canada (through
connecting lakes and rivers)
2. How did Britain win the battle on the Plain of Abraham?
They used rally fire.

Put the following events in order: Number 1 – 4

Order Event
2 The French and Huron won the battle for the St. Lawrence River
4 Britain won the battle on the Plains of Abraham
3 General Wolfe used rally fire against the French
1 The French became trading partners with the First Nations
 Name: ________________________ Date: ________________________

With the “New World” (modern day Canada) proving profitable for European countries,
war began to breakout for control of the land. There were 3 main groups fighting over
the land and everything it had to offer.

Countries/Groups Claim – Reason they should have the land

- Lived on it first
First Nations
- Respected the land and environment

- John Cabot (Italian) was the first to discover Canada

England (Newfoundland) and was sent by King Henry (England)
- Won the war for the land

- First European country to establish a permanent settlement in

France Canada (Samuel De Champlain – Quebec City)
- Gave Canada its name (Jacques Cartier)

1. War was the ultimate decider of who “won” the land (Canada). Without war, who
do you think should have ruled Canada? Why?

Answers will vary, but likely the First People because they took care of the land and they were the first to have the

land.

2. Why was Canada so profitable for Europeans? What was worth fighting for?

The fur trade was very profitable – beaver furs would sell for a lot of money back in Europe

Samuel De Champlain had built a strong

trading relationship with the First People in the
1600’s. The First Nations honoured this
relationship and fought alongside the French.

1. Describe the combat styles of each group?

How did their weapons differ?
The Europeans fought with guns, while the First People used
bow and arrows. The Europeans fought in lines across from
each other while the First People did surprise attacks.
 Name: ________________________ Date: ________________________

The Battle of the Plains of Abraham was fought between France and England.
England had been taking over land with their powerful army all over Atlantic
Canada and had their sights on France’s strongest village – Quebec City.

What do you notice about

how Quebec City was
protected?

The city was protected with high walls

around the perimeter and a very steep

cliff.

The battle between the two sides lasted less than 30 minutes. Both leaders died in
the battle. Their last words are written below.

“I am happy that I shall not live After hearing of victory -

to see the surrender of “Now, God be praised, I die
Quebec” contented.” (happy, at ease)

1. Why was this battle so important to control of “The New World”?

England wanted to defeat France’s strongest city to ensure they would control the land

France needed to hold off Britain in order to have a chance at controlling the land

2. What are your thoughts on both generals last words?

Answers will vary

 Name: ________________________ Date: ________________________

Background
Treaties are formal agreements made between two or more groups of people.
They were often used between First Nation groups and European settlers when
there was an argument over land or resources. Often these treaties led to First
Nation groups giving land away for a peaceful relationship with the other group.

Timeline of Treaties

1613
Two Row Wampum
The Haudenosaunee agreed with the
Dutch to be partners in the Fur Trade.
1763
The Royal Proclamation
After England defeats France for the
rights to the “New World”, England
recognizes that the First Nations have
some claim to land.
1701
Great Peace of Montreal
This treaty was made between 40
groups to stop the fighting and war that
had been happening
1725 – 1779
Atlantic Peace and Friendship Treaty
The Mi'kmaq and British agree to stop
fighting. Britain get some use of the
land to keep trapping furs, but the
Mi'kmaq get to keep most of their land.

1775 - 1850
Series of Unnamed Treaties
1764
A series of treaties are created to
The Treaty of Niagara
secure land for Britain and force the
24 First Nation groups accept the Royal
First Nation groups to move North
Proclamation and stop fighting with
and West.
Britain. The other groups reject the
treaty and continue fighting.

