GRADUATE STUDIES

FINAL EXAM - PHED 541 – ADVANCED RESEARCH METHODS 2

Second Semester, AY 2020 -2021

Name: JANINE MAY G. TALEON Course: PHD/EDUCATIONAL MANAGEMENT

Date: ________________________________ Score: ______________________

I. Directions: Read carefully and explain the following briefly.

1. Why is research important to human life?

Research itself seeks to find an answer to a certain problem. It is the act of finding a
solution to a certain problem that arises in a community, school or in your
surroundings.

In our life we still continue to seek for an answer in something that we can’t explain.
How do we prove that something really exists and it is true? I am not talking about
existentialism but without proper research we might be dragging our own life into
the wrong direction. For example you can’t just point a certain view in an argument
without doing a proper research. Yes, human as we are, we are bound to our own
emotions but you must do your research first. You have to think, “Is there an
evidence to this problem?”, “What are the possible solution to this problem?”.

We also do some simple research in our daily life, for example: in going to the
grocery stores, buying products from the market etc. Before we buy the products,
we do the research first if it is healthy and organic and by checking the labels at the
back.

As a first-time mom, research is really important especially a lot of things are

running to my mind like, “Am I doing this right?”, “Is this enough?”. Without proper
research I could put my son’s health in danger. It also comes in what are the basics
of taking care of the baby, what proper clothes to wear.

We usually use research everyday, some people might just not notice it but we use it
in our simple chores etc. That is why research is very important in our human life.
2. What is the purpose of educational research?

Due to the unprecedented Covid-19 pandemic, a lot of changes happened. A lot of

schools faced many problems, with that said a lot of researches of the department
of education was implemented to continue to adapt to the change brought by this
pandemic. Without research especially in this trying times of trial, trial and errors
will still continue. The main reason that research is important as a teacher is because
we have to find solutions to the problem arising in our school. This is where
educational research is important.

As a mountain school teacher, the first distribution of modules was hardly

implemented. Stating the fact we are still adjusting to the new trend this pandemic
has brought us. But we as teachers should always look for solutions to the different
problems that will arise in our school. One thing that we could do is by doing some
research on the different ways on how and where does our learners can learn most
in this time. With the purpose of research we could at least lessen the problems in
our school.

3. Mention at least 10 characteristics of Research and explain it in your own words?

1. The research should focus on priority problems.

- In our educational scenario today, the research that we should do must be in
the recent trend. Due to the pandemic, our educational set up was shaken up
thus problems and issues regarding the pandemic must be prioritize for the
Department of Education to have some solution to it.

2. The research should be systematic. It emphasizes that a researcher should

employ a structured procedure.

- A good research must have a system to follow for it not to be chaotic. If the
ideas are disorganized in a research then it could lead to a failed research.

3. The research should be logical. Without manipulating ideas logically, the

scientific researcher cannot make much progress in any investigation.

- It should be logical for it could be meaningful in the content of decision

making. With the help of induction and deduction, a research can be of great
value.

4. The research should be reductive.

 - It should be reductive so that the results or the findings of the study of such
researcher should be of help to other researchers or to prevent repetition of
such researches.

5. The research should be action-oriented.

- A good research should aim on attaining a solution that leads to the

execution or enactment of the results of its study.

6. The research should follow an integrated multidisciplinary approach, i.e.,

research approaches from more than one discipline are needed.

- It should follow an integrated multidisciplinary approach for diverse

perspectives must be given attention to research.

7. The research should be participatory, involving all parties concerned (from

policymakers down to community members) at all stages of the study.

- In making our research, it should be anchor on the different parties

concerned, stakeholders and different policymakers that could benefit in the
process of the implementation of the study.

8. The research must be relatively simple, timely, and time-bound, employing a

comparatively simple design.

- A brief and concise research study is important in making a research. On the

other hand, easily to digest and understood by the respondents as well as
the concerned parties involved in the study.

9. The research must be as much cost-effective as possible.

- Better outcomes at lower cost is a factor in a research process. However, we

have different funded research programs that could cater our needs as a
researcher.

10. The results of the research should be presented in formats most useful for
administrators, decision-makers, business managers, or the community
members.

