1999-.SM/Original articles. {SPORTS MED PHIYS FITNESS 2005:5:00.00 Relationships and significance of lactate minimum, critical velocity, heart rate deflection and 3 000 m fattest for running 1G. SIMOES,! B. S. DENAD SNA /ISSERA, C. S. G. CAMPBELL! Aim. The ranning velocities associated to Jactate minimum, heart rate deflection (Vj) eritieal velocity (CV), sm (¥ jog) 2nd 10 000 m performance (V jy) WeFe co Additionally the ability of Vj, and Vise {ainable velocities was investigated. ‘Methods. Twenty runners (28.525.9 y) performed 1) ‘running test for V.gqg; 2) an all-out $00 m sprint foljnced 6.800 m Incremental bouts with blood lactate (ney iea- surements for Vin; 3) a continuons velocity-ineremented test Vigs(ETV jg) and Y, time and velocity-1/time relationshi mand 3 000 m) or 3 predictive trial tance reached before exhaustion during 6 km race was recorded fo V jju9- ‘dstance- Peas The CW ended Slerent method aid no if in-t) revealed 1 reece he see Gani gecy “cons errarenanes : emt tie ae arcana Solin running WATE pT ee the hanes Sa 12.2182 minh nena a, Fee EN, ana vim Wekpioste scald or rong ertonton and perbetgees ealon Saunt paasclrt ated have aiken spe Pee Ting we tppcedy ERPESP Pode Ap Pa so ise Received October 8, 2004 ‘Accepted for plication May 30,2005, Adress eprint equests to: Dz H.G. Simées, Universidade Catéica de Beast, Programe Mesirdo eu Educacto Fisica, Sala G 115. QS07, EPO1 SnV EPCT Aguas Clars, 72050-170~Taguatinga DF, Braz Email: hsimoes @ pos.och br WoLA5-No py? caihoti Uris of Brasilia, BrasiixDE, Brust YPalista State Univepy UNESP Rio Claro, Rio Claro-SP Br Velen Universisepsaog ros -URSCur S00 Cantos SP. Brill ‘Vg Feflects the moderate high tnensity domi below CV), can eTbustaned without [ac] accumotation and may’ be used for exercise while the Vizag overestimates a running intensity hat can be sustained for long-me. Additionally, Vsetond Vy let the severe intensity domain above CN), Sas: Lactic aid, blo - Critical velocity -Erercive inten pr domains - Rann. ode-specitic or sport-specifie field tests can be used to identify sustainable running velocities and both invasive ' and noninvasive methods have been proposed.’ Conconi ef al. # suggested the run- ning velocity associated to the heart rate deflectio (WVpigg) 8 € non invasive method to predict the aerobic anaerobic transition (Trans). In contrast, Jones eral. ® and Hofmann ef af, ? evidenced that heart rate deflec- tion protocol (HIRd) has low reproducibility and thes was considered invalid to predict Trans. However, the ability of HRd on identifying the Trans on differ exercise modes still remains under investigation with controversial restilts regarding its validity.!0-) Tegtbur ef al. ? proposed a lactate minimum field test to evaluate the acrobic fitness of runners and bas- ketball players. The running velocity associated to lactate minimum (Yq) is identified based on the low- ‘THE JOURNAL OF SPORTS MEDICINE AND PHYSICAL FENESS Lsibes est [Jac] during an incremental test after lactic acido- iduction2.*!4 Comparative studies of lactate min imum to other exercise testing protocols have been conducted + 1545 and the lactate minimum intensity has been considered a valid measure of Trans"? and ‘was reported to be the highest exercise intensity that can be maintained during tong term without blood lactate accumulation in running," swimming °° and cycling”? By our knowledge there are no compara- tive studies of Vim to critical velocity (CV) and to running velocity associated 10 VO», (¥VO2max). ‘The CV has been proposed for aerobic evaluation,? to predict endurance performance ** and is sensi- tive to training adaptations.262? CV was believed to be. an exercise intensity that relies exclusively on aerobic sources and thus could be sustained during long peri- od of time without fatigue.” However, it was evi- denced that critical power/critical velocity overest mates the Trans,” (as identified by individual anaer~ obie threshold - IAT, onset of blood lactate accu lation - OBLA, lactate and ventilatory threshol that CV cannot be sustained without lactate ag lation in blood 2428.29.29 So, the CV is supps above Vim as well. Otherwise, the critical po ical velocity identifies the upper limit of sustai exercise intensity °* and both ‘Trans and CV may be used to delimit different ex sity domains.