~PuTARMCR Gru . ~evoloctiow tou Evolution occurs\when heritable.chovacteristics of 0 species change. a ‘The fossil_record provides evidence for evolution. \ + shows. species that existed inthe. past and. how mney change over times Sequence of ppearnince. 6, fais ate expected: sequence of : ll tip Leola Me apS-nepeon titsh fo) 5 ‘selective breeding, ob | lmeshicated! a animals. rales. thot: batical a \ selection ie causé_evolution.__ __ nity “Analogous Structures \\\ ete 19 Homologous structures ) i Similor-beca nse of converoent | Similar because of\Common.\ D evolution. ancestry j.arisevior-divergent i Similar functon/stuctire, evolution. =. evolved: independently. Different appearance K a — = | eee _ \ ASS Sy SETPOINT NOL At OY. uolution. Of homologous\sinictures leg.spentadacty) limb) by. ‘adoplivess Yadiationexplains.similorities mssttucture. when there. are: differences, In Factian. —EE psa vy bn a" — SUTRAS A 2 “ 5 Animals with pentadacty| limbs | \\ 0.0 a bPopulattions.of.a.species. cangraduaiily.diverge. mio separate speciés..by.. _tvolution. this. process |s called speciation: Spec due .to. divergence of isolated populations canbe gradual. -(gradualism), ov.it Con_occur abruptig (punctuated equilibrium)... ausibrodualis mi... \ \sPunctuorted: Equi librinm. 1 bvolution..occurs.gradualty. ove: long. periods:0f. times 0\\. = “Snort. periods: rapid evolution __ followed: bys long :periocts\ without _ \ Feprac {uCtive_isolotion_prevents. tho popu ia: tions COf the some_species1 tom. -interbreeding._It canbe tem para! (different breeding tmies);s behavioural. Giffereut. mating.courtship: rituals), ar.geographic.Gifferen} ha, This can Kad to speciation. “ speciation.____fllopatric speciotion “Speciation due to ssolation.of * _ speciation. dlue_to. geographic ~-gene_Pools./populottions living. isoloution. in_the same geographic_area__ ComnicDate ‘recat... gous Alliam_by. polyploidy . oe. Poly ploidy: when an organism. has more than tho sels of mn Chromosomes... a —— _lan_octur. because. Of meiotic. errors. a _More_Common in_plants (e.g. ohions, leeks, garlic, chives etc in _ Allium). becouse they can reproduce asexuang leads 10 speciation via_reptoductive_isolation ;.1ypically, poly ploids ________ Camo} interbreed with diploids — A gene, pool_consisis_of_all_genes (and .alleles). Ft an. “inter: _breeding_population...Evolution requires that aliele fréquenciés change _ With Hme_in_populotios. “Continuous. voriation. cress the_geographicall.. range. of related Populations Matches _the_conce pt of gradual divergence eeevrwww v eT ‘Normal selection can, ‘only 0 occur Dv mere 1s tna ming Teproduction Cause venation batten indlito ues ma pecies. {ic Lata aga mi). \ LW Adaptations are .charactensties that make .anindividual suited 10 1S environment and way. of lite. Because species. tend to prduce more_6¢fspring than. the énvirenment.can_support, Individuals that _are_better_adaptec!_ténd to sumive and_produce\ more: Offspring.)\ While_the less wel_adapted tend fo_aie. or. produce fewer \\ offspring: BECaUse “Indiv duals thot reproduce passOn | Characttristts: totheir offspring, natural selection increases me. frequencty_of. Charactenstessthat. make: Individuals beHer. Adapted ana.decreases the frequency of other chonactenstis, lading, on Changes Within _the_species.. Changes_in. 04. finches_on_Laphne_Major — Daphne Major: 1sland_.th_balapages. ania ws\nvironmental.changes Caused changes in blak~size si \ DrOtight, caused shortage of safe small! seeds. + “decline - In vfinch population se fd ‘ aie + Survivors had_larger beats that could ora. Pen ‘biger harder seeds. — mesh + Heavy tain Coused abundance of ‘Sott smalls3eeds * Beak size_dropped_over_suaessive_generationsWo Brolation,.of-.ann bione resis tancein, bacterian. Pesistance: develops. via. genetic. mutations... + Pesistant bacteria. sumvive,nOn sistant bacteria.alit Pesistance passed on lia Bpadtition* resistout mene GOWS\: WE SNARE, SEW cgeameneccicaie Divectiona) ‘ phenorypets:\\. iwc rea for; Oia Selected frequency r sslntermediates phenotypes selected Yo sofonpextiemescselected against. Fxomple:shumanxbirth weights Joa TAM DANG Frequency [ Population eye Weyl DN ys AOA CempusDato Disruptive. . a — = Sleeve pressure + Extreme phendtypes selected for, _lnter mediates stlectéd against — Example: peppered _moths.___ population Phenotype ‘Development.of. melonistic (dark coloured) sects. polluted are areas: -peppered_moth_(Biston_betulovia) er _:__Peppered_moths_have several forms, both melanic and_non-mefanic /_ ____ peppered ___. _ ' _1__Unpolluted environment: pale lichen. on_tees_provides. Puaviage — ) __for_liguter_(peppered) moth_-_it survives_& reproduces, passing 0.. , ae Witty Colour a \ —___Polluted_evvironment:. Pollution kills lichen.x_blackens trees: provides ____Camou flage_for darter (mélonic) Moth _-. It survives Yeproduces, - passing on_darker Wilg Colour es ’ In_polluted_areas, population of melanic_moth increased,» Chena tiCogtion, 6 : » biodlivensity: = d ‘ + . a Species ave given. scientific names using & system called binomial > ROMeNCIATUNE) which 1: Universal.»