THE EFFECTS OF INCREASED RADIATION EXPOSURE IN RELATION TO

THE AVERAGE HOURS SPENT BY USING GADGETS BY THE GRADE 12

STUDENTS OF SAN BEDA UNIVERSITY
IN THE NEW NORMAL

A Research Paper Presented to the

Faculty of Integrated Basic Education Department
Senior High School
San Beda
University City of
Manila

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

subject: Practical Research 2 (Quantitative Research)

Presented by:
Andres, Gessey Ann A.
Bayaca, Colleen Adrienne
A. Gonzales, Julian III B.
Recuenco, Job Sebastian F.
Tomines, Joshua Lorenzo T.
Velasco, Maria Julianna V.
 ABSTRACT

The spread of COVID-19 has affected thousands of people in the Philippines. Which also

forced schools and universities to close down to prioritize the safety of their students. Recently,

hundreds of schools have opened for online classes to adapt to the new lifestyle, resulting in

students having difficulty adapting to the "new normal" setting. This study would benefit the

government, radiologist and nuclear medicine physicians, teachers and students, and future

researchers. It also aims to prove a significant relationship between the average time used by

students by using their gadgets (phones, laptops, and desktops) and their physical stability. To

determine the relationship between the variables, the researchers used a quantitative research

questionnaire. The researchers collected their data through online surveys together with the use

of the Likert scale. Also, considering the situation that we have, online surveys are the safest way

to gather data. Systematic sampling is used in order to choose the respondents for the study. The

researchers utilized the descriptive-comparative method using quantitative approaches in

gathering information about the effects of increased radiation exposure on the physical stability

of the Grade 12 students into the new normal set-up due to their average time spent in using their

gadgets (phones, laptops, desktops). For the statistical treatment, the researchers used One-way

ANOVA, Tukey Post-Hoc Test, and Weighted Average. After gathering and analyzing the data

collected, it showed that the extended use of gadgets for distance classes affects the students'

physical stability. Hence, proving that there is a significant difference between the two variables.

Based on these results, the researchers concluded that their alternative hypothesis, there is a

significant difference in the effects of increased radiation on the physical stability of students

according to the average time spent on gadgets, is accepted.

 CHAPTER I

PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

In this chapter, the study mainly focuses on the efficacy of learners being exposed to the

radiation of the virtual learning environment and its introduction. This includes the background

of the study, statement of the problem, significance of the study, hypothesis, scope and limitation,

conceptual framework, and lastly, the definition of terms. The purpose of this study is to

comprehend the effects of radiation physically to learners in the new normal setting. In this

manner, the students themselves, the people around them, and researchers may further develop a

better understanding of this research.

Background of the Study

As stated by Oki (2020), the spread of COVID-19 has affected thousands of people in the

Philippines, forcing 26% of businesses to close. Additionally, schools and universities were also

forced to close down to prioritize the safety of their students. Recently, hundreds of schools have

opened for online classes to adapt to the new lifestyle resulting in students having a difficult time

adapting to the “new normal” setting. However, in accordance with the studies of Tanim (2016),

reported that Non-ionizing radiation (NIR) which are low frequency energies, can be found also

on technologies, are non-risky, but has the potential to increase the probability for a biological

complication. Radiation is a method of heat transfer that is transmitted through empty space, it is

proven that exposure to high levels of radiation can cause acute health effects. Since every

student is under the pressure of online classes due to the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic in our

country, the researchers believe that there are ways to make online learning safer for the physical

stability of the students. In this study, the researchers’ aim is to dive through how it could

possibly affect
the physical state of the students. This study will help future researchers gain greater knowledge

about the circumstances present in online learning. This study helps educational institutions on

how they can make online learning effective and safe for both students and workers.

Technologies such as laptops and cellphones emit Radio Frequency (RF) which is also

rampant in our surroundings as well. Wireless communication-users have been growing in the

years and the amount of RF in our surroundings is constantly increasing. The increase of

technologies emitting RF also brings risks to humans and is continuously growing through time.

A study conducted by Acharya et al. (2018) elucidate the article about comparing and contrasting

the existing research studies on cell phone radiations and its efficacy. The use of electronic

devices has increased throughout the years ever since technology has been developed all around

the world and as a result its effect needs to be reviewed. In this study, it provides a potential

source, which can further comprehend to study the public health and environmental issues as it

perceives several positive and negative effects caused by mobile gadget radiation. This research

study can help future researchers to improve the consideration of cell phone radiations on the

human body as well as to their surroundings. It can help us prevent the hazardous effect in

advance by finding the solutions. In the current generation, advanced technologies have been part

of our daily lives since it provides our needs and connections to other people. In the midst of the

pandemic (COVID-19) the usage of mobile devices has increased resulting in exposure to high

radiation such as being close to an atomic blast which can cause acute health effects such as skin

burns and acute radiation syndrome. Additionally, it may also result in long term health effects

such as cancer and cardiovascular disease. However, exposure to low levels radiation

encountered in the environment does not cause immediate health effects but it is a minor

contributor to our overall cancer risk. A

very high amount of radiation exposure delivered over a short period of time can cause

symptoms such as nausea and vomiting within hours, it is known as “radiation sickness”.

As the world transitions into the year 2020, an unexpected pandemic occurred and made

everyone adjust to a new normal set-up. Not being able to go outside due to the virus, everyone

is forced to stay inside and do everything online; the students being the most affected by this. In

the new normal set-up, learners facing their devices for the whole day makes them more

susceptible to radiation. This study will help to determine the effects of radiation to the physical

stability of the students in the new normal set-up. As stated by the American Cancer Society

(ACS, 2020) reported that Radio Frequencies (RF) may cause significant damage to the human

body because of the heat it produces. It may damage the tissues of the receiver when exposed to

it for a longer period of time, receiving large amounts of RF. Knowing this fact, the student in

the new normal set-up is exposed to greater hazards because of the vast usage of technologies.

As stated by Oki (2020), the spread of COVID-19 has affected thousands of people in the

Philippines, forcing 26% of businesses to close. Additionally, schools and universities were also

forced to close down to prioritize the safety of their students. Recently, hundreds of schools have

opened for online classes to adapt to the new lifestyle resulting in students having a difficult time

adapting to the “new normal” setting. However, in accordance with the studies of Tanim (2016),

reported that Non-ionizing radiation (NIR) which are low frequency energies, can be found also

on technologies, are non-risky, but has the potential to increase the probability for a biological

complication. Technologies such as laptops and cellphones emit Radio Frequency (RF) which is

also rampant in our surroundings as well. Wireless communication-users have been growing in

the years and the amount of RF in our surroundings is constantly increasing. The increase of

technologies emitting RF also brings risks to humans and is continuously growing through time.
A study conducted by Acharya et al. (2018) elucidate the article about comparing and contrasting

the existing research studies on cell phone radiations and its efficacy. The use of electronic

devices has increased throughout the years ever since technology has been developed all around

the world and as a result its effect needs to be reviewed.

Radiation is a method of heat transfer that is transmitted through empty space, it is

proven that exposure to high levels of radiation can cause acute health effects. Since every

student is under the pressure of online classes due to the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic in our

country, the researchers believe that there are ways to make online learning safer for the physical

stability of the students. In this study, the researchers’ aim is to dive through how it could

possibly affect the physical state of the students. This study will help future researchers gain

greater knowledge about the circumstances present in online learning. This study helps

educational institutions on how they can make online learning effective and safe for both

students and workers. Additionally, it may also result in long term health effects such as cancer

and cardiovascular disease. However, exposure to low levels radiation encountered in the

environment does not cause immediate health effects but it is a minor contributor to our overall

cancer risk. A very high amount of radiation exposure delivered over a short period of time can

cause symptoms such as nausea and vomiting within hours, it is known as “radiation sickness”.