Questions
1. Why were treaties created?
They were negotiations between two groups for land. If they weren’t created, more battles/war over land
would occur.
2. What happened when First Nation groups didn’t agree to a treaty?
There would be fighting/wars for land/resources

3. Do you think the First Nations should have signed the treaties? Why?

Answers will vary

Name: ________________________ Date: ________________________

The Selkirk Settlers

During the early 1800’s, the land of Manitoba was sparsely populated with native tribes,
fur traders and another group called the Metis. The Metis were the people with mixed
bloodlines from European and Indigenous descent. That all changed quickly, as the people that
lived in the eastern parts of North America were moving west with promises of cheap and
fertile farmland. Thomas Douglas became known as Lord Selkirk, a Scottish man with a plan
to establish a settlement around the Red River. The land was owned by the Hudson’s Bay
Company, so Selkirk decided to buy stock in the company. With the help of his friends and
family, Selkirk was able to buy the land which was 186,000 square kilometers – five times the
area of Scotland. He paid 10 shillings at the time, or 60 of today’s Canadian dollars for the
land. What a deal!
Now that he owned the land, he needed settlers to join him in building a community in
the Red River area. He posted advertisements all over Scotland showing how beautiful the
Red River area was. With these posters, he received some interest and the first group of
settlers took the 2-month journey with him across the Atlantic ocean, and another 50 days
of canoeing across the Hudson Bay. Upon arrival, the settlement was not ready for them,
but the local First Nation communities welcomed them in, and gave them a place to live for
the winter. Once spring came along, their settlements in the Red River area were ready and
Selkirk became the first European city in Manitoba.
The Land
Thomas Douglas decided to build his settlement next to the Red River, so they could use
the river for transportation, irrigation of farmland, and fishing. They built a village using a
wooden fence to surround the buildings inside. A school and church were promised to the
settlers who would make the move to Selkirk. Houses were built of wood that ran horizontally
\
and that had a pointed roof that would allow the snow and rain to run off. Large trees could
be found outside of buildings and homes. People frequently travelled along the Red River in
canoes. Dirt pathways led people from one building to the next.

Draw a picture of the village of Selkirk! Read the paragraph

Visualize above carefully to add in all the details!

Answers will vary

 Name: ________________________ Date: ________________________

1783 - Treaty of Paris – This treaty ended the American Revolution and officially gave the USA
independence from Britain’s rule. The boundary between the USA and BNA was set.

1792 – Immigration to BNA from the USA – First Lieutenant-General of Upper Canada John
Graves Simcoe promised Americans cheap fertile land in Upper Canada. By 1812, half of the
population of Upper Canada was American born.

1794 - Battle of Fallen Timbers – An American force under General Anthony Wayne attacked
First Nation lands in the Ohio region winning a battle against the Ottawa, Chippewa, Shawnee,
and Potawatomi tribes. A small Canadian militia army fought and lost with the First Nations.

1807 - The Chesapeake-Leopard Affair – British navy ship named Leopard attacked the US
Chesapeake ship looking for British born sailors. They took one British sailor and forced him to
join the British Naval forces. This outraged the Americans!

1807 – Trade Suspended – Trade between the USA and BNA was suspended.

1811 – US Attacks Royal Navy – US ship named President opens fire on British naval ship Little
Belt off the coast of North Carolina killing 9 British sailors and wounding 23 more.

1812 – Americans Declare War on Britain, BNA, and the First Nations – 35,000 American soldiers
and 450,000 American militia fought against an army of 58,000 British soldiers, 258,000 militia,
and 10,000 aboriginals. The Leader of Upper Canada was Sir Isaak Brock who fought with First
Nation Shawnee leader Tecumseh in many battles over a 2-and-a-half-year span.

1815 – Treaty of Ghent – Both sides discussed a peace treaty from 1814-1815. With the distances
between Britain and the USA being so far, communication was very slow. In 1815, the Treaty of
Ghent was finally signed and agreed upon ending the war of 1812.

What questions do you have about the information?

