ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE

Tagudin Campus

MODULE

MATHEMATICAL MODELING

COURSE OVERVIEW
Hello dear students! Welcome to the world of Modeling!!!
Congratulations for having enrolled in this course despite the difficulty in
adapting the modalities for flexible learning. As we embrace education in the New
Normal, may we find ourselves the courage and wisdom to pursue our studies
confidently and independently. Collaboration on student activities is permitted and
encouraged. It is a great idea to talk about the problems with your classmates and
try to solve them together but always remember that you have to hand in all your
outputs individually. Have a swift journey throughout the course…
Mathematical Modeling is a 3 – unit course that focuses on the application of
mathematics to various fields. It introduces discrete and continuous models, model
fitting and optimization. Applications involve real – world problems from business,
engineering, and life sciences.

COURSE STUDY GUIDE

This module was prepared for you to work on your own. To have the best in
working with this module, you are reminded to follow these simple yet effective
guidelines:
1. Manage your time well. A course study schedule is prepared for you to help
you study the modules in this course. The productive use of your time and
energy will help you a lot in finishing the scheduled activities.
2. Focus your attention. The key element for better understanding is having the
focus on the things to be done.
3. Give your best. Always remember that success will be attained in everything
you do by giving extra effort in the things you are doing. Giving your best also
means observing Honesty in doing the assigned tasks you are asked to do in
this module. Never let someone do the task for you or copy the work of your
classmates.
ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
Tagudin Campus

MODULE

4. Submit on time. Work diligently. Do not procrastinate. Remember time is gold.

Work immediately on the task at hand in order for you to follow scheduled
time for submission.
5. Submit on time. Work diligently. Do not procrastinate. Remember time is gold.
Work immediately on the task at hand in order for you to follow scheduled
time for submission.
6. Be patient, Motivate yourself. Patience equates success. Always think of the
bright future ahead. And to get there, start moving now.
7. Answer confidently. Study hard, surf the internet, read and read and read
more. The more you know, the more confident you become.
8. Work independently. You can do it! Your future lies in your own hands and
your own decisions. So, practice working independently, trust yourself, be
independent.
9. Contact me. If you have any questions, don’t hesitate to ask me through my
email: mandy38valdez@gmail.com or the group chat created for this class.

COURSE STUDY SCHEDULE

To keep you on track for the best use of this module, the study schedule is
hereby presented for you to follow:

Intended Learning Outcome Course Topics Time Intended Learning Assessment

Frame Activities (ILAs) Tasks (ATs)
Explain the Vision, Mission, ISPSC Vision Mission Wk 1 Lecture Essay
School Policies Goals & Objectives Discussion
Video Clips
Presentation
Discrete Modeling Wk 1 –
Formulate a model based on Wk 4 Skills exercises
the given data A. Modeling Change Problem Sets
Video Presentation
Apply problem solving B. Modeling Change Quiz
strategies confidently to get with Difference Problem solving
solutions of real – world Equations Activity Sheets/
problems Exercises
C. Solutions to
Dynamical Systems

D. Systems of
Difference Equations
ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
Tagudin Campus

MODULE Wk 5 –
Model Fitting Wk 7
Skills exercises Problem Sets
Solve problems using A. Fitting model to Quiz
analytical methods data graphically Student self – Activity Sheets/
assessment and Exercises
Solve problems using B. Analytical methods Reflection
computational methods of model fitting
Problem solving
Model real – world problemsC. Applying the least
mathematically and analyse – squares criterion
the best model fitted to the
given problem D. Choosing a best
model
MIDTERM EXAMINATION
Wk 8 –
Optimization of Wk 12
Discrete Models Skills exercises Problem Sets
Solve problems involving Quiz
optimization using geometric A. Linear Student self – Activity Sheets/
solutions, algebraic solutions Programming I – assessment and Exercises
and simplex ,ethod Geometric Solutions Reflection

B. Linear Problem solving

Programming II –
Algebraic Solutions

C. Linear
Programming III –
The Simplex Method
Wk 13 –
Continuous Models Wk 16 Skills exercises Problem Sets
Explain various methods Quiz
used to model data A. Linear Models Student self – Activity Sheets/
assessment and Exercises
B. Nonlinear Models Reflection

Problem solving
FINAL EXAMINATION

COURSE EVALUATION
Midterms – 50%
Finals – 50%
Term Grade:
Class Standing – 60%
Problem Sets – 30%
Activity Worksheets/Exercises – 20%
Quiz – 30%
Term Project – 20%
Term Exam – 40%
ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
Tagudin Campus

MODULE

Lesson 1: MODELING CHANGE

Definition: Mathematical Model is an idealization of the real – world phenomenon

and never a completely accurate representation.