(3)In this study, it provides a potential source, which can further comprehend to study the public

health and environmental issues as it perceives several positive and negative effects caused by

mobile gadget radiation. This research study can help future researchers to improve the

consideration of cell phone radiations on the human body as well as to their surroundings. It can

help us prevent the hazardous effect in advance by finding the solutions

 As the world transitions into the year 2020, an unexpected pandemic occurred and made

everyone adjust to a new normal set-up. Not being able to go outside due to the virus, everyone

is forced to stay inside and do everything online; the students being the most affected by this. In

the new normal set-up, learners facing their devices for the whole day makes them more

susceptible to radiation. This study will help to determine the effects of radiation to the physical

stability of the students in the new normal set-up. As stated by the American Cancer Society

(ACS, 2020) reported that Radio Frequencies (RF) may cause significant damage to the human

body because of the heat it produces. It may damage the tissues of the receiver when exposed to

it for a longer period of time, receiving large amounts of RF. Knowing this fact, the student in

the new normal set-up is exposed to greater hazards because of the vast usage of technologies.

Statement of the Problem

This paper aims to know what the effects of longer exposure to radiation to the students

are due to the new normal set-up. To find out what the students are dealing with in terms of

radiation, this study will find the answer to the following questions:

1. How do the respondents cope up with utilizing their devices (phone, laptop, desktop) in a

long period?

2. How does being more exposed to radiation affect the student's physical stability?

3. Is there any significant difference on the effects of increased radiation to the physical

stability of students according to the average time spent on gadgets?

Hypothesis

The Main Hypothesis of the study is that Radiation significantly affects Physical Health

of the Students. In this manner, it was expected that Radiation has certain harmful impacts to the

Physical Health of students due to overuse of electronic gadgets that can cause complications

like, eye strain, fatigue, migraines, decreased attention, shortness of temper, sleep disorders, and

depression, mostly among adolescents, considering, each student is affected due to the quantity

of hours expected to finish certain school tasks. Certain research has shown that because of the

new normal system several students lamented that they are no longer learning, as their focus has

shifted to completing assignments daily. Hence, the hypothesis of the study.

A. Null Hypothesis

There is no significant difference in the effects of increased radiation on the physical

stability of students according to the average time spent on gadgets.

B. Alternative Hypothesis

There is a significant difference in the effects of increased radiation on the physical

stability of students according to the average time spent on gadgets.

Significance of the Study

Government – This would be beneficial to the government especially the Department of

Education (DepEd) and Department of Health (DOH) since they are the ones who are involved

during this time of the pandemic. This would give them an idea of how they can improve the

new normal set-up of education that we have.

Radiologist and Nuclear Medicine Physicians – As we transition into this new normal

set-up due to the current situation that we have, everything has been done online. In line with

this,
we are not still that ready for this new normal set-up. Hence, this study would be beneficial to the

people in the medical field because this would give them an overview of what are the effects in

the physical stability of students on having longer exposure to radiation.

Teachers and Students – With the data analyzed and information that this study has, this

would give them an idea to think of an alternative way of learning that will be safer for the

students’ health. An alternative way wherein students can still study and learn and their teachers

can still teach them.

Future researchers – All researchers use and read the research of others. Future

researchers will be able to use this research as a reference for their own research. This research

will serve as their guide if they decide to research how does radiation can affect an individual’s

health. They may improve the research by improving the quality of the product and altering the

other variables used in the study.

 Theoretical Framework

Variables of the study

Grade 12 students of San Beda University – Manila.
Students’ perception on how does online class affects them.
The condition of the
surroundings of the student.

Prepare a questionnaire that would be disseminated to the

participants of the study.
Collect and analyze the responses given by the chosen
respondents.

ffects of Increased Radiation Exposure in Relation to the Average Hours Spent by Grade 12 Students of San Beda University in t
Normal

Figure 1. Input-Process-Output Method

 Based on Figure 1, the first input of this study is its variables. The variables of the study

would help the researchers on what to focus with upon conducting this research. The researchers’

respondents, the grade 12 students of San Beda University – Manila together with their

perception about how the online class are affecting them and the condition of the surroundings

are also part of this research’s input. Through this, the researchers’ will have a background on

how they are going to plan on making their questionnaire that would be used to collect the data

needed in their study. Which brings the process that the researchers would be doing in

conducting this research. First, the researchers are going to formulate a questionnaire that would

help them on collecting data needed and that would answer their questions on the statement of

the problem. These research questionnaires would be disseminated to the students who are

chosen using a specific sampling technique as their respondents. After having the data needed,

these would be analyzed by the researchers. After the analyzation of data, the researchers would

now have an idea on how does the average time

Scope and Limitations

This study only focuses on how students' average time using their gadgets for distance

learning affects their physical stability. The data collected will only be conducted on the chosen

Grade 12 students of San Beda University-Manila. The data gathering would be done through

online forms using questionnaires to the students as a survey and reference. By doing this

strategy, the researchers will learn how the average time spent by students using their gadgets for

distance learning affects their physical stability Grade 12 students at San Beda University-

Manila. This study will also focus on more harmful radiation, electromagnetic field, or non-

ionization, one most

emitted type of radiation from the technologies used, specifically laptops and cellphones. The

physical aspects to be tackled in this study are the eyes, the skin, and body posture.

Although the research has reached its aims, there were some unavoidable limitations.

First, because of the new normal set-up during this pandemic, the researchers will only conduct

the survey through online platforms. Therefore, the researchers will have difficulties gathering

data because specific populations are less likely to have internet access and respond to online

questionnaires. Second, the researchers might encounter survey frauds; since there is less

accountability, the chances for people just hitting buttons to finish are high. Moreover, online

surveys could be deleted and ignored. People hate feeling poked, and if they get annoyed, they

have to click delete. This study will not cover other problems that are not considered as one

physical stability of the students. The other students who do not fall as part of the Grade 12

students of San Beda University-Manila are not within the scope of this research.

Definition of Terms

Efficacy – The synonym term of effectiveness.

New normal set-up – The new learning environment which is conducted online.

Non-ionizing radiation – Low frequency energies that are non-risky but may have harmful

effects to humans.

Radio Frequency – Type of radiation emitted by technologies.

 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter contains the literature and studies which are used as the foundation of this

research paper. This also contains related studies that will support the paper.

New Normal Set-Up of Learning

The spread of Education worldwide has been disrupted by COVID-19, and the

Philippines is no exception. Luzon and other major cities had to undergo a Lockdown that led to

the suspension of classes at all levels last March 2020. This caused schools to switch towards

Online Learning to adapt to the new normal system, even if it is possible to achieve the original

learning results or not. (Bautista, 2020). Through Social Media, Baticulon, et al. (2020) were

able to develop a 23-item survey that collected demographics, information on medical schools,

access to technological resources, habits of study, current living conditions, and online learning

opinions. Howlett (2009) defines online learning as the use of electronic technology and media

to deliver, promote and improve both teaching and learning, including communication between

learners and teachers using online content. Although from a total of 3,813 responses from

enrolled medical students for the 2019-2020 academic year in the Philippines there were a mere

41 percent of medical students who consider themselves capable of adapting to online learning.

The most common difficulties from the responses It was difficult to adapt to learning styles,

duties at home, and weak communication. Around two-thirds of participants are accustomed to

these obstacles. In Indonesia, a similar survey indicated that lack of contact, trouble

concentrating, and comprehension of concepts was also a concern. (Daroedono, et al, 2020)

Amongst these online learning barriers, there were Individual barriers encountered by students

like difficulty adapting to learning styles, challenges with mental

wellbeing, physical health conditions, and practical concerns. Some students experience physical

difficulties that affect their learning online, such as headaches and eye strain due to prolonged

use of gadgets, while other responses consist of technological, domestic, institutional, and

community barriers. Some barriers that were said are expected to be solved along with the

pandemic and others may have long-term effects. Without effective action, these challenges will

not only impact education, but they may also affect the future of health care. The majority of the

barriers present were already existing that were heightened by the pandemic. This may lead to

challenges in education in the future. According to Broadbent & Poon (2015) for students they

need to be driven to develop self-taught learning techniques, including time management,

metacognition, critical thinking, and effort control, to achieve academic success.