Questioning I wonder…

Answers will vary

True or False Circle the correct answer

1. The War of 1812 lasted until 1812 True False

2. The War of 1812 was fought between the USA, Britain, BNA, and the First Nations True False

3. Many of the people living in Upper Canada were born in America True False

4. One of the First Nation Chiefs that impacted the war was Chief Tecumseh True False

5. The war ended quickly as communication between sides was ongoing True False

6. The British, BNA and First Nation side had more soldiers True False
7. In 1810, trade was suspended as the relationship between the USA and Britain was
True False
shaky.
8. The First Nations fought with British and BNA troops helping them keep their land True False
Name: ________________________ Date: ________________________

In 1867, four provinces decided to join confederation – Ontario, Quebec,

Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick. The BNA act was signed by the 4
provinces on July 1st, 1867. The provinces celebrated with fireworks, and
cannon fire,
Questions
1. What do you notice about
Canada at the time of
confederation – 1867?

Answers will vary

2. What has changed to the

geography of Canada by
1886?

Answers will vary

 Name: ________________________ Date: ________________________

Confederation was a success and more British colonies joined. Take a look at
the maps below to see who joined and when.

1. In 1905, more colonies joined.

What do you notice about the
map?

Answers will vary

2. From 2001-2003, the map

of Canada is how we see it
today. What has changed?

Answers will vary

 Name: ________________________ Date: ________________________

Early Years in New France

The French king claimed the land in the north eastern parts of North America for France,
naming it New France. The First People had lived on this “new” land for thousands of years
before, but the European countries of France and Britain saw it as land they could take for
themselves. Only a handful of French settlers came to New France as it was not as desirable as
the warmer French colonies in the Caribbean. The first French settlers were missionaries who
made it their job to educate, civilize and convert the indigenous people to the Christian religion.

Farming
In the 1700’s, most settlers were tenant farmers growing wheat, oats, corn, barley, and maize on
long strips of land that resided on the St. Lawrence River. These farmers were given land that
they could rent from a seigneur. A seigneur was someone who was granted land in New France
by the King of France. The seigneur would force the tenant farmers to pay them rent and
would also take 1/16th of the grains they produced as a tax.

Coureurs de Bois and the Voyageurs

The Coureurs de Bois were French Canadian woodsman who travelled deep into the woods in
Canada to trade European goods to the First People in exchange for furs. These men began the
Fur Trade by being the first to travel long distances for beaver furs that would be sent back
to Europe to be fashioned into hats, coats, and other clothing. By the mid 1700’s, the Coureurs
de Bois were replaced by the Voyageurs, who were hired by licensed fur traders to travel along
rivers using canoes. They were able to travel much faster and reach destinations that provided
more valuable furs.

True or False

1. A seigneur rented land to tenant farmers True False

2. A seigneur would take half of the tenant farmers

True False
grains

3. The Coureurs de Bois were early fur traders True False

4. The Voyageurs were farmers in New France True False

5. The mink fur was the most popular True False

Questions Answer the questions using evidence from the text

1. Who were the first French settlers and what was their plan?
The first French settlers were missionaries who made it their job to educate, civilize
and convert the indigenous people to the Christian religion

2. How was land divided in New France? Would you rather be a seigneur or a tenant farmer?
The king gave land to the seigneur and then they split the land up for the tenant
farmers. They split the land so that each piece had access to the St. Lawrence
River.
 Name: ________________________ Date: ________________________

British North America – What Was It?

Before confederation in 1867, Canada was called British North America, as the land was
owned and controlled by Britain. The colonies - Canada, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia,
Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland, Vancouver Island and British Columbia were all
scattered across North America. Each colony was geographically, economically, and
politically separated, but each still had ties to Britain. The United Province of Canada was
located where Ontario and Quebec are now. They were composed of Upper and Lower
Canada, with the English Protestants living in Upper Canada and the French Catholics living
in Lower Canada.