Flow of the Modeling Process

Real - world
Data
Verification Simplification

Predictions/
Model
Explanations

Interpretation Analysis

Mathematical
Conclusions

A mathematical model can help us understand a behavior better or aid us in

planning for the future. It can be thought of as a mathematical construct designed to
study a particular real – world system or behavior of interest. The model allows us to
reach mathematical conclusions about the behavior. These conclusions can be
interpreted to help a decision maker plan for the future.

PROPORTIONALITY
Definition: Two variables y and x are proportional (to each other) if one is always a
constant
multiple of the other, that is, if
y = kx
ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
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for some nonzero constant k. We write 𝑦 𝛼 𝑥.

Example 1: Testing for Proportionality

Consider a spring – mass system, such that an experiment is conducted to
measure the stretch of the spring as a function of the mass (measured as weight)
placed on the spring. Consider the data collected displayed in the given table.

A scatterplot graph of the stretch or elongation of the spring versus the mass
or weight placed on it reveals an approximate straight line passing through the origin.

The data appear to follow the proportionality rule that elongation ℯ is

proportional to the mass m, or symbolically, ℯ 𝛼 𝑚. The straight line appears to pass
through the origin. This geometric understanding allows us to look at the data to
determine if proportionality is a reasonable simplifying assumption and, if so, to
estimate the slope 𝓀. Try to estimate the constant of proportionality by picking two
points (200, 3.25) and (300, 4.875) as lying along the straight line. Calculate the
slope of the line joining the points:
ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
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MODULE
4.875 − 3.25
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = = 0.01625
300 − 200

Thus the constant of proportionality is approximately 0.0163 and the model is

estimated as
ℯ = 0.0163𝑚

Examining closely how the model fits the data by plotting the line it represents
as superimposed on the scatterplot reveals that the graph simplifying proportionality
model is reasonable.

MODELING CHANGE

A powerful paradigm to use in modelling change is

𝑓𝑢𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 = 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 + 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒

In such cases, change can be studied according to the formula

𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 𝑓𝑢𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

By collecting data over a period of time and plotting that data, can discern
patterns to model the trend of the change. If the behavior is taking place over
discrete time periods, the preceding construct leads to difference equation. If the
behavior is taking place continuously with respect to time, then the construct leads to
differential equation.
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MODULE

MODELING CHANGE WITH DIFFERENCE EQUATION

For a sequence of numbers 𝐴 = {𝑎0 , 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , … } the differences are
∆𝑎0 = 𝑎1 − 𝑎0
∆𝑎1 = 𝑎2 − 𝑎1
∆𝑎2 = 𝑎3 − 𝑎2
∆𝑎3 = 𝑎4 − 𝑎3
For each positive integer n, the nth first difference is
∆𝒂𝒏 = 𝒂𝒏+𝟏 − 𝒂𝒏

Example 1: A SAVINGS CERTIFICATE

Consider the value of a savings certificate initially worth $1000 that
accumulates interest paid each month at 1% per month. The following sequence of
numbers represent the value of the certificate month by month:
𝐴 = (1000, 1010, 1020.10, 1030.30, … )
The differences are as follows:
∆𝑎0 = 𝑎1 − 𝑎0 = 1010 − 1000 = 10
∆𝑎1 = 𝑎2 − 𝑎1 = 1020.10 − 1010 = 10.10
∆𝑎2 = 𝑎3 − 𝑎2 = 1030.30 − 1020.10 = 10.20
Note that the first differences represent the change in the sequence during
one time period, or the interest earned in the case of the savings certificate example.
The first difference is useful for modelling change taking place in discrete
intervals. The change in the value of the certificate from one month to the next is
merely the interest paid during the month. If n is the number of months and 𝑎𝑛 the
value of the certificate after n months, then the change or interest growth in each
month is represented by the nth difference
∆𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛+1 − 𝑎𝑛 = 0.01𝑎𝑛
This expression can be rewritten as the difference equation
𝑎𝑛+1 = 𝑎𝑛 + 0.01𝑎𝑛
Since initial deposit (initial value) is known, that then gives the dynamical
system model
𝑎𝑛+1 = 1.01𝑎𝑛 , 𝑛 = 0, 1, 2, 3, … (1.1)
𝑎0 = 1000
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where 𝑎𝑛 represents the amount accrued after n months. Because n represents the
nonnegative integers {1, 2, 3, …}, Eq. (1.1) represents an infinite set of algebraic
equations, called a dynamical system. Dynamical systems allow a way to describe
the change from one period to the next. The difference formula computes the next
term knowing the immediately previous term in the sequence, but it does not
compute the value of a specific term directly (e.g., the savings after 100 periods)

Example 2: MORTGAGING A HOME

Six years ago, your parents purchased a home by financing $80,000 for
20years, paying monthly payments of $880.87 with a monthly interest of 1%. They
have made 72 payments and wish to know how much they owe on the mortgage,
which they are considering paying off with an inheritance they received. Or they
could be considering refinancing the mortgage with several interest rate options,
depending on the length of the payback period. The change in the amount owed
each period increases by the amount of interest and decreases by the amount of the
payment:
∆𝑏𝑛 = 𝑏𝑛+1 − 𝑏𝑛 = 0.01𝑏𝑛 − 880.87

