Factors Affecting the Immune System of Grade 12 Students

in Sandiat National High School, School Year 2021-2022

The Researchers:

Kenth Ivan Rambaod- Grade 12 Diamond

Arlene Jane Velasco - Grade 12 Diamond

Maria Theresa Pillos- Grade 12 Diamond

Ronald Bandonil- Grade 12 Diamond

Dominick Javier- Grade 12 Diamond

Juliet Dela Cruz- Grade 12 Diamond

Clyde Porlucas- Grade 12 Diamond

 Chapter1

The Problem and Its Background

Introduction

The immune system is a complex network of cells and proteins that defends the

body against infection. The immune system keeps a record of every germ (microbe) it has

ever defeated so it can recognize and destroy the microbe quickly if it enters the body

again. When the body senses foreign substances (called antigens), the immune system

works to recognize the antigens and get rid of them. B lymphocytes are triggered to make

antibodies also called immunoglobulin. These proteins lock onto specific antigens.

The problems that the mammalian immune system solves are not restricted to

higher animals; they are faced by all forms of life and are ignored by none. The pressure

that natural selection exerts is inexhaustible and unending. Emerging infectious diseases

have as much potential to shape future human history as the epidemics and pandemics of

the past. Managing this threat depends on understanding how to maximize the potential

of our sophisticated immune system in the service of human health (Nicholson, 2016)

An effective immune system must be able to interpret changes in the world

around it and respond appropriately. To do this, it has to solve a number of specific

problems. Immune systems have an uneasy relationship with the environment. Most of

the time an encounter with something new is harmless, but the small fraction of times that

it is not can be very dangerous indeed. An effective immune system must be able to

discriminate such differences, distinguishing self from non-self and distinguishing

harmless non-self from dangerous non-self. For much of the 20th Century, research in
immunology was focused on understanding how it achieved the former. It was spurred by

an important early observation: that it was possible for animals to develop specific

immune reactions against chemicals such as dyes, which had never existed in Nature. The

ability to learn how to recognize these previously unknown structures implied that the

immune system had solved the problem of how to classify and recall the shapes of

individual molecules. Unravelling the biological machinery that achieves this was a

signature achievement of 20th Century immunology.

The immune system's ability to adapt flexibly to strange environmental changes is

critical in fighting infections and cancer. Because our bodies have a remarkable capacity

for renewal, and almost every cell is a factory working day and night to turn over worn

out molecules, breaking them down into building blocks that are reused to make

replacements, infection or cancer can arise at any time. Every time a cell divides, there is

a small chance that it may develop a random unpredictable mutation that will transform it

into a cancer. Infections reproduce much more rapidly than their hosts and can change

their appearance to allow them to evade recognition. An effective immune system must

cope with this unpredictability.

We can picture this as an ongoing evolution of the environment and it presents a

special challenge for an immune system. In contrast with most organs, such as the heart,

which does the same job throughout life, the immune system needs to adapt to an

environment that is always changing. This problem is solved by investing in strategies

that exploit the power of random change itself. Using randomness in this way creates

waste, but preserves responsiveness. Even identical twins, which share the same genes,

have immune systems that become increasingly different from each other from birth to
old age, as each twin independently makes hundreds of thousands of unique random

responses to the environment.

Statement of the Problem

This study tends to know the factors affecting the immune system of grade 12

students in Sandiat National High School, School year 2021-2022.

Specifically, the study aims to find answer to the following questions.

1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of the following variables?

1.1 Age

1.2 Gender

1.3 Parents` educational attainment

1.4 Monthly Income of parents

2. What is the grade of Grade 12 Students in Biology for the first and second

grading?

(delete)

3. What are the factors affecting the Immune system of grade 12 students?

Revise your problem. Think at most three questions related to your study

Purpose of the Study

When you’re doing academic research, it’s important to define your purpose. That

is where a purpose statement comes in. It clearly this research is appropriate to capstone

research were. This project helps young people learn how to find and analyze

information and how to work with it efficiently. Check your sentences.

Rationale

We expect to find out the factors that can affect the immune system of the Grade

12 student in Sandiat National High School and it possible to conduct this research to

know what factors it really affects their immune system therefore if we find the weakness

of the respondents we can further advice what they can do.

Nature of the study

This study uses Descriptive method which involves observing and describing

behavior of a subject without influencing it in any way. The plan we can do is conduct

interview via questionnaire to all the Grade 12 Students of Sandiat National High School.

Significance of the study

This study is important to School administrator, teachers, students, researchers

and to the future researchers.