* The exeteise intensity domain; posed include from low to mox ‘Trans), high intensity (between severe intensity domain (above CV ~ attainment). ® The vO; has bon reported betwogf ary of the severe intensf ning velocity (V seo intensity at or very We been pro- iteysity (below citing VO. n eXerejse yd max 82 ead is reflects the severe i ifomain as well. y/ ‘The relationship betwee€V,., Vig, CW wkd yuinning performance as well as the validity of Vygaind Vga 38 a measure of running velocity that can be ihaintained during long-term without blood lactate accumulation needs to be better investigated. By our knowledge no studies exploted the significance of the investigated parameters on exercise evaluation and prescription and neither of them suggested a simple method of exeteise intensity domain characterization from track tests for endurance runners. So, the purposes of this study were: 2 “THEJOURNAL OF SPORTS MEDICINE AND PHYSICAL FITNESS eK goed inthis stay. after taving signed x is above CV and sfius, igh, RELATIONSHIPS AND SIGNIFICANCE OF LACTATE MINIMUM, CRITICAL VELDCCTY 1) to compare and correlate the Vig. CV. Vira and running performance, 2)t0 investigate the ability of Via, and Vig tifying an exercise intensity that can be sustai ‘out blood lactate accumulation and .¢ a feasible method to charac- ity domains through Vi, jed on the track and their signifi- lensity prescription and perfor- iden- with- CV and V sco i cance on ex mance pre We hypothes! Jong-term withou would. (eles hat Viq could be sustained for ood lactate accumulation and the moderate to“}igh titensity: domain hile Vga Would reflget the severe inten- above CV) afd this could not be sts- Jong term. We alse-Hypothesized CV and fe major con@lites fo running performance. lant ‘Twenty iige endurance runners (2946 y; 66.464.2 kg; and 174.1333 cm) took part in this study. These athletes had been training and competing at national level forapproximately 8 years atthe time ofthe study. Overiew i local Ethies Con tee approved the methods formed sansent form, the athletes performed 5 tests. Bach test, domized and involved a lactate minimam velocity ‘(Vyq) and a heart rate detection velocity (VR) iden- tification. Additionally the critical velocity (CV) was determined either by 2 or 3 predictive trials on 2 lin ‘ear models (distance-time and velocity-I/ime rela- tionships). Following determination of their Vim and VHR4, the participants performed endurance tests (ET) at these two velocities, The order of these last two tests was ran- domized. The HR was monitored continuously dur- ng all tests using a Polar Sport Tester (Polar Electro OY, Kempele, Finland), All tests were performed on the ‘outdoor 400 m track that the athletes habitually used for their practice sessions. The testing sessions were Mose 2008[RELATIONSHIPS AND SIGNIFICANCE OF LACTATE MINIMUM, CRITICA 000682 3 3034 435.55 M a 2h we 252 286 260 Goh 2 Rumning velocity (om min) Figure 1 —Inccemental fest ale lactic acidosis induction fora sing sls. The [lc] esponve daring text wax fied by asecond g ‘onal function anda denved equation vas wed to entity the yt ‘spond ote lowestloed iste, The rummg vk) 3804 the lowes [le] was Hdenntied 5 VY, = ie 280 separated by at least 48 h, and all sessions were com- pleted within a two-week period. Alspsathletes were requested to inform the results of th any) on pedestrian races within participation on the study. The 3 000 m velocity test (V2o00) The athletes were diviger tonne lectins eget 3 000 m test togethgy’ V3900 was calculatedzas: mean velocity over.Q0n/n gistance. Besides being used as an est Nay fa. the 3 OODANESS was, used as one of the predictiyé trials for Cdeterinina- tion. Also, the velocities the incremental Sages for Viq ad Via tests were calculated basetkon V yoo Lactate minimum velocity identification (Vig) ‘The athletes first performed a maxinal 500 m sprint as it was a race in order to induce a high level of lac- tic acidosis. Then, after an 8 min of recovery, the athletes performed an incremental running test c sisting of 6800 m bouts at intensities corresponding, to 86%, 88%, 90%, 92%, 94% and 97% of partici- WoLAS-No ‘THE JOURNAL OF SPORTS MEI sie LVELoctTY te reaponse durin us velocity incremented i200 sya ore separa slaty uch coffee dewyfard on the eae repo eased Vy norous stimu (beepers) given to participant o1 pecitie time intervals. Capillary blood (25 wl) was follected fronitthe &htlobe on the 7 min of recovery after 500 sprint aind during 1 min rest after each 800 1m stage for [Tag] measurements (YSI 2300 S, OH, USA). A scatter graphic plotting [lac] response in relatign.to running velocities during test was clabo- rated Fey eich participant. The [lac] response curve wab\fitted by a second grade polynomial function ‘Wat Was derived to identify the lowest blood lactate -dnrng test (Figure 1). The running velocity assoct- Ged with the lowest [lac] identified the Vim as © “Gyseribed previously.2 2-18 according to theicfag> 5 to 8 runners. whales Heart rate deflection velocity identification (Viags) ‘This was a continuous velocity-incremented test, with 200 m stages. For