The People of British North America

In 1860, there were around 4 million people living in British North America. They were
scattered across the many colonies that Britain controlled, however most lived in Upper
and Lower Canada. Along the Prairies, First Nation tribes lived alongside fur traders and
the Metis. They hunted and fished on their land and lived without disruptions from the
European settlers. Most people that lived in BNA got married in their twenties. Women did
not have the same rights as men. In fact, they had the same rights as children at the
time. Disease was a big issue during this time period as each family had approximately 6-8
children in which one was lost due to a disease or illness. Medicine and doctors were not
as available or as advanced as they are today. Common illnesses like measles or influenza
(the flu) were often lethal. Infant mortality rates were extremely high as healthcare was
not ready to deal with pregnancy issues. Many families were poor and needed the help of
soup kitchens to survive. Life in BNA was difficult!

Multiple Choice Circle the correct answer

1. The French lived in which part of Canada? Upper Lower

2. Most people lived in which colony? PEI Canada

3. How many people lived in BNA in 1860? 5,000,000 4,000,000

4. Each colony in BNA was controlled by? Canada Britain

5. Each family had 6-8 children and how many died from a disease? 1 2

1. What was life like for the average person in British North America?
It was challenging as healthcare was not very good, so diseased killed many people and newborns.
The settlers were poor and worked hard on their farms. Women did not have equal rights as men.
2. What was life like for the First Nations and the Metis on the Prairies in the 1860s?
They lived life without distruptions from the European settlers during this time period. They lived off the land, hunting
and gathering food.
 Name: ________________________ Date: ________________________

True or False
I was a doctor from Kingston, Ontario True False

I was born in the Canada West True False

I was the leader of the conservative party True False

I was the first Prime Minister of Canada True False

I convinced George Brown and George Etienne Cartier that True False
confederation would benefit everyone.

I am a Father of Confederation True False

I started The Great Coalition after tiring of political True False

deadlock between myself and George Brown

Questions
1. How do you think John’s background as a lawyer helped him convince the
colonies to unite?
Answers will vary – Being a lawyer means you understand both sides of an argument. He was a master
at negotiating, which he did constantly to unite the colonies and fix the government.
2. John A. Macdonald and George Brown were sworn enemies. Why do you
think they put aside their differences to push for confederation?
They both wanted Canada to succeed and
worried about manifest destiny and other
factors. So they put aside their differences and
worked together
3. Why did John A. Macdonald become Prime Minister
Min over Brown and Etienne Cartier?
He was the better leader and was more liked
 Name: ________________________ Date: ________________________

Multiple Choice: Circle the best answer

1. I was a. politician and a _____________. 2. I was the leader of the ______ party
a) Lawyer a) Reform party (Clear Grits)
b) Newspaper owner/editor b) The Blue Party
c) Doctor c) The Green Party
d) teacher d) Conservative Party

3. I disliked the ______________ people. 4. I wanted the following for my English

community
a) Irish Canadians a) A railway connecting the colonies
b) First Nations b) More trade between colonies
c) English Canadians c) Representation by Population
d) French Canadians d) Ottawa to be the Capital City

5. My main political rival was: _________ 6. I joined forces with ___ in the Great
Coalition to support confederation
a) George Etienne Cartier a) Antoine-Aime Dorion
b) John A. Macdonald b) William McDougall
c) Antoine-Aime Dorion c) George Etienne Cartier
d) William McDougall d) John A. Macdonald

Questions
1. My wife made me realize I was treating the French
unfairly. How did this impact the history of Canada?
It led to him finally agreeing to the Great Coalition because he put aside his
differences with the French and did what was right for Canada – English and
French.

2. Why did I agree to “The Great Coalition” with John A.

Macdonald?
John A. was the better leader. I was not as charismatic as he was. I was busy
working for my newspaper as well.
 Name: ________________________ Date: ________________________

