SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL CORE SUBJECT

EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCES

Grade 11

CONTENT Natural Hazards, Mitigation and Adaptation: Marine and Coastal Processes and their Effects

CONTENT STANDARDS The learners demonstrate an understanding of the different hazards caused by coastal
processes (waves, tides, sea-level changes, crustal movement, and storm surges). Further, the
learners shall be able to conduct a survey to assess the possible geologic hazards that your
community may experience (Note: select this performance standard of your school is in an
area near faultlines, volcanoes and steep slopes); conduct a survey or design a study to assess
the possible hydrometeorological hazards that your community may experience.

PERFORMANCE STANDARDS The learners shall be able to conduct a survey to assess the possible geologic / hydro
meteorological hazards that your community may experience.

MOST ESSENTIAL At the end of the lesson, the learners …

LEARNING COMPETENCIES 1. Describe how coastal processes result in coastal erosion, submersion, and saltwater
intrusion.

DATE Week 12

MATERIALS Laptop / Smartphone; TIFTCI LMS (Learning Management System)

(1) Tarbuck, Lutgens and Tasa. 2008. Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology,, 9th edition.
RESOURCES (2) Luvine, J. Earth: Evolution of a Habitable World, 2nd edition.
(3) Kirkland, K. 2010. Frontiers of Science: Earth Sciences – Notable Research and Discoveries
(4) Lutgens, Tarbuck and Tasa, Essentials of Geology, 11th edition.
(5) Allaby, R. 2009. Earth Science: A scientific History of the Solid Earth
(6) Botkin and Keller. 2011. Environmental Science: Earth as a living planet, 8th edition.
(7) Carlson and Plummer. 2009. Physical Geology: earth revealed, 9th edition.
(8) Hyndman and Hyndman. Natural Hazards and Disasters, 3 rd edition.
(9) Abbott, P.L. Natural Disasters, 8th Edition.
(10) Bobrowsky, PT, editor. Encyclopedia of Natural Hazards.
(11) PAGASA Website Annual Typhoon Track.
https://web.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/index.ph/tropical-cyclones/annualtropical-cyclone-tracks
(12) Project Noah Website. http://noah.dost.gov.ph
(13) DENR/MGB Website. http://gdis.denr.gov.ph/mgbviewer/
LESSON OUTLINE:

1. Introduction
2. Motivation
3. Instruction
4. ENRICHMENT

PROCEDURE MEETING THE LEARNERS’

NEEDS
INTRODUCTION:

1. Introduce the following learning objectives:

a. Describe how coastal processes result in coastal erosion, submersion, and saltwater intrusion.

2. Introduction of a few new terms:

Show the learners the following terms:
Coastal erosion longshore drift coastal deposition
Coasts sea level rise beach profile
Beach submergence swash

MOTIVATION:

Activity 1. Observation of coastal lines.

a. Ask the learners to carefully study the two maps paying particular attention to the outlines of the continents (for the world
map) and for the Philippines, the outlines of the islands. Say that these outlines represent the coastal areas.
b. Ask them to describe the coastlines. You may get different answers: irregular, smooth outline,
straight. You may ask them if they have an idea of why coastlines exhibit such forms.
c. Give the list of countries with the longest coastlines (http://geography.about.com/od/lists/a/
longest-coastlines.htm). Compare the size of the Philippines in terms of its area (does this refer to the length of the coastlines,
areal extent etc?) relative to the rest of the countries in the list. Show to the learners that even if the Philippines is small in area
compared to the rest of the countries, it ranked 4th in terms of the length of its coastline.
d. Ask this question to the learners. Why is it that despite its small size, the Philippines ranked 4th in the longest coastline in the
world.

Explain to the learners that despite its size, the Philippines ranked fourth in the list of the longest coastline in the world because
we are a country composed of a lot of islands with irregular coastlines.

Activity 2. Coastal areas exposure to hazards.

a. Show the effects of coastal erosion leading to the destruction of houses and other infrastructures
along the coasts and the steepening of the coastal area.
b. Show the effects of submergence due to either the rising sea level or the lowering of coastal lands. Last picture shows how
easily seawater can overtop sea dikes especially during stormy weather - a problem made worse by rising sea level and/or the
subsidence of land.

INSTRUCTION:
The dominant coastal processes:
1. Coastal Erosion - Coastal Erosion is the wearing away of the land by the sea and is done by destructive waves.

Five common processes that cause coastal erosion:

a. Corrasion is when waves pick up beach materials and hurl them at the base of a cliff
b. Abrasion happens when breaking waves containing sediment fragments erode the shoreline, particularly headland. It is also
referred to as the sand paper effect.
c. Hydraulic action. The effect of waves as they hit cliff faces, the air is compressed into cracks and is released as waves rushes
back seaward. The compressing and releasing of air as waves presses cliff faces and rushes back to sea will cause cliff material to
break away.
d. Attrition is the process when waves bump rocks and pebbles against each other leading to the eventual breaking of the
materials.
e. Corrosion/solution involves dissolution by weak acids such as when thecarbon dioxide in the atmosphere is dissolved into
water turning it into a weak carbonic acid. Several rocks (e.g., Limestone) are vulnerable to this acidic water and will dissolve
into it. The rate of dissolution is affected by the concentration of carbonates & other minerals in the water. As it increases,
dissolution becomes slower.
Note:
2. Sediment movement along coasts Longshore drift occurs when
As wave crashes on the shore, the water pushes sediment up the beach and then pulls it back down the beach as the water waves approach
slides back down. If the waves do not come in parallel to the beach longshore transport (littoral drift) of sand occurs. When the beach at an angle. The
waves approach the beach at an angle, the part of the wave that reaches shallow water earliest slows down the most, allowing swash (waves moving up the
the part of the wave that is farther offshore to catch up. In this way the wave is refracted (bent) so that it crashes on the shore beach) carries materials up an
more nearly parallel to the shore. You will never see a wave wash up on a beach at a very high angle from the line of the beach along the beach. Then the
except perhaps at an inlet or where the shore makes a sudden right angle bend. materials were
carried back towards the sea a
3. Coastal deposition part of the backwash.
When waves lose their capacity to carry or transport sediments because of a reduction in energy, they can and will "drop" or
deposit its sediment load. Waves that do not have the capacity to transport sediments and which results to sediment deposition
and accumulation are called constructive waves. Deposition happens when the swash (or the waves that rushes inland) is
stronger than the backwash (waves rushing back to sea). Deposition can occur as waves enter areas of shallow water, sheltered
areas like coves or bay, little or no wind, and there is a sufficient supply of sediments. Emphasize that the waves lose kinetic
energy to transport the sediment load.

ENRICHMENT:
1. Ask students to submit a poster (PowerPoint presentation) showing the different hazards along the coastal
areas.