this test, the participants were divid- ced into 2 groups. For those whose 3.000 m time was9 mi 40s orhigher (ie., Vigg9<310 m-nin), the initial veloc ity was 212 m-min-I. For the remaining athletes, the initial velocity was 220 m-min-', The velocity was ncreased ~8 m-min' for each snecessive 200 m stage. ‘The running velocity was controlled by sonorous: ulus (beepers) given to participant on a specific time- related to the required velocity, Tests continued until the athlete conld not maintain the required velocity. Heart rate (HR) was recorded over the test and trans- fetred to computer through a specific interface (Polar Electro OY, Finland). Linear regression between HR DDICINE AND PHYSICAL FIENESSsinbes, RELATIONSHIPS AND SIGNIFICANCE OF LACTATE MINIMUM, CRITICAL VELOCITY 450 2000 20. sto 2500 Se z 2000- a g Vine a 350 3 s00 sol © 000. y s+ soo. 20 3 2. ° - yer eae vo A ‘hime in) B 450. 20 2) cv Ly ° 29 a J oer ae BA LOTT c aime cn P\ “Tae (ai) Figure 3 Determination ofthe rica v S predictive male (CV, )(C)on evel either by 2(CV,,2)(B) or 3 peditve tals (CVSS AD)- results and running velg was performed and thé not inerease in line stages was jderitified as VHRd + (Figure@ A, Sy Long term endurance tesf at Vig and ¥geds °P Runners attempted to complete 30 min dFéndurance test (ET) at Vig and Vim on separate days. Running, pace was carefully monitored at each 200 m in both {esis in order to keep the velocity within range of no more than 1% of the target pace. Blood sample (25 IU) was collected from earlobe at 20 and 30 min of ET for [lac] measurement. If subject was not able to keep the pace (velocity dropped more than 3% and keep on it by at least 2 intervals of 200 m), or exercise 4 "THEJOURNAL OF SPORTS MEDICINE AND PHYSICAL FITNESS @) in a single subject by’? Fntad models. The Ye ex deine eaship-Adaliopy the slope othe Sp detined the CV on the stance ne od CY either (CV ye) Aor 400 m (Polar Sport Tester) Determination of the critical velocity (CV) ‘The CV was determined based on the relationships of velocity against the inverse of time (velocity-I/time) and on the distance against time (distance-time). The linear regressions originating CV results were done considering both 2 (500 m and 3 000 m) and 3 pre- dictive trials (500 m, 3 000 m and the distance reached before exhaustion during ET at Vigaa) (Figures 3A- D). On these linear models the following regressio equation was used: y= xslope + Youercen Mose 2008[RELATIONSHIPS AND SIGNIFICANCE OF LACTATE MINIMUM, CRITICAL VELOCITY ‘or the velocity-I/time relationship the (nmin), the x=H/time (min), the slo, work capacity (im) and the Yiaeasye idem Gmmin'! either by 2 (CV, 4.) oF 3 predictive trials (CV ya). (Figures 3A and 3C). For the distance-time relationship the y=distanee (m), the x=time (min). the Yinurepe=anacrobic work capacity (m) while the slope identified CV (nmin) either by 2 (CV) or 2 pre- dictive trials (CV,.,), (Figures 3B and 3D). It was not the intention of this investigation to pre- sent the anaerobic work capacity results and neither to discuss the meaning of this parameter. For the three subjects that did not reach exhaustion during ET at VHR& the CV was not identified by 3 predictive trials. So, only the results of 17 participants were consid- cred for correlation and comparison among CV results identified by different methods. 10 km running performance Fourteen athletes that ran a 10 km pedestrian rag a flat course, within a 10 days period (before ‘ward participation on the study), had their me adied. late to parameter Statistical analysis Running velocities associated, studied were compared using 9 analysis of variance (ANOVA), ‘were interpreted using a Bonferroni t uct moment correlation analysis was ify the rel Vo tia Vag resuln Parcdhe cen as plied oe) ‘comparisons betweet nf yp of 20 and sore" As between ET ap Vigsand during BT at Vig a Jae Crises) sot at ssuast of Vanes. Statistical 0.05. Results The Via» Vigeg and CV results were identified in all participants (Figures 1-3). No differences were verified between CVy.y4) (287.9417.2 mmin-!), CVyirs (289.9417 mimin-!), CVd-42 @92.1417.5 min) and CV_3 (292.2+16.9 m-min!), (Figure 4) with a high correlation between them (Table 1). So the CV io Was used as a reference of CV on present study. WoL AS-No, ‘TIE JOURNAL OF SPORTS MEDICINE AND PHYSICAL FENESS 5 sions orn iieeTathods identified by near meds con or 3 fective tals (Vy and gun CV identified by dierent VLG Tagst_RetaonsipAayndp crcl velocity (CV) identified by “iferent methods ppt in P, 32 jin before they stopped, increasing blood lactate reinforce that VERd face for longAerm exer- dnd thereforgsuppytt the exercise due exhaustie ise intensity prescription isefulness of