\s. M sage, WA S + First name (capitalised): genus name pase Leann x _*_ Second: nome lowercase): species name ~ After a binomial nome is used, it tan be abbreviated to. first letter of. ~ genus nome + full_specits omens Homo sopiens —2 H. sapiens) y ___ Sawyow’s Wn Waker 294 WE = EATON! sees > species. are. classisied: using 0 WieieTOhig Of TOROS > Domain | ore species, fener shared /similarchoracteristics 7 y 2 ingdom__| 2 5 Phyl ‘aty Perry Cooks One ' Bo: a Fluckin| Good Sausage -0_rder ley ic for hierarchy of taxa) \ YE amiys YB emussox 0} , W/ All organisms are_clossified_into tree domains. Archaea _(archaeans) . can aes 7 1 ubscteria_Ceacenia) s 0101, eukanpotes) = ’ \ Se —warava: Classificerion. iat 4a 29109 All species of the some genus /higher. saan evolved. on One COMMON... ancestor... sharing, Lmany J similar. characteristics... ‘ Helps 10 identify. species.aned predict characteristics cae by Some times. nee retlassi: ne groups of species when new evidence shows that a. previous taxon contalussspecies.whichlvalved.4 row different. NCESIOVS. —aesisiynin woluettorel ugh syne es. dtsti‘é‘“‘(é‘CO‘’ OU ‘ Bese USCCNID GOTT (gl opecicst mee, eeens Ommeemen al eaye — CONSists of numbered stages vt Each_stage_Consists « cee Of Aescriptions.. (characteristics Eacn_poirof descriptions_tither_lads to another pair-of descriptions _or..identifies the organism. Examples of ( ClassiFicoton =— Chordata Mammalia sa fanvorns =onidae— Ca Ly Mm ec) (o) (F) (6) (s) Quercus (6) — Fobur ts)Date There ave four main plant phyla. Aout vy HSC Phyl. | aves, foots, stems... Reproductive. structures Byro phyia (mosses, des No Cte) roots. Phizoids i "Spores: produced th capsule, liverworts, hanworts) tstructares. similar 10 root, develops at end of stalk ts hairs) No versentar fissies)° { Simple_stems.\x leaves. ov — | Filicinophyto. (ferns) |= eaves \divided into “Spores piddliced in\sportingio leaflets cunted up ae _on_underside of Itaves WY Stems. Nascular SSC Nee SSS, feof i. COni-ferophy ta Poots, Windy stems. Seeds-dlevelop frais oiules | &, Conifers) Nosscutow tissue. on scales ‘of female cone. Mole cones produce’ poll ‘Nanow leaves, thick wary, curich Angio.spermophyta, Ltlowering: plots), eat x Koot_stracture, 2 vorialble. Noscular tissue, Woody stems for_shubs develap trom ovaries to gala) yyy "ane tees, disperse. seeds. —._._—:0aA AA There are over 30 animal phyla. A Dh ! mney. Digestive.tinct__ Miscellaneous. > Povideror sponges)... NONE... | NO.Wouth or anus 32 Porusstfon filers. P sin tha leds T Cnidaria (ellyfish Padi. (can, be, Mouth. No.onus... | Tentacles. Coral , sea anemones) — | divided into ceva . fi { “ sting a Plotyhell with, L \ Flattened! body 3 ; : i : : ‘tala page| eee Mouth scomus ___*_Bristits_ I [. Segmented bodies q HMollusco..snails.. sheila LCP. SQUi. * = Arthropoda... Bilateral... Mouth tans ___1_Exoskeleton (insects, arachnids —— pani a. Jointed appenctages Chordata (fish... Mouth, +.omus birls, .mammals), Asa SHn paoal R * porsal nerve corel NOt chord Cartilage _Skeleta) tod. supportingANGE! 15\-0 QrOUp\.0f 01GANIsms Thad have. evolved: from A COmman. ancestor. ENAENCE for Which. species are: part of.a \Clade— CON be obtained ftom>the bose sequences. 0f:.a\gene Or Me = CONES ponding. Amino acid Sequence Of A protein, SCANVENCE » Gifferences_Lin_DNA_k_amino_acids ]_accumulate gradyalig, so there. 1s fesitwe conelation between the num ber of differences yyyvwv»p y y | betuleen_two_species andthe time since. they _divemed from oO _ * _common_ancestor. the_mamber_of_cbfferences_n_base_ sequence (ar be _used_fo_ceduce_approximotely how_long_ago_o_srecies diverged, 5 _ a —- 5 SOGFAME_ave_tree_ciagrams_that show _the_most probable 7 Stquence_of divérgence_n_clades. = ‘ ~ Length of Ine Onn be used #0 » ~ te present estimaied time Site -divergence —————» ; ee ‘ Hypothetical] common ancestor - = b) — —- = Te more nodes there ore that conmect the species, the less closely Iebted they are Clades) has shown thal Classi ficotons of some groups based on structure did not cones spond With Ne evolution ohans, of 0 qoup OL. Species. KOKUYD‘Peclossitication. of. tiqwort tamily.(Scrophularioceae). \ DNA.evidence, showee thot specles in the family did nop all. snore ~ _ a tommon. ancestor... hata te. clade). Fiveclades: were 7 ____ Incorrectly put into. the same family... a sat _< SON SUL - S DAS He Wh a WO Iegyaulle yysilk_ sy vest AMY Swaps seh We ews Yo vada, WY sores g AWN SAAS COOH jar sywhys Gi bic SO 7 . ee r SWunk ga _teowl BK vyote boll ewimgarp ask a ewudindbnld ~ ZA PY soils Yo sy aware 4 7 - ] \ fe = + __\s SiO dID YO wail A _ Qi QUAKE LO syoranicesd hawk wove a WWD At YS SAK bts RANGED VOL bib suainitite