Lord Durham
By 1839, the American Revolution was over, and the War of 1812 had ended. The problem was
that Upper Canada and Lower Canada were not getting along as the French and English sides
could not agree on anything. John George Lambton, who was later named the Lord of Durham
was sent to Canada from Britain to help sort things out between Upper and Lower Canada. He
stayed there for 4 months while he wrote a report that contained recommendations that would
help the future of Canada.
Durham Report
His two main recommendations were:
(1) Unite Upper and Lower Canada into one province
He recommended they unite because they were two warring colonies in one state. They were
two different cultures – English and French – that were in constant conflict. The two
governments were in conflict and the people were also against each other. Uniting them under
one name of Canada was intended to bring them together.
(2) Use a modified form of responsible government
He proposed that the people needed a voice in who controlled their land. For a long time, the
settlers were told what they could do and how they could do it, but it wasn’t working. Many of
them were unhappy and life was generally difficult. Durham hoped that if the people could have a
voice by electing individuals into government, they could make changes that would improve their
lives.
Act of Union
The Act of Union was passed in 1840 and put into action in 1841. It removed the separate
legislations in both Upper and Lower Canada and replaced it with a new set of laws that would
join Upper and Lower Canada. The Act of Union formed the United Province of Canada.

What questions do you have about the information?

Questioning I wonder…

Answers will vary

True or False Circle the correct answer

1. Upper and Lower Canada were constantly fighting. True False

2. Lord Durham was sent from Britain to solve the problems in Upper and
True False
Lower Canada.

3. He stayed in BNA for 5 months. True False

4. He recommended that Upper & Lower Canada stay separate provinces True False

5. He recommended a responsible government that gave people a voice True False

6. The Act of Union united Upper and Lower Canada into one province True False

7. The English and French people in Canada always got along True False
8. The leaders in Canada listened to Lord Durham and implemented his
True False
recommendations.
 Name: ________________________ Date: ________________________

Rights and Freedoms

A r i g h t is a f r e e d o m t h a t is p r o t e c t e d f o r Canadian cit izens. A

r e s p o n s i b i l i t y is a d u t y t h a t c i t i z e n s n e e d t o do. F o r example, Canadian
citizens have t h e r i g h t t o f r e e s p e e c h and religion, b u t t h e
responsibility t o r e s p e c t o t h e r s r i g h t s and f r e e d o m s .

Right s and F reedoms in 1 8 67

The Constitution Act was signed in 1867 (also known as the BNA Act). It did not
outline any specific rights or responsibilit ies. These came later in the form of
the Canadian Bill of Rights in 1960 and the Charter of Rights and Freedoms in
1982. In 1867, only two rights were guaranteed for Canadians. (1) French
language rights in the government as well as all government documents being
available in both French and English. (2) the right to operate Catholic and
Protestant religious schools.

Right s and F reedoms T oday

Once the Charter of Rights and Freedoms was signed in 1982, the following
rights and freedoms were protected for all Canadian citizens.
• The f r e e d o m o f religion, t h o u g h t , and e x p r e s s i o n
• T h e r i g h t t o p a r t i c i p a t e in a d e m o c r a t i c g o v e r n m e n t ( v o t e )
• T h e f r e e d o m t o m o v e a r o u n d and live w i t h i n C a n a d a
• T h e r i g h t t o b e t r e a t e d equally
• T h e r i g h t t o s p e a k English o r F r e n c h
• The r igh t t o be p r o t e c t e d u n d er the law

Directions
R e a d t h e e x a m p l e and c i r c l e w h e t h e r i t is p r o t e c t e d u n d e r o u r C h a r t e r .

You w a n t t o m o v e f r o m BC t o Manitoba Yes No

A m a n should m a k e m o r e m o n e y t h a n a w o m a n Yes No

You n e e d t o b e s p o k e n t o in Spanish b y a g o v e r n m e n t
employee Yes No