- It should be aligned on the format presented by the different organizations

or schools where your research will be validated to. Even if the content is
very good and the researcher doesn’t follow the correct format then your
research will not be validated at all.
 4. What are the elements of a research problem?

-  Objective or aim of the problem which is to be investigated. 

This answers the question “Why?” Why is there a need for investigation,
inquiry or study?

- The topic or theme which needs to be investigated. 

This answers the question “What?” What is to be researched or studied?”

The right question needs to be addressed if research is to help decision
makers. The decision maker can’t acquire all the information, but it is often
feasible to identify the factors that are critical to the existing problem. These
factors are then included in the problem definition.

- The time dimension of a decision problem is always the future. 

The period or time of the study when the data are to be gathered. This
answers the question “When?” When is the research to be performed?” It is
essential that the decision maker as well as the researcher determine the
right time reference for-the decision.

- The area or location in which the study is to be conducted. 

This answers the question “Where?” Where we need to conduct the

study? The space coordinates give you the geographic boundaries within
which the action is to be taken. In the problem definition, these lines are
hardly ever neat political divisions or subdivisions. The universe of interest
should be defined either conceptually or by enumeration.

- Population or universe from whom the data needs to be gathered. 

This answers the question “Who?” or “from whom?” Who are the
respondents? From who are the data to be collected?” They may include
persons, groups of persons, business establishments.

5. How is good research problem selected? What are the guidelines in selecting research
problem?

- Personal Inclination. The chief motivation in the way of selecting research

problem is the personal inclination of the researcher. If a researcher has
 personal interest in the topic, he would select that problem for his research
work.

- Resources Availability. During the selection, a researcher will see to the

resources available. If these resources like money, time, accommodation and
transport are available to the selection place, then the selection of the
problem is easy.

- Relative Importance. The importance and the problem also play a vital role in
the selection of research problem. If the problem is relatively important,
then the researcher tends towards the selection of the problem.

- Researcher Knowledge. The researcher knowledge should play a vital role in

the selection of the research problem. The wisdom and experience of an
investigator is required for well collection of the research data. He can
bitterly select a problem.
- Practicality: Practicality is also responsible for the selection. The practical
usefulness of the problem is the main motivation for a researcher to attend
it.

- Time-lines of the Problem. some problems take little time for its solution
while others take more time. So, it depends on the time in which we have to
complete his research work.

- Data Availability. If the desired data is available to the researcher, then the
problem would be selected.

- Urgency. Urgency is a pinpoint in the way of the selection of research

problem. Urgent problem must be given priority because the immediate
solution can benefit the people.

- Feasibility. Feasibility is also an important factor for the selection of the

research problem. The researcher qualification, training and experience
should match the problem.

- Area Culture. The culture of the area for which a researcher conducts his
research is also responsible for the selection of research problem.
 6. From what sources may related studies and literature can be taken? Where are
these sources located?

- Primary and Secondary sources is where your related studies and literature
can be taken. Primary resources include scholarly research articles, books,
and diaries. Examples of a primary source are:
- Original documents such as diaries, speeches, manuscripts, letters,
interviews, records, eyewitness accounts, autobiographies
- Empirical scholarly works such as research articles, clinical reports, case
studies, dissertations, creative works such as poetry, music, video,
photography
- Secondary sources describe, summarize, or discuss information or details
originally presented in another source; meaning the author, in most cases,
did not participate in the event. Examples of a secondary source are:
- Publications such as textbooks, magazine articles, book reviews,
commentaries, encyclopedias, almanacs
- You can locate this sources in the following:
o Annual Reviews (scholarly article reviews)
o Credo Reference (encyclopedias, dictionaries, handbooks & more)
o Ebook Central (ebooks)
o ProQuest (book reviews, bibliographies, literature reviews & more )
o SAGE Reference Methods, SAGE Knowledge & SAGE Navigator (handbooks,
encyclopedias, major works, debates & more)
o Most other Library databases include secondary sources. 

7. Why is a review of related literature and studies indispensable in a research work?

- It is both indispensable to each other since the other one is the backbone and the one
is the support. One can’t exist without proper evidence and support to why your
research will be conducted.