Solving for 𝑏𝑛+1 and incorporating the initial condition gives the dynamical system
model
𝑏𝑛+1 = 𝑏𝑛 + 0.01𝑏𝑛 − 880.87
𝑏0 = 80000

where 𝑏𝑛 represents the amount owed after n months. Thus,

𝑏1 = 80000 + 0.01(80000) − 880.87 = 79919.13

𝑏2 = 79919.13 + 0.01(79919.13) − 880.87 = 79837.45

yielding the sequence

𝐵 = (80000, 79919.13, 79837.45, … )
ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
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MODULE
The graph of the sequence is shown below:

Definition: A sequence is a function whose domain is the set of all nonnegative

integers and whose range is a subset of the real numbers. A dynamical system is a
relationship among terms in a sequence. A numerical solution is a table of values
satisfying the dynamical system.
ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
Tagudin Campus

MODULE
Exercise #1
NAME:_______________________ MODELING CHANGE

Answer the following problems correctly and completely:

SEQUENCES

1. Write out the first five terms 𝑎0 − 𝑎4 of the following sequences:

a. 𝑎𝑛+1 = 3𝑎𝑛 , 𝑎0 = 1

b. 𝑎𝑛+1 = 2𝑎𝑛 + 6, 𝑎0 = 0

c. 𝑎𝑛+1 = 2𝑎𝑛 (𝑎𝑛 + 3), 𝑎0 = 4

d. 𝑎𝑛+1 = 𝑎𝑛2 , 𝑎0 = 1

2. Find a formula for the nth term of the sequence:

a. {3, 3, 3, 3, 3, …}

b. {1, 4, 16, 64, 256, …}

1 1 1 1 1
c. {2 , 4 , 8 , 16 , 32 , … }

d. {1, 3, 7, 15, 31, …}

DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS

3. By examining the following sequences, write a difference equation to represent

the change during the nth interval as a function of the previous term in the sequence.
a. {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, …}

b. {2, 4, 16, 256, …}

c. {1, 2, 5, 11, 23, …}

d. {1, 8, 29, 92, …}

ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
Tagudin Campus

MODULE
Problem Set #1
NAME:_______________________ MODELING CHANGE

Answer the following problems correctly and completely:

1. Write out the first five terms of the sequence satisfying the following difference
equations:
1
a. ∆𝑎𝑛 = 2 𝑎𝑛 , 𝑎0 = 1

b. ∆𝑏𝑛 = 0.015𝑏𝑛 , 𝑏0 = 1000

c. ∆𝑝 = 0.001(500 − 𝑝𝑛 ), 𝑝0 = 10

d. ∆𝑡𝑛 = 1.5(100 − 𝑡𝑛 ), 𝑡0 = 200

2. By substituting n = 0, 1, 2, 3, write out the first four algebraic equations

represented by the following dynamical systems:
a. 𝑎𝑛+1 = 3𝑎𝑛 , 𝑎0 = 1

b. 𝑎𝑛+1 = 2𝑎𝑛 + 6, 𝑎𝑜 = 0

c. 𝑎𝑛+1 = 2𝑎𝑛 (𝑎𝑛 + 3), 𝑎0 = 4

d. 𝑎𝑛+1 = 𝑎𝑛2 , 𝑎0 = 1

3. Formulate a dynamical system that models change exactly for the following
described situation:
a. You currently have P5000 in a savings account that pays 0.5% interest each
month. You add another P200 each month.
b. You owe P500 on a credit card that charges 1.5% interest each month. You pay
P50 each month and you make no new charges.
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MODULE
Project Output #1
NAME:_______________________ MODELING CHANGE

NOTE: Prior to making of the advertisement, ensure that you have a PRODUCT
BROCHURE or any form of listing from a motorcycle shop as your basis.

You are a motorcycle agent and you are about to advertise the available
motorcycles exhibited in your shop. In your advertisement, you will present the
following concerns: (1) Mathematics is a language in itself, hence, it is useful in
communicating important ideas; and (2) Mathematics as a language is clear and
objective, and so, you should be able to explain well your main objective in your
advertisement.
The advertisement will present all possible options that a costumer could
have mainly: (1) narrow down the names of motorcycles and model types that they
could choose from along with every possible mode of payment including the interest
rate (i.e. cash basis or installment; how many months to pay with corresponding
interest and amount to be paid). (2) if the costumer is able to spend at most P2,350 a
month on a motorcycle payment, use a dynamical system to present which
motorcycle to buy at its best.
As a product advertiser, you will ensure that your advertisement will catch
the interest of all your possible costumers. Be guided properly as to your physical
outlook while doing the advertisement. You will need to create a minimum of 10 –
minute video presentation of your advertisement.