Electrical devices have become ubiquitous as it increases its population to 5 billion users

out of 7.4 billion people. As a result, hundreds of schools have opened for online classes to adapt

to the new lifestyle for the “new normal” setting. Thus, a new form of education has been

approved by the government and all over the continent: online education, e-learning, and

distance education. These types of teaching are also utilized for the selfsame objective even

though everyone is pretentious by various kinds of medium, entry, communication, and

correlation (Moore et al., 2011). Furthermore, online platforms for education are utilized to assist

the person through transporting the things needed for learning, interactions, project task, and

assessments. Overall, there are three educational 'homeschooling' paradigm which are the

following: distance learning, online-learning, and information and communication technologies.

Nevertheless, the disadvantages of using online education are unavoidable. First, in proportion to

the United Nations (UN, 2020) there are mobile radio networks and internet connectivity that are

intermittently spread throughout the countries, it was reported that there is an aperture

connecting high-income to low-

income states with 1.5 billion learners in 195 countries. Consequently, students that do not have

any ingress to media programs, services, and resources that are grant by the government or

global network became complicated due to the pandemic that causes factories and economies to

shut down. Second, as claimed by Lewin (2016), there are two traps for learners. First, students

who are implementing asynchronously, whereby learners teach by themselves and follow

instructions delivered by the teacher. Second, a learner could become disembodied, lonely, and

unguided with his class. In line with this, Peter (2020) reported that education during a pandemic

can form social isolation making students detach themselves physically, socially, and

psychologically from other people. Continuing academic practices in the midst of pandemic have

place learners in a difficult position of distance learning but also creates a balance between the

use of media and individuals who are learning.

Radiation Emitted by Laptops, Computers, and Cellular Phones

Non-ionizing radiation is a type of radiation that is emitted by technologies such as

laptops and cellphones. These are also the gadgets that produces electromagnetic waves which

shows hazards to the human health. Study shows that exposure to electromagnetic waves may

cause the development of asthma to offspring inside the womb of pregnant women. This kind of

radiation may also affect people in other aspects such as the mental aspect. Tiredness, sleep

disturbances, loss of memory, and depression are the examples of electromagnetic waves’ effects

to the human health. Exposure to too much radiation is dangerous especially for those who work

along those lines (Guleria, 2020).

 In our daily lives, electromagnetic (EM) waves, that are generated from man-made and

natural sources, hold a key role in our lives. An electromagnetic wave (EM) consists of electrical

and magnetic field subsystems. These waves, including radio waves, infrared radiation, visible

light, ultraviolet radiation, x-rays, and gamma rays, have always been there around us, hence,

human beings have always been subjected to these. As we usually encounter these, the higher

and longer our exposure can result in the risk of heart disease as well as other medical conditions

(Kalra, et al., 2019). Based on the study that was conducted by Kalra, et al. (2019), they have

analyzed that when working, TV, computer, or laptop screens should be kept away. It was also

stated that the longer that a person is exposed to a computer screen, the radiation coming from it

may penetrate the insides of the body and it might affect the tissues and cells and their natural

function. The unusual dysfunction of the cells may exacerbate numerous types of diseases. Cells

do regenerate once other cells die but due to the high and prolonged exposure to radiation, new

cells can be generated without the other cells not dying, and this may lead to the generation of

tumors in one’s body.

In the study of Parmar, (2019) stated that in recent centuries, the use of mobile phones

has become omnipresent, with India having the second largest system of telecommunications in

the world. Radiofrequency waves are emitted by these phones, a type of Nonionizing

electromagnetic radiation with a spectrum. Therefore, when kept close to or near the ear, Mobile

phones have distinct exposures of radiofrequency to the body. Studies of human experimentation

show that Cellular-emitted electromagnetic fields (EMFs) Telephones may be liable for

modifications in the brain's electrical activity. Emotional instability, attention, labile

concentration, cardiovascular control, and nausea, which can be called "microwave syndrome"

or "electro hypersensitivity,"
have been identified as numerous Sick One's symptoms such as headache, weariness, muscle

pain, lack of appetite, sleepiness, and impaired memory.

In the Documents of the NRPB/Health Protection Agency: Radiation, Chemical, and

Environmental Hazards collection, AGNIR published 14 major reports and a number of

statements, which are specified in an appendix to this article. Experimental and epidemiological

research, as well as exposure evidence related to determining potential health effects from

electromagnetic field exposures (EMFs), ultraviolet radiation (UVR), static magnetic fields,

ultrasound, and infrasound, have been reviewed in AGNIR publications. A study of the health

effects of radiofrequency radiation electromagnetic fields was published by AGHIR in 2003.

Televisions, radios, telecommunication links, and satellite communications, as well as mobile

phones and their supporting transmitters, and a variety of other wireless technologies such as

wifi, expose people to various forms of RF fields. As a result, there have been several questions

raised over the years about the potential health effects of RF field exposure. If you're looking for

a unique way to express yourself, try. Since the type and characteristics of various sources vary

greatly, there is no single method to determine the electric and magnetic field components of an

RF source, according to the International Electrotechnical Commission, 2005. In assessing the

RF field exposure field measurement can be segregated into two types, Broadband and

narrowband. Because of its ease of use and portability, broadband instrumentation is the most

commonly used for RF hazard assessment. It typically does not include frequency information

and can show field strength independent of frequency. While narrowband instrumentation allows

for the evaluation of both frequency and field strength information over a specific frequency

bandwidth; it is used when high sensitivity and frequency resolution are needed (ICNIRP, 1998).

Animal studies that were conducted by Narayanan et al. (2009) performed an experiment in

which a cell phone was

put in a silent yet vibratory mode underneath a cage containing young adult rats. These animals

were exposed to the fields with 50 missed calls every day for four weeks, during which their

spatial learning skills were assessed using a water maze. Significant behavioral variations were

observed. Studies that were examined consist of Cellular studies, Animals studies,

neurocognitive effects on humans, symptoms in humans, non-cancer-related studies on humans,

cancer studies on humans, all studies have both positive and negative effects making it neutral.

An additional study examined the types of Wi-Fi equipment used by children in UK schools and

the RF fields associated with such systems, as well as the sensitivity of students to such fields.

The researchers measured the electric field strengths and radiated forces around a variety of

laptops and access points that represented the most commonly used Wi-Fi equipment in UK

schools (Peyman et al, 2011). The localized specific energy absorption rates (SARs) in adult and

child models were also assessed using dosimetric modeling techniques (Findlay and Dimbylow,

2010). Finally, in actual classrooms, data on the proportion of time that devices transmit during

typical school lessons were collected (Khalid et al, 2011). The study's findings are summarized.

A total of 15 laptops and 12 access points were tested in a lab under controlled conditions

(Peyman et al, 2011). There are a variety of WLAN equipment manufacturers, as well as a

variety of technical specifications to which equipment can be built. The instruments used in this

study had equal isotropically radiated power limits of 100 mW in the 2.4 GHz band, 200 mW in

Band A (5.15–5.35 GHz), and 1000 mW in Band B (5.470–5.725 GHz) set by emission

standards. The first method used a Wi-Fi packet capture system, which enabled packet-by-packet

analysis of all network wireless communications, and the second method used specially built

transmit time accumulator counter devices attached to the laptops. Using these duty variables, the

maximum time-averaged power density from a laptop at 2.4 GHz at a distance of 0.5 m would be

220W m, and the peak localized SAR expected in the

torso region of a 10-year-old child model at 34 cm from the antenna would be 80W kg. In

identifying the risks, personal exposure in the classroom could exceed 16.6 mW m, compared to

the ICNIRP international guideline reference level of 10 W m, assuming a classroom with 30

laptops and an access point emitting maximal power densities at a distance of 0.5 m and

operating with maximal duty factors.

Based on an analysis, pregnant women with dental amalgam fillers must reduce their

exposure to electromagnetic fields to avoid the adverse effects of mercury on their unborn

babies. Such two concerns, EM radiation, and mercury toxicity appear to be associated with

risking human health, which further makes it imperative to analyze as well as justify such a

phenomenon in terms of the physical characteristics since it could significantly reduce its

detrimental effects. The Bi- Digital Oring Test (BDORT), introduced by Prof. Omura, could help

us to assess levels of mercury as well as the level of EM radiation exposure so that appropriate

measures can be taken to lessen it (Dunjic, K. et. al., 2019).