V,,, for th presented by Kindermann er al. * evidencinig that even blood lactate steady state is observed for most of par- e. variation no more than 0.5 mM between 208 and 30% minute of exercise as criteria for [lac] steady state on present study), (Figure 5) the HR still increases slightly. So, variables other than blood lac- tate accumulation may explain the elevated HR values reached at the end of 30 min ET at Vj, (i.e. body tem- perature and water loss). Otherwise on ET at VHRd WoLAS-No f me weing 30 min thine fora least 30 minutes of exercise lagate steady state condition, Also, we evidenced that siMoes participants reached ~98% of maximal heart rate (as % ‘of FIR 3000) before getting fatigued with increasing blood lactate in a short period supporting the hypoth- esis Of Vina 10 be close related 10 the VVOsmax- There is an ineteasing number of studies evidencing protocol identifies an exercise fnce as described previously * le polynomial funetion adjusted fer identify the lowest [lac] (Figure the [lac] curve to 1). Cagteresyil. 'S suggested tliat Yj,ris influenced by the locity at whighthe jneremental part of However, we efidenged thatthe identifi- gflate minimum otrescle exgometer is not juencoffboth by durdtiog of stages and incremental faring tests.%.5” Also, other studies have ev denced no differenges between the exercise intensi jes related to lactate inigiinum, lactate threshold, indic jdual anaerobieAhpeshold, blood glucose threshold and Baset of blood factite accumullation.*"8 39 Moreover, high test-getest feliability of the Vj, was reported both on running } and cycling » and we have verified that the metabolic and ventilatory responses underly- ing the attainment ofthe lactate minimum curing inere- mental sevise are the same as individual anaerobic threshold and ventilatory threshold.18 2Wedeinonsteated that Vin is highly correlated both mhing performance and CV and it can be sus- a blood ‘km pedestrian race was performed at ~103% of the /V,,, for experienced endurance runners Cable III) what, in term, have practical applications for running strat cay during pedestrian races on a flat courses. However, these relationships to 10 kin race performed on track needs to be investigated. These resilts contribute to the knowledge that Viq. is a valid protocol for exercise evaluation, and performance pre- diction. The information of Vig, CV and Vijgq OCCU ring at 92.6%, 96.1%, and 99% of the V yay) Inay pro- vide practical applications for exercise prescription for endorance manners. We have prescribed train sessions for endurance runners based of Vig. CV and ‘V oq: These prescriptions include 30 to 50 min below Vim (under 90% Vso¢q). 20 to 30 minutes at intensities around Vj, (~91% 10 93% Vyoq9), 10 to 20 minutes at intensities between Vig, and CV (~93% to 96% Vaco0) ‘TE JOURNAL OF SPORTS MEDICINE AND PHYSICAL FIENESS °Sines and intermittent running at intensities above CV (above 96.1% Vsooq). For tis last, the utilization of Vina (99% ‘Veg99) and the Vjgqq would be used intermittently on 6 to-4 minutes exercise intervals with the purpose of reaching the VO... during exercise bouts. These sug- gestions of exercise prescription would enable run- ners and coaches to address specific exercise intensi- ty domains during training sessions. However, addi- tional studies are needed to establish the best exercise to rest ratio during interval training session performed at intensities related to the investigated parameters. Conclusions ‘We conclude that the Viq and CV identified on track ‘were better correlated to performance than Vig and are good predictors of endurance running. pecforimanee. ‘The Via overestimates the sustainable velocity, reflects an intensity of exercise within the severe it ‘domain (above CV) and thus should not b {or long-term exercise prescription. On the ol the lactate minimum protocol is suitable for hess assessment and exercise intensity pre within the moderate to high intensity domaine CV), besides being able to evaluate the anaecobie fit- ness through the intial all-out short p. We also concluded that CV identificatig pedestrian running performance, should better investigate the m guidlines for Vig, CV and Vafo ise prescription within specific ex domains. “Acknowledgments —The Davie W Til for the exit anascrpt & 1 Coan, nen A, Kinane Sahel treble ssc of mses nome Spare Mad soies6 2, Tega U. Buse MW, Beuann KM. Esato an ind qtr teen ce picton an cabolan Jong en se ireetasponetiee ooaeeo 4, Sine 46 Ca SG, lain Dera BS, alee Sloglocnesens nn rica repos nl ‘Gua anette retold on fer cere avhntan a ek End App yee npn ba 4, Cin aM ZF Dg Ck. Deen Sine anrobic umf by a vntnaste fal etn ram. 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