You w a n t t h e p o l i c e t o help y o u f i n d y o u r stolen goods Yes No

You w a n t o t h e r s t o join y o u r religion s o y o u f o l l o w

p e o p l e a r o u n d telling t h e m a b o u t i t Yes No

You a r e 16 and w a n t t o v o t e Yes No

You’d like t o m o v e t o t h e U S A Yes No

You w o u l d like t o r u n f o r Mayor o f your City Yes No

 Name: ________________________ Date: ________________________

Multiple Choice /10

1. The First People in North American migrated 2. In most First Nation tribes, the women's role is
from… to…
a) Mexico a) Hunt and fish
b) France b) Fight in battles
c) Australia c) Gather fruit and vegetables
d) Asia d) Make decisions for the tribe
3. Most First Nation groups were nomadic, 4. Who was the first explorer to discover the
meaning they….? northern parts of North America?
a) Moved around a lot looking for food a) Samuel de Champlain
b) Stayed in one place b) John Cabot
c) Created farmland to grow crops c) Jacques Cartier
d) Ate what was available to them on their land d) Henry Hudson
5. Which explorer created the first settlement in 6. Which explorer named Canada?
North America?
a) Samuel de Champlain a) Samuel de Champlain
b) John Cabot b) John Cabot
c) Jacques Cartier c) Jacques Cartier
d) Henry Hudson d) Henry Hudson
7. European explorers explored the “New World” 8. Which disease was the most devastating for the
because… First Nations?
a) Europe was crowded a) Measles
b) To find gold, spices, timber (resources) b) Typhus
c) Trade furs to sell back home c) Smallpox
d) All of the above d) Scurvy

9. Which fur was the most valuable in Europe? 10. Who fought against the US in the War of 1812?

a) Mink a) Britain
b) Beaver b) BNA
c) Fox c) First Nations
d) Bear d) All of the above
 Definitions – What does the term mean (1 mark each) /5
Term Definition (what does it mean)
Two French fur traders discovered thick beaver furs on the Hudson Bay. They
Hudson Bay
created the Hudson’s Bay Company with help from Britain to sell furs from
Company
BNA.
Lord Durham was sent to Upper and Lower Canada to come up with
Durham Report/Act recommendations on how the provinces could solve their problems. He came
of Union up with 2 recommendations – responsible government and uniting the two
provinces.

Treaty An agreement made between two groups – usually over conflict or land claims

A contagious disease that was devastating to the First Nation people when the
Smallpox
European sailors transmitted it to their population

When Europeans and First Nations first met. The result was trade, spreading of
First Contact
disease, war.

Short Answer Questions (2 marks each) /8

1. How did the First People live in Canada before the Europeans colonized North America?

They lived there for thousands of years without interruptions from Europeans. They lived off the land, protecting

the environment because they felt a connection to it. They hunted, gathered and moved around looking for food.

2. What rights and freedoms did Canadians have in 1867? How are they different today?

Only two rights were made in 1867 – 1. right to maintain the French language in the government and 2. right to

catholic and protestant school systems. We have numerous rights now, like equality, right to move within Canada,

freedom of religion, etc.

3. Who was Lord Selkirk? What was the Selkirk Settlement?

He was a Scottish man who had a dream of creating a settlement or city in BNA. He brought over Europeans to

live in the Red River area after he purchased land from the Hudson Bay Company.

4. Describe the battle on the Plains of Abraham? Who won? Why was it important?
It was for control of the land that is now south eastern Canada – Quebec, and Ontario. General Wolfe and his
British army won the battle against the French and General Montcalm in Quebec City. This gave Britain control of
the land.
Long Answer (5 marks each) /10
1. Why was the fur trade so important to the history of Canada? How did the trading happen? Which company
was important in the fur trade. Include: the Couriers de Bois & the Voyageurs

It made New France and BNA very valuable land that was fought over. The fur trade brought many Europeans to

Canada, which has influenced our Canadian identity now. The Couriers de Bois were woodsmen who travelled

deep into the woods to trade metal items like pots and pans as well as weapons to the First Nations in

exchange for furs – especially beaver furs. The beaver furs would be sent to Europe to be made into fashionable

hats. The Voyageurs took over for the Couriers de Bois and they specialized in using canoes for transportation to

get to hard to reach places to find valuable thick beaver furs.

2. Describe the history of Canada starting from the First people migrating from Asia to confederation in 1867.
Include at least 5 major events that shaped our history.

Answers will vary