Our daily lives are composed of electromagnetic radiations coming from our everyday

equipment, thus, playing a significant role in our life. These waves include radio waves, infrared

radiation, visible light, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays, and gamma rays. Electromagnetic (EM)

waves originate from man-made and natural causes. Everyone is surrounded by these EM waves,

making everyone exposed to them everywhere, this makes it important to know the possible

effects of exposure to Electromagnetic waves. (Kumar et al., 2019). The radiation that laptops,

servers, and device parts emit is types of equipment that expose us to extremely low frequency

(ELF) EM radiation. EM radiation indirectly affects our muscles and nerve cells in our body and

causes these after prolonged exposure to radiation, health-related problems such as headache,

heart disease, burning sensation, redness, and exhaustion were found. Radiation generated by

TV sets, power
lines, and other electronic appliances can also cause such problems but differ in intensity,

radiation coming from laptops are less intense, but users tend to be much closer making the user

exposed to ultraviolet light and visible and very low-frequency radio waves. (Kumar et al., 2019)

In line with this, Cathode ray tube (CRT) and liquid-crystal display (LCD) are used on computer

screens, exposure to radiation from these kinds of devices can lead to eye strain, dry eyes, and

irritation. Extremely low-frequency radiation coming from the computer can also lead to

different health problems like having a hard time sleeping, allergies, cancer, and Alzheimer's

disease. (Briggs, 1991) Wireless communication devices cause the most negative impact because

of Radiofrequency exposure. (Anisimov et al.,1997) Furthermore, different researchers

concluded that long-time exposure to electromagnetic radiation causes health disorders in human

internal organs. (WHO, 1986) Although, there is still no proof of risk when exposed to low

radiofrequency waves. (IARC, 2002). To sum it all up, this research made it clear that users

should keep in mind the various possible harmful effects of Electromagnetic radiation. Keeping a

distance while using televisions, computers, and laptops are necessary to prevent the radiation of

the screen to get through our bodies and harm the natural functioning of tissues and cells.

According to IARC (2002), there is still no proof of risk when exposed to radio waves, although

long exposure to these radiations coming from daily devices requires precaution.

Physical Effect of Long Exposure to Radiation

A study was conducted by Aruna et. Al (2011) obligated 'The Effects of Mobile Phone

Radiation on Brain Activity GSM vs CMA' shows that mobile radiation influences human brains

and GSM cellular phones seem to have a relatively high impact on brain activity when compared

to CDMA smartphones. It is quite troublesome during this age to not have any modern
 technologies. But, as this study indicates, for every modern technology devised to expedite

human beings, there are certainly potential dangers. The only strategy to rectify such adverse

impact of digital innovations is a unique and yet smarter technology. Electromagnetic radiation

is throughout the world. So many more wireless network systems are designed, and so is

manmade electromagnetic radiation. There seems to be no means to change this situation.

Scientists and engineers must produce better and safer wireless equipment and software.

Small feature sizes, greater ground station transmitters, and much more innovative materials

would then eventually allow mobile phones to refract far lesser power and to make innovation a

meaningful major boost. Radiation is a transmission of electromagnetic waves which produce

ionizations that perforates the physical health of a person. Contrastingly, a procedure takes

place called “Ionization” when an ionization radiation interrelates with atoms that are producing

cells. However, every cell that can be found is mostly water therefore, when radiation

corresponds to water it may create Hydrogen and Hydroxyls. As a result, there is a chance for no

risk of the human body but if they fuse other virulent chemicals like Hydrogen Peroxide it may

affect the performance of a particular cell. Regardless of how it may affect the human body, not

all living cells are responsive to radiation, cells that always reproduce other compounds are more

sensitive since cells require accurate DNA for the cell to live such as Lymphocytes,

reproductive system, gastrointestinal system, nerve system and muscle system. The effects of

radiation are categorized into two parts; exposure to high doses of radiation wherein it destroys

cells, peeling off skin, may come across Erythema, encountering moist desquamation,

experience Cataracts and Epilation. Furthermore, it can cause Acute Radiation Syndrome and

other cancer such as Skin cancer, Lung cancer, Bone Cancer, Leukemia and other cancer. The

next categorization is the exposure to low doses of radiation wherein it may affect the cell but it

can’t be distinguished in a long period of

time. With all being said, people who are exposed to high radiation does not directly diagnosed

to cancer or other diseases yet it has the possibility of around one half the risk of getting the

cancer (USNRC Technical Training Center, n.d).

In accordance with Singh and Gautam (2018), Mobile phones these days have become an

essential to every human being because of its broad advantages. But aside from these advantages

it also has disadvantages that we never noticed. It acts as a source of harmful radiation and

produce E-pollution. . According to the study of Singh et al. (2018), it is concluded that long

term or short- term usage of mobile phones can have certain ailments such as sleeplessness,

headache, hormonal disorder, lack of concentration, ringing sound in brain or dizziness that

cannot be neglected.

The amount of radiation received by a person should be monitored because of the non-

ionizing radiation’s (NRI) effects to human health. NRI may result in localized heating when

exposed to for a longer period of time which means it focuses on a certain part and digs inside

over time. The frequency of the radiation determines the time span of the penetration of radiation

to the skin. Microwaves being the most exposed radiation to humans because of technologies,

may affect different physical aspects of the human health (NWO, n.d.).

As stated by Kumar et al. (2019) that radiation may affect different organs in our body

because of its electromagnetic energy that if consumed by the body cells and tissues it may cause

harm to the human beings. According to their study about the effects of radiation on human

beings, long time exposure to radiation may cause to several types of cancer and disorders in

human internal organs like brain, kidney, lungs and many more. Furthermore, their study

concluded that people that are using any gadgets for a long time should keep away from the

screen of their gadgets, because these radiations may affect the natural functioning of the body.

Moreover, it may be responsible for generation of tumor in the body.

 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

This chapter covers the methodological approach for the study, research design, and

data collection method. Also, it covers the analytical procedure and potential limitations of the

study. Furthermore, the research timeline in the entire research process is summarized in this

part of the paper.

Methodological Approach for the Study

The research method is the specific way of gathering and analyzing data from the study’s

respondents. These strategies or techniques will allow the researchers to know new knowledge or

help them better understand a topic. Two types of research use different tools for data collection;

qualitative and quantitative research.

To determine the relationship between the variables, the researchers will use a

quantitative research questionnaire. Quantitative research will be used as there are different

strategies to gather data, including experiments and surveys (Creswell, 2003 as cited by

Williams, 2007). The researchers will collect data through online surveys together with the use

of the Likert scale. McLeod (2018) stated that online surveys are economical, and these could

give researchers large amounts of data at such a low cost. Also, considering the situation that we

have, online surveys are the safest way to gather data.

Research Design

The researchers utilized the descriptive-comparative method using quantitative

approaches in gathering information about the effects of increased radiation exposure on the
physical stability of the Grade 12 students into the new normal set-up due to their average time

spent in using their gadgets (phones, laptops, desktops). According to Villanueva (2013), the

descriptive-comparative is a design wherein it converges on two variables that are not

manipulated and establishes a formal procedure to reason that one is better than the other.

Through the use of descriptive-comparative as a research design of the study, the researchers

reached its goal to gather information on how the average time spent by Grade 12 students using

their gadgets (phones, laptops, and desktops) in distance learning can affect their physical

stability.

Data Collection Method

 Choosing of Respondents

The researchers will use Slovin’s formula to determine how many respondents they will

have in their study. After having the number of respondents, the researchers will determine

what sampling technique they would use; in this case, the researchers will use systematic

sampling. With that said, the researchers will also use the systematic sampling interval

formula to know which class numbers will be their respondents.

 Survey Questionnaire

Researchers will formulate their own research questionnaires while basing some of the

questions from existing questionnaires from past researches that are in line with their study.