School Administrator. This study will help the school administrator to create exercise

regarding to boost the immune system of the Grade 12 Students

Teachers. The result of this study will help the teacher formulating suitable activities that

will help students to improve their immune system

Students. The result of this study will inform the students on what factors affect their

immune System and for them to improve with their own

Researchers. The result of this study aims to locate the factors affecting the immune

system of grade 12 students

Future researchers. The result of this study will serve as basis to conduct another study

related to present study.

Theoretical Framework

Stibich Theory The immunological theory of aging asserts that the process of

human aging is a mild and generalized form of a prolonged autoimmune phenomenon. In

other words, aging which involves a highly complex series of processes—is suspected to

be largely controlled by the immune system. The process of aging is not fully understood

in the medical and science communities, and the primary cause has yet to be uncovered,

which is where theories like the immunological theory of aging come in.

As Stibich (2016) states: “humans age, they experience changes to almost all

physiological functions, including those related to the immune system. Medical experts

have proven that immune function does indeed decrease with age, which contributes to a

whole host of well-known issues among seniors, from increased health risks posed by

common infections like a cold or the flu to a greater occurrence of chronic inflammatory

diseases, such as gout and some types of arthritis.”

Further to understand the Stibich theory the immune system is made up of cells,

substances, and organs. The thymus, spleen, tonsils, bone marrow, and lymphatic system

produce, store, and transport cells and substances, such as antibodies, interleukins, and

interferon. As you age, critical cells in the immune system decrease in number and

become less functional. Those that are of special interest to gerontologists (scientists who

study aging) are the class of white blood cells called lymphocytes, which fight invading

bacteria and other foreign cells.

Lymphocytes fall into two major classes:

B-cells mature in the bone marrow. One of their functions is to secrete antibodies in

response to infectious agents or antigens.

T-cells develop in the thymus, which shrinks after puberty. There are two subtypes:

Cytotoxic T-cells attack infected or damaged cells directly. Helper T-cells

produce powerful chemicals, called lymphocytes, which mobilize other immune system

substances and cells. While the number of T-cells remains fairly constant as you age, the

portion of them that proliferate and function declines. Furthermore, T-cells destroyed by

cancer treatments such as chemotherapy and radiation take longer to renew in older

people than they do in younger people.

Beyond making you more prone to common viruses and bacterial infections, such

immune system changes can have a much greater impact. Interleukins—of which there

are more than 20-serve as messengers, relaying signals that regulate the immune

response. Some, like interleukin-6, rise with age, and it is speculated that they interfere

with the immune response in some way. Others, like interleukin-2, which stimulates T-

cell proliferation, tend to decrease with age. When it comes to the immunological theory

of aging, some research points to increasing immunogenic diversification of human cells

as the culprit, as opposed to the shifting numbers of cells.

The theory holds that this increased diversification or cell mutation in old age

may eventually lead to a failure of cell recognition and the breakdown of certain

physiological systems, which ultimately triggers autoimmune-like reactions like chronic

inflammation.
Research Paradigm of the Study

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Respondent`s profile

Factors
 Environmental Immune System
factors
 Personal factors
 Health Factors

Figure 1. Research Paradigm

The researchers use the two boxes models where the independent variables

cover the respondent’s profile and the factors that can affect their Immune system while

the dependent variable contains the Immune System of the students.

Assumptions and Limitations

This capstone project will takes in their homes because we can’t conduct this in

face to face in terms of this ongoing pandemic we will give the Questionnaire to the

faculty staff and they distribute this to the Grade 12 students of Sandiat National High

School all of grade12 students will be our respondents for this project and we are the one

who make this project to fulfill.

Definition of terms

Affect- Make a difference to

Environmental factor- Influences of living organism

Factor- An element that consider something relevant when making decisions and

conclusions

Personal factor- individual factors that result in a different set of the perception

Students- Who attend school

Teachers- A person who help the student to acquire knowledge

Teacher factor- Stand in the interface of the transmission of knowledge, values and

skills in the learning process. If the teacher is ineffective, students under the teacher’s

tutelage will achieve inadequate progress academically

Health Factor- shape the health of individuals and communities

Immunity- refers to the body's ability to prevent the invasion of pathogens

System- is an organized collection of parts (or subsystems) that are highly integrated to

accomplish an overall goal

Chapter 2

Related Literature and Studies

This chapter presents various related literature and studies. Related literature

includes commentaries and reviews of other people regarding the reading, language

acquisition, and anxiety. Related studies include various researches, thesis, or studies

related to the present investigation.