Professional Documents
Culture Documents
by
Likhit Mandal
Analytical Scientist
Aurobindo Pharma Ltd.
HPLC System Components
• Pump
• Binary Pump
• Quaternary Pump
• Injector/Autosampler
• Column
• Detector
• Ultra Violet(UV)-Vis(visible) /Photo Diode Array(PDA) Detector
• Refractive Index (RI) Detector
• Fluoresence Detector
• Evaporative Light Scattering (ELSD) Detector
• Data System/Integrator
FACTORS INFLUENCING HPLC ANALYSIS
If the mobile phase is not degassed, air bubbles can form in the high-pressure
system resulting in problems associated with system instability, spurious baseline
peaks, etc.
MAINTAINANCE of HPLC SYSTEM BEFORE ANALYSIS
• Flush with Hot Water about 60ºC to remove precipitation related to buffers.
System
washing • Wash with Magic Solvent (Water: Acetonitrile :Methanol :IPA , 25% each + 1% Formic
acid or 1% Nitric Acid)
TROUBLESHOOTING – Column
• It is advisable to perform a quick visual check of the instrument and column. This
Visual will pick up leaks, loose or disconnected tubing, changes in instrument settings.
inspection
• High pressure : The most common causes of high pressure are blocked tubing around the injector and
column inlet.
• Low pressure : The most common causes of no/low pressure are the solvent inlet lines not being
immersed in solvent, no solvent in the reservoir and leaks before column inlet.
Pressure • Fluctuating pressure : The most common cause of fluctuating pressure is poorly primed lines with badly
degassed solvents
Column contamination
Column aging
Column loading
Extra-column effects
Split Peaks -Injection Solvent Effects
Injecting in a solvent stronger than the mobile phase can cause peak shape
problems, such as peak splitting or broadening.
Note: earlier peaks (low k) most affected
Peak Tailing -Column “Secondary Interactions”
Peak tailing of amine analytes eliminated with mobile phase modifier (TEA (triethylamine ))
at pH 7
Reducing the mobile phase pH reduces interactions with silanols that cause peak tailing. No TEA
modifier required.
Peak Tailing
Column Contamination
Peak Tailing/Broadening _Sample Load Effects
TROUBLESHOOTING – DETECTOR
Baseline irregularities
Cyclic noise
– Detector
related
problems
TROUBLESHOOTING – DETECTOR
Changes in chromatography
Retention time changes from injection to injection
Possible Cause:
Un-equilibrated system.
Temperature changes during the analysis
Corrective Action:
Detector and Fluid system must be stable prior to starting an analysis
Column is housed in a thermally controlled environment, such as a column oven/jacket
• It can occur before or after the column. It can also be performed manually or automatically. It is
generally required for detection purposes, for example, the UV detection of analytes without
Derivatiza chromophores
tion
TROUBLESHOOTING – HPLC
Changes in chromatography
No Peaks
Possible Cause:
The wrong sample being injected
Detector not being switched on or a blockage between the injector and detector lines.
Some part of the sample or mobile phase preparation has been performed incorrectly
TROUBLESHOOTING – HPLC
Changes in chromatography
Smaller than expected peaks
Possible Cause:
Wrong sample being injected
Incorrect sample volume being injected
Blockage between the syringe needle and detector.
Problems with the syringe plunger sticking in the barrel can occur if the sample contains particulates.
Viscous sample will require a longer draw time. Insufficient draw time will result
TROUBLESHOOTING – HPLC
Changes in chromatography
Flat topped peaks
Possible Cause:
Either large injection volumes of dilute sample or by small injection volumes of strong
sample dilution.
TROUBLESHOOTING – HPLC
Changes in chromatography
Negative peaks
Possible Cause:
Due to difference in refractive index between the sample solvent, sample and mobile
phase
After routine maintenance when the system has not been reconfigured correctly
TROUBLESHOOTING – HPLC
Changes in chromatography
Missing peaks
Possible Cause:
Single or multiple missing peaks are usually due to the wrong sample being injected of
the sample degrading
Loss of resolution due to column/solvent inconsistencies.
Extra peaks
Possible Cause:
Due to contamination or degradation of the sample, mobile phase or column.
Corrective Action:
To check if the extra peaks are in the sample alone, perform a blank injection of
sample solvent. The peaks should be absent.
TROUBLESHOOTING – HPLC
Changes in chromatography
Peaks misidentified
Possible Cause:
Occurs most often in degradation samples or those in which related substance levels
are being measured. This is because the software is “calibrated” using a standard
mixture with specific concentrations of each impurity.
Most “real-life” samples contain impurities at very low levels so the retention time of
their peaks will be slightly different to those generated by the standard mix.
Identification windows should be set widely enough to take into account this time
variation with respect to concentration
Column cleaning and regeneration
Ensure that no buffers/samples are present on the column and that the solvent used prior to the clean-up is
miscible with the first wash solvent. After the clean-up, ensure that the test mobile phase is compatible with the
last solvent in the column
• Flush with HPLC grade water; inject 4 aliquots of 200 μL DMSO during this flush
Cation Tetrahydrofuran
exchange
media
• Weakly retained proteins : Flush with 30 mL, 0.1M, pH = 3 phosphate buffer
Protein • Strongly retained proteins : Flush for 60 minutes using 100% water to 100% acetonitrile
size gradient
exclusion
media
• Suitable for applications running mobile phases containing trifluoroacetic acid. Flush the
Removal of column with acetonitrile that has been heated to 75°C. the column should also be maintained at
Trifluoro this temperature
acetic acid
Column cleaning and regeneration
Ensure that no buffers/samples are present on the column and that the solvent used prior to the clean-up is
miscible with the first wash solvent. After the clean-up, ensure that the test mobile phase is compatible with the
last solvent in the column
Residual ion-pairing reagents, acids or buffer salts in the column will promote and
encourage hydrolysis of the bounded phase resulting in shorter column lifetimes.
Additionally storage in highly aqueous mobile phase for a long period can lead to
splitting peaks or less column efficiency as the sample matrices such as lipids can
accumulate in the column. To prolong column life times, clean the column every
single time after the analysis or whenever possible.
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