The survey questionnaire should contain questions that will answer their statement of the

problem stated in Chapter 1 of the study. Likert scale will be used in order to have holistic

view of the respondents answers and their level of agreement. The Liker scale will range

from Strongly Agree (5) to Strongly Disagree (1). After making their questionnaire, a

psychometrician will consult to ensure that the questionnaire can be distributed already.
  Dissemination of Questionnaire

The researchers will be utilizing online forms to disseminate their survey to their

respondents. Due to the current situation that we have, the easiest way is to gather data is

through using online forms. Microsoft forms will be used for the dissemination of the survey.

As the questionnaires are disseminated, the researches will also thoroughly check the

response they are getting. In this case, the researches can make sure that all of their 227

respondents answered the survey.

Data Analysis (hypothetical values)

The data that will be gathered in this research will be interpreted using the statistical

analysis method. Based on the studies of Brooks (2020) provided information about statistical

analysis being the method used in research when gathering data. The statistical analysis method

will interpret those said data and identify the patterns in the respondents’ gathered data using

numbers. This method should be precise and complete to know how the collected data will

benefit the study. The values will be used depending on the answers that the respondents will

provide.
 How much time do you use your gadget each day
on an average on distance education?
Percentage of Students

60

50

40

30

20

10
Below 5 hours 6 - 8 hours Above 8 hours
Average Number of Hours
0

Figure 2. Average Hours Students Use Their Gadgets

I feel comfortable using gadgets without feeling

any complications while using them for a long period.
Percentage of Students

80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

Stongly Agree Agree Neither Agree Disagree Strongly

nor Disagree Disagree

Figure 3. Comfortability of Students While Using their Gadgets

Analytical Procedure/Statistical Treatment

According to Ali, Z., & Bhaskar, S. B. (2016). The selection of suitable statistical

methods is critical for high-quality research. A researcher must understand the fundamental

principles of statistical approaches used to perform research studies that yield accurate and

reliable results. With this, the researchers will be using One-way ANOVA, Tukey Post-Hoc Test,

and Weighted Average as their statistical treatment. The weighted average presents the

respondents' perception regarding the effects of increased radiation exposure on the physical

stability of Grade 12 students by multiplying each effect size by the study's sample size, add the

effects, and divide the total by the number of all the sample sizes. One-way ANOVA can be used

to look at the mean of two or more groups. This tool is appropriate for this study, considering

that it can show a significant difference between the average time spent by the students using

their gadgets (phones, laptops, and desktops) and their physical stability.

Furthermore, once the ANOVA has determined the overall significant differences

between the samples, the Tukey Post-Hoc Test will be used to determine where these significant

differences are located. The bar graphs below indicate the percentage of respondents' acute

effects as it increased the student's exposure in their physical aspect of Grade 12 students in the

new normal set-up. The graph shows each survey question of what are the possible changes in

their physical stability such as skin irritation, increasing of poor eyesight, back pain, headaches,

and increase of temperature in the face in which have been answered by the respondents in the

survey.

Potential Limitation of the Study

Following the United States Department of Labor (USDL, n.d), the mon-ionizing

radiation is described as a series of energy waves composed of oscillating electric and

magnetic fields
traveling at the speed of light. Additionally, it can pose a health risk to potentially exposed

workers if not properly managed. Furthermore, non-ionizing radiation has different types of

radiation such as the spectrum of Ultraviolet (UV), a high photon energy range emitted by the

sun or any artificial sources, and Visible Light radiation, an electromagnetic spectrum that is

seen by our eyes as different colors. Also, infrared radiation is electromagnetic radiation (EMR)

with wavelengths longer than of visible light that's invisible to human eyes. Still, it can be felt as

heat and also, microwave radiation electromagnetic spectrum with wavelengths that may be

absorbed near the skin and overexposure can cause severe burns. Moreover, radio frequency

(RF), an oscillation movement of an alternating electric field used for telecommunications.

Lastly, extremely low frequency (ELF) is a type of non-ionizing radiation produced by power

lines, electrical wiring, and electrical equipment. Thus, the researchers choose Radio Frequency

to further evaluate and elaborate for their study. As stated by the Federal Communication

Commission (FCC, 2018) that studies have shown there are biological effects that result from

heating of tissue by RF energy or are often referred to as thermal effects and very high levels of

exposure that can be harmful due to heat biological tissues. Thus, it can help the researchers to

analyze and comprehend the effects of Radio Frequency and if there is a possibility that it can

affect the human body.

Research Timeline

In order to prove the consistency and validity of the study's outcome in non-experimental

form of quantitative analysis, the researchers will need at least 227 participants to partake the

survey, which will take about 3-4 months to complete. Hence, this time period of 3-4 months

would be adequate for completing the data collection process, analyzing the results.
Ethical Considerations

Ethical Considerations can be specified as one of the most important parts of the

research. The study may even be doomed to failure if this part is missing (Saunders, M., Lewis,

P. & Thornhill, A., 2012). According to Bryman and Bell (2007), 11 points represent the most

important principles related to ethical considerations in research: 1.) Research participants should

not be subjected to harm in any way whatsoever. 2.) Respect for the dignity of research

participants should be prioritized. 3.) Full consent should be obtained from the participants

before the study. 4.) The protection of the privacy of research participants has to be ensured. 5.)

An adequate level of confidentiality of the research data should be ensured. 6.) The anonymity of

individuals and organizations participating in the research has to be ensured. 7.) Any deception

or exaggeration about the aims and objectives of the research must be avoided. 8.) Affiliations in

any form, sources of funding, as well as any possible conflicts of interests, have to be declared.

9.) Any type of communication concerning the research should be done with honesty and

transparency. 10.) Any type of misleading information and representation of primary data

findings in a biased way must be avoided. 11.) There is no cost for the respondent’s participation,

nor will the participants receive monetary compensation for this study’s involvement.

Upon conducting this study, the participants’ names in this study are kept confidential

and only represented by letters to protect their privacy. Before conducting an online survey, the

researchers ensured that an expert correctly validated the consent. Interview questions were also

composed of unbiased questions to guarantee the neutrality of the interview. Lastly, researchers

will not plagiarize any type of content or literature; indeed, cite and reference all the material

used in this research.

 CHAPTER IV

PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION, AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

This chapter shows the interpreted data gathered by the researchers through distributing

a standardized questionnaire to their respondents.

Demographic Profile

Chosen Respondents' Age

19 20 17
9% 1% 23%

18
67%

17181920

Figure 4. Ages of the Chosen Respondents

X Frequency CM LTCB UTCB RF <CF >CF <RCF >RCF

17 53 17 16.5 17.5 22.18% 53 239 22.17% 100%
18 162 18 17.5 18.5 67.78% 215 186 89.95% 77.82%
19 22 19 18.5 19.5 9.21% 237 24 99.16% 10.04%
20 2 20 19.5 20.5 0.84% 239 2 100% 0.83%
Figure 5. Frequency Distribution Table of Respondents' Age

Based on Figure 4., the total number of respondents who answered the survey was 239.

The respondents ages ranges from 17 to 20 years old wherein, 53 (22.18%) aged 17; 157

(67.78%)

aged 18; 22 (9.21%) aged 19, and; 2 (0.84%) aged 20. While in Table 4.1 shows the Frequency

Distribution Table of the Respondents’ Ages, wherein it ranges from 17 to 20 years old. To be

able to get the Frequency, the ages gathered were counted by the researchers. The formula 𝐿. 𝑇.

𝐶. 𝐵 =

𝑋 − 0.5 was used to get the Lower True Class Boundaries (L.T.C.B). For the Upper True Class
Boundaries (U.T.C.B), the formula 𝑈. 𝑃. 𝐶. 𝐵 = 𝑋 + 0.5 was used. The Relative Frequency (R.F).
𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
was computed through the formula 𝑅. 𝐹 = × 100.
239

Respondents' Class Numbers

16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
1 2 3 4 6 8 9 10 11 12 14 16 17 18 20 22 23 24 25 26 28 30 32
Class Numbers

Figure 6. Class Numbers of the Respondents

The figure shown above provides all the class numbers of the respondents who answered

the survey provided by the researchers. Also, based on Figure 6, class numbers 2, 6, 10, 14, 16,

18, and 20 took up 43.93% of the population of grade 12 students who answered the survey,

garnering 15 counts each. The class numbers 4, 12, 22, 24, 26, and 30 all have 14 counts of

respondents, equivalent to 35.15% of the respondent’s population. Class number 8 has 16

respondent count or 6.69% of the population. Also, class numbers 28 and 32 have 13 counts of

respondents or 10.88%. While respondents with class numbers 1, 3, 9, 17, 23, and 25 that are not

required to answer the survey took 2.51% with one respondent each and class number 11 have

two respondent count have the 0.84% of the population.

 Research Question 1: How do the respondents cope up with utilizing their devices (phone,

laptop, desktop) in a long period of time?

Since technology has advanced worldwide, the use of electronic devices has increased over time,

and as a result, its impact must be evaluated. As it perceives both positive and negative effects

caused by mobile gadget radiation, this study offers a potential source that can be used to

understand public health and environmental concerns better. This analysis will aid future

researchers in better understanding the effects of mobile phone radiation on the human body and

its surroundings. The graph depicts students' various perspectives on how they deal with the

long- term use of cellular devices.

Coping Up After Using Gadgets for an Extended Period

How do you cope up with using your gadget in a period of time during this new normal set-up of studying?

20%
18%
16%
14%
12%
10%
8%
6%
4%
2%
0%

Figure 7. Coping up after using gadgets for an extended period

The figure shows that most respondents tend to take breaks off their gadgets and get used to it

with a frequency of 19% and 11%. The remaining answers include time management (7%),

respondent having a hard time coping for they use their gadgets for online learning purposes

(7%), sleep (5%), communication with family and friends (5%), Anti-radiation glasses (4%), No

need for coping (4%), students having a hard time coping due to gadgets tend to get distracting

(2%), doing their

assigned task or school works (3%), adjusting the brightness of their screen (2%), getting away

from distractions like gadgets (2%), using gadgets for entertainment purposes (1%), accepting

the situation (2%), having an alternative device (2%), recognize the limitation of gadgets (2%),

using gadgets as a distraction (1%), reading books (1%), using gadgets is not a hindrance in

studying connection is (1%), use other devices (1%), not that much (1%) and taking care of

myself or being healthy (1%). Other responses made by the respondents (with frequency 1

(0.33%) rely on the sense of hearing, use it responsibly, surrounding myself with positivity, just

do whatever it takes to learn, rewarding myself after studying, using a separate device, positive

mindset, doing an everyday task, and eating. The data accumulated a total of 11% of non-

applicable answers. Based on the gathered data most of the respondents consider taking breaks

from their devices as the most used method to cope with using gadgets in a period with 19%.

Activities Students Do After Using Gadgets for Awhile

After a while of using your gadget, what do you do?

35%
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%

Figure 8. Activities students do after using gadgets for awhile

The table shows the different activities of students after the use of gadgets after using it

for a while, and the gathered data shows that sleep and rest are the most common way of how

students recover from using their gadgets with a frequency of 31% and 30%. The rest of the

answers are
students using their gadgets for entertainment (10%), resting their eyes (7%), eating (5%),

recreational activities (5%), physical activities (4%), study (2%), spending time with family or

friends (1%), and doing hobbies (1%). Other respondents (with frequency 1 (0.6%) are getting

used to it, shower, charge device, cooking, and not practical answers.

Research Question 2: How does being more exposed to radiation affect the student's

physical stability?

Teaching that offers both online courses and face-to-face classes can bring learning opportunities

for students. It is indispensable to contemplate both advantages and disadvantages of online

learning to face the challenges of working in a new environment as it embraces new

opportunities that it has to offer. One of the advantages of online learning is the accessibility of

the virtual classroom to be flexible for all students to study at their pace and easily access the

resources through the help of the internet. Online classes have their virtual interaction between

the teacher and students that are similar to face-to-face classes. Additionally, online

environments develop creative and innovative ideas that teach an entertaining approach to

enhance the student’s skills in technology. While on the other hand, its disadvantages include

connectivity, students do not have a stable internet connection at their own homes, and gadget

shortage since not everyone can afford a device to support a student’s online classes.

Furthermore, computer security can impede both teachers and students, causing frustration

towards the online environment, which results in both facilitators and students having to learn

the basic knowledge to work under online classes stated by the University of Illinois Springfield

(2020).

The bar graphs below indicate the percentage of respondents’ acute effects as it increased

the student’s exposure in their physical aspect of Grade 12 students in the new normal set-up.

The
graph shows each survey question of what are the possible changes in their physical stability

such as skin irritation, increasing of poor eyesight, back pain, headaches, and increase of

temperature in the face in which have been answered by the respondents in the survey.

Comfortability of Using Devices Without Complications

I feel comfortable using gadgets without feeling any

complications while using them for an extended period.

40.00%
30.00%
20.00%
10.00%
0.00%
Strongly Agree NeitherDisagreeStrongly
Agree agree nor Disagree
disagree

Figure 9. Comfortability of Using Devices Without Complications

As seen from Figure 9, most of the students (37.70%) agree that they are comfortable

using their gadgets for an extended time without feeling any complications in their physical

stability. The percentage of the students who stayed neutral in this question is at 26.20%.

Followed by the 20.10% of students who disagreed about being comfortable using their gadgets

for an extended time without feeling any complications in their physical stability. Next is that

11.10% of the population strongly agreed that they feel comfortable. And the remaining 4.90%

strongly disagreed in the question.

 Experiences Skin Irritations

I have experienced skin irritation while using my

device for a long period.

30.00%
20.00%
10.00%
0.00%

StronglyAgree NeitherDisagree Strongly

Agree agree nor disagree Disagree

Figure 10. Experiences Skin Irritation

In the statement “I have experienced skin irritation while using my device for a long

period,” as seen in Figure 10, both choices, disagree and strongly agree, have 29.50% of the

population answers, each. While 20.90% of the students agree that they are experiencing skin

irritation while using their gadgets in a longer time. The 14.30% stayed neutral in this statement.

And the remaining 5.70% strongly agreed that they experience skin irritations after using their

gadgets in a while.

Drastic Changes After the Usage of Devices an Extended Time

I have noticed drastic changes (poor eyesight,

constant headaches, poor posture, etc.) in my body after using my gadgets after being exposed longer.

60.00%
40.00%
20.00%
0.00%

Strongly Agree NeitherDisagreeStrongly

Agree agree nor Disagree
disagree

Figure 11. Visible Drastic Changes After Using of Devices in an Extended Time
 Based from the graph in Figure 11, 43.90% of the students strongly agree that they have

experienced drastic changes in their body such as poor eyesight, constant headaches, and poor

postures while using their gadgets for the distance learning. And 41.80% agrees also in the

statement given. The 7.40% of the students stayed neutral in this statement. 4.90% of the

population disagrees and 2.00% strongly disagrees that there are noticed drastic changes in their

body.

Resting After a Long Period Using Gadgets

I take time off my gadgets after using them for an

extended period.

50.00%
40.00%
30.00%
20.00%
10.00%
0.00%
StronglyAgree NeitherDisagree Strongly
Agree agree nor disagree Disagree

Figure 12. Resting After Using Devices on an Extended Period

Based from the Figure 12, most of the grade 12 students (46.70%) agree that they take a

time off with their gadgets after utilizing it in an extended period while the percentage of learners

of (29.50%) strongly agreed that they take a rest. Following with (13.50%) neither agree or

disagree and (9.40%) students disagree in regards taking a break from gadgets after using them

in a long period of time while on the other hand, there is (0.80%) learners who does not take a

rest and continue to use their devices for completing their requirements, assessments or personal

matters.
Experience Backache During Synchronous and Asynchronous Classes

I am experiencing any back pain or backache when

using my device during synchronous and asynchronous hours

60.00%
40.00%
20.00%
0.00%

Strongly Agree NeitherDisagreeStrongly

Agree agree nor Disagree
disagree

Figure 13. Experiences Backache During Synchronous and Asynchronous Classes

In Figure 13, the majority of the respondents from the grade 12 students with (51.60%)

strongly agreed while (35.70%) participants agreed that they are experiencing backpain or

backache during their synchronous and asynchronous assessments. At the same time, there are

(9.00%) students who neither agree nor disagree that they encounter from time-to-time back

pains. Furthermore, there are (1.60%) learners disagreed and a percentage of (2.00%) students

strongly disagree that they do not experience any backache in the new normal set-up.

Increase in Body Temperature when in Front of the Screen

I am experiencing an increase in body temperature

or heat towards my face when I am in front of the
screen.

40.00%
30.00%
20.00%
10.00%
0.00%
Strongly Agree NeitherDisagreeStrongly
Agree agree nor Disagree
disagree

Figure 14. Increased Body Temperature Towards the Face

 As seen in Figure 14, display there are some students with the percentage of (15.20%)

that they strongly agreed while the other percentage has (32.00%) that the participants agreed

that they sense the increase of body temperature towards the face when they are in front of the

screen. Followed by the percentage of (27.50) that respondents neither agree or disagree in

regards to the increase of temperature from the body. Furthermore, there are (19.70%) disagree

and (5.70%) strongly disagreed that does not feel any increased of heat or body temperature

towards their face when they are in front of their screen.

Experiences of Migraines, Headaches, and/or Stress

I experience any migraines, headaches, and/or stress

during online classes.

50.00%
40.00%
30.00%
20.00%
10.00%
0.00%
StronglyAgree NeitherDisagree Strongly
Agree agree nor disagree Disagree

Figure 15. Experiencing migraines, headaches, and/or stress

Based from the Figure 15 shown above, grade 12 students with the percentage of

(38.10%) strongly agreed while on the other hand, most of the respondents with (43.40%) agreed

that grade 12 learners are encountering migraines, headaches and stress during online classes.

Furthermore, there are also participants with (12.30%) who answered neither agree or disagree as

they come across with similar symptoms but from time to time. In addition, there are (4.10%)

disagreed and another percentage of (2.00%) stated that they strongly disagreed as they do not

experience any migraines, headaches or stress during the new normal set-up.
Experiences of Soaring, Itching, Reddishness of the Eye

The prolonged use of computers has caused my eye

to soaring, itching, or reddish

40.00%
30.00%
20.00%
10.00%
0.00%

StronglyAgree NeitherDisagree Strongly

Agree agree nor disagree Disagree

Figure 16. Experience sore eyes, itching, and reddish

The Figure 16, showcase the majority of the students responded with a percentage 0f

(38.50%) students agreed while there are also grade 12 students who answered with (32.40%)

who strongly agreed that they are encountering negative effects due to the exposure of radiation

in online classes such as sore eyes, itching, and reddish of eyes. Furthermore, there are grade 12

students with (14.80%) that neither agree nor disagree in which they experience a similar

symptom every now and then. Lastly, with the percentage of (10.20%) disagreed and (4.10%)

strongly disagree, participants do not experience any sore eyes, itches, or reddish of the eyes as

they continue learning through online.

Effects on the Physical Stability

The prolonged use of the computer

has effects on my physical stability.
60.00%
40.00%
20.00%
0.00%

Strongly Agree NeitherDisagreeStrongly

Agree agree nor Disagree
disagree

Figure 17. Prolonged use of device has an effect on the physical stability of students

Figure 17 shows that the majority of the respondents in grade 12 with a percentage of

(40.60%) agreed while there are also participants who answered with (26.60%) that they strongly

agreed that prolonging of using their devices has affected students on their physical aspect.

Although, there are also respondents with (20.90%) that neither agree nor disagree of students

have observe any drastic changes. While on the other note, there are students who answered

(2.90%) that strongly agree and (9.00%) responded that disagree as they do not experience any

effects in their physical aspect in the new learning online environment.

Research Question 3: Is there any significant difference on the effects of increased radiation

to the physical stability of students according to the average time spent on gadgets?

Several years back, the mobile phone became an extravagance to people and later on

became a necessity. In 2019, statistics determined that more than 5 billion individuals use a

mobile phone (Ghosh et al., 2021). Furthermore, it is no secret that due to the uncontrollable use

of gadgets, numerous adverse results are occurring to one's body. However, due to the COVID-

19 various, education is now continued online alternatively of the traditional way. With that,

students are now more exposed to gadgets that emit radiation. Below are the tables showing

how does
radiation affect the students' physical stability in relation to the time they spend using their

gadgets for distant learning.

Weighted Mean Table on Effects of Increased Radiation Exposure to the Physical Stability

of Grade 12 Students

Effects Weighted Verbal

Mean Interpretation
* I feel comfortable using gadgets without feeling 2.75 Neither
any complications while using them for an
extended period
I have experienced skin irritation while using my 2.33 Disagree
device for an extended period
I have noticed drastic changes (poor eyesight, 4.22 Strongly Agree
constant headaches, poor posture, etc.) after using
my gadgets after being exposed longer
I am experiencing any back pain or backache 4.35 Strongly Agree
when using my device during
synchronous and
asynchronous hours
I am experiencing an increase in body temperature 3.31 Neither
or heat towards my face when I am in front of the
screen
I experience any migraines, headaches, and/or 4.16 Agree
stress during online classes
The prolonged use of computers has caused my 3.90 Agree
eyes to soaring, itching, or reddish
The prolonged use of computer has effects on my 3.75 Agree
physical stability
Overall Weighted Mean 3.60 Agree
Standard Deviation ±0.69
* Reverse Scoring
Figure 18. Weighted Mean Table on Effects of Increased Radiation to the Physical Stability of Grade 12 Students
 Figure 18 presents the respondents’ perception regarding the effects of increased

radiation exposure to the physical stability of Grade 12 students. As observed, there is an overall

weighted mean of 3.60, interpreted as “Agree”. This means that the respondents perceive a huge

effect of increased radiation exposure to their physical stability. The standard deviation of ±0.69

indicates that majority of the respondents got scores ranging from 2.91 (Neutral Effect) to 4.29

(Very Huge Effect).

This finding is evident in how the respondents answered the specific indicators, whereby

they admitted to have incurred several drastic changes because of increased radiation exposure

with their gadgets. Specifically, the indicator “I am experiencing any back pain or backache

when using my device during synchronous and asynchronous hours” registered the highest

weighted mean of 4.35 (Strongly Agree). Additionally, the indicator “I have noticed drastic

changes (poor eyesight, constant headaches, poor posture, etc.) after using my gadgets after

being exposed longer” registered the second highest weighted mean of 4.22 (Strongly Agree).

Moreover, the respondents answered “Agree” to the indicators “I experience any

migraines, headaches, and/or stress during online classes” (4.16); “The prolonged use of

computers has caused my eyes to soaring, itching, or reddish” (3.90); and “The prolonged use of

computer has effects on my physical stability” (3.75).

Furthermore, the respondents answered “Neither agree nor disagree” to the indicators “I

am experiencing an increase in body temperature or heat towards my face when I am in front of

the screen” (3.31) and “I feel comfortable using gadgets without feeling any complications while

using them for an extended period” (2.75). On the other hand, the respondents answered

“Disagree” to the indicator “I have experienced skin irritation while using my device for an

extended period” (2.33)

Significant Difference on Effects of Increased Radiation Exposure to the Physical Stability
when grouped according to Average Time Spent on Gadgets

Average Mean p-
Variable F-value Decision Remarks
Time Score value
3-5 hours 3.07
Effects of 5-7 hours 3.55
7.099 .000* Reject H0 Significant
Increased 7-10 hours 3.69
Radiation Exposure 10+ hours 3.82
* Significant at .05 level (p<.05)
Figure 19. Significant Difference on Effects of Increased Radiation Exposure to the Physical Stability when grouped according to
Average Time Spent on Gadgets

Figure 19 shows the result of the test on significant difference on effects of increased

radiation exposure to the physical stability when grouped according to average time spent on

gadgets. As observe, students who spend 10+ hours on gadgets registered the highest mean score

of 3.82 (Huge Effect), followed by students who spend 7-10 hours with 3.69 (Huge Effect),

students who spend 5-7 hours with 3.55 (Huge Effect), and students who spend 3-5 hours with

3.07 (Neutral Effect).

To locate where the significant differences lie, post-hoc analysis using Tukey’s test was

applied. As observed, significant differences was found between students who spend 5-7 hours

versus students who spend 3-5 hours on gadgets (p=.024<.05), in favor of 5-7 hours. Likewise,

significant differences was found between students who spend 10+ hours versus students who

spend 3-5 hours on gadgets (p=.000<.05), in favor of 10+ hours. These findings imply that the

radiation exposure to the physical stability is higher among students who spend 5-7 hours and

10+ hours on gadgets compared to students who spend 3-5 hours on gadgets.
Post-Hoc Test on Significant Difference on Effects of Increased Radiation Exposure

according to Average Time Spent on Gadgets

POST-HOC ANALYSIS (Tukey’s Test)

Variable Comparisons Mean p-value Remarks
Difference
Effects of 3-5 hrs. vs. 5-7 hrs. -0.49 .024* Significant
Increased 3-5 hrs. vs. 7-10 hrs. -0.62 .001* Significant
Radiation 3-5 hrs. vs. 10+ hrs. -0.75 .000* Significant
Exposure 5-7 hrs. vs. 7-10 hrs. -0.14 .746 Not Significant
5-7 hrs. vs. 10+ hrs. -0.26 .246 Not Significant
7-10 hrs. vs. 10+ hrs. -0.13 .774 Not Significant
Figure 20. Post-Hoc Test on Significant Difference on Effects of Increased Radiation Exposure according to Average Time Spent
on Gadgets
 CHAPTER V

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary of findings, conclusions and recommendations from the

analysis mentioned in the previous chapter.

Summary of Findings

Research Question 1: How do the respondents cope up with utilizing their devices (phone,

laptop, desktop) in a long period?

As technology has progressed around the globe, the use of electronic devices has

expanded over time. Moreover, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, classes are now held online,

thus necessitating assessing their effects. This research is a potential basis for further

understanding public health and environmental issues because it perceives both positive and

harmful impacts caused by cell device radiation. Based on the gathered responses from the 239

respondents, 19% of the respondents answered that they take breaks to rest their eyes after using

their gadgets (phones, laptops, computers) for an extended period for distant learning. Others

also said they eat to cope with using their gadget for an extended period, while other respondents

say that they use their gadgets responsibly by utilizing the gadget's total capacity.

Moreover, some students answered that there is no need to cope up with utilizing their

gadgets. Other respondents also said that they are having a hard time coping up with using their

gadgets. Some other responses gathered from the respondents are as followed: having time

management; adjusting the brightness; being patient; using their gadgets to play games or spend

their time using them; doing whatever they want; using other gadgets; communicating with their

family and friends, and; having a positive mindset.

Research Question 2: How does being more exposed to radiation affect the student's

physical stability?

Out of 239 respondents, most of the students in San Beda University-Manila had

perceived a considerable effect of increased radiation exposure on their physical stability.

Furthermore, as seen in Table 4.2, the gathered data has an overall weighted mean of 3.60, which

is interpreted as “Agree,” and had a standard deviation of ±0.69, which demonstrates that the

number of respondents received ratings ranging from 2.91 (Neutral Effect) to 4.29 (Huge Effect).

Through this gathered data, the respondents admitted their experiences regarding the effects of

the long- time exposure to radiation, which is evident that there are several drastic changes in

their physical stability. The grade 12 students of San Beda University-Manila strongly agree on

the following. Experiencing back pain or backache while using their devices during online

classes, the highest weighted mean of 4.35, Noticed drastic changes (poor eyesight, constant

headaches, poor posture, etc.) after using their gadgets, the second-highest weighted mean of

4.22.

Moreover, the grade 12 students of San Beda University-Manila also agreed on

experiencing migraines, headaches, and stress during online classes (4.16), long time usage of

gadgets cause eyes to soaring, itching, or reddish (3.90), prolonged exposure to radiation affects

their physical stability (3.75). Furthermore, the grade 12 students of San Beda University-Manila

neither agree nor disagree on experiencing an increase in their body temperature or heat towards

their face from their gadgets (3.31) and feeling comfortable while using their gadgets for a long

time without experiencing any complications (2.75). However, the grade 12 students Disagree on

having skin irritation while using their gadgets for an extended period (2.33).
Research Question 3: Is there any significant difference on the effects of increased radiation

to the physical stability of students according to the average time spent on gadgets?

As seen from Table 4.3 and Table 4.4, significant differences between the lower number

of hours, 3-5 hours, and higher number of hours; 5-7, 7-10, and 10+ hours can be seen and be

distinguished clearly. Out of the 239 respondents that the data were gathered from, 212 (88%)

students belong to the higher number of hours. The respondents belonging to the higher group

also receives huge effects meaning that the higher the average time spent on gadgets is

proportional to the higher effect that the respondents take as they perceive. The students in the

new normal set-up spend more time in front of the screen, leading them to take in more effects,

especially those belonging to the group with a higher number of screen time.

Conclusion

The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in utilizing digital technologies to educate students

from homes to resume education and overcome mental stress and anxiety during the lockdown.

COVID-

19 caused a digital revolution in the higher education system through online lectures,

teleconferencing, digital open books, online examination, and interaction in virtual environments

(Chatterjee et al., 2020). Hence, it makes students use their gadgets such as phones, laptops, and

desktops for a much more extended period, affecting their physical stability. Thus, the

researchers conducted a study wherein they are aiming to know if there is a relation on how does

the average number of hours the students use their gadgets (phones, laptops, and desktops) can

affect their physical stability in this new normal setup of learning.

Based on the results analyzed from the previous chapter, here is the conclusion that the

researchers reached. As seen in Figure 18 are the results of the respondents' perception regarding
the effects of increased radiation exposure on the physical stability of Grade 12 students. As

observed, there is an overall weighted mean of 3.60, interpreted as "Agree." This result means

that the respondents perceive a vast effect of increased radiation exposure on their physical

stability. Furthermore, in Figure 19, it is shown that there is a significant difference in effects of

increased radiation exposure on the physical stability when grouped according to average time

spent on gadgets. As observed, students who spend 10+ hours on gadgets registered the highest

mean score of 3.82 (Huge Effect), followed by students who spend 7-10 hours with 3.69 (Huge

Effect), students who spend 5-7 hours with 3.55 (Huge Effect), and students who spend 3-5

hours with

3.07 (Neutral Effect). To find out if there is significant difference, One-Way Analysis of

Variance (ANOVA) was utilized. Result showed an F-value of 7.099 with a p-value of .000

(.000<.05). Since the p-value of .000 is less than the demarcation criteria at .05 level, the

difference is statistically significant hence we reject the null hypothesis. This means that there is

a difference on effects of increased radiation exposure to the physical stability when grouped

according to average time spent on gadgets. The researchers, therefore, conclude that their

Alternative Hypothesis, there is a significant difference in the effects of increased radiation on

the physical stability of students according to the average time spent on gadgets, is accepted.

Recommendations

This study would help current and future researchers who wish to use this paper to

reference their future works. The presented information in this study is the effects of increased

radiation exposure due to the new standard setup but was limited only to a particular group of

respondents and sector. For future researchers, the researchers of this study recommend the

following:
1. Ensure your study's purpose to achieve change to avoid confusion and avoid changing

your variables in the process.

2. Conduct the study in a larger population. Use the whole Senior High School as your

respondents to get more accurate data and information that your study will need.

3. The standardized questionnaire should be able to suffice the answers needed for your

statement of the problem.

4. Do not rush the collection of data. Spend at least two weeks in disseminating and

collecting responses from your respondents.

5. Focus on another aspect, other than their physical stability; you could try focusing on

their mental stability.

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