Sport Sciences for Health (2020) 16:39–45

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11332-019-00570-0

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Maximum heart rate predicted by formulas versus values obtained

in graded exercise tests in Brazilian jiu‑jitsu athletes
Braulio Henrique Magnani Branco1,2,3   · Fabiano de Oliveira Mendes1,2 · Gabriel Fassina Ladeia1,2 ·
Sônia Maria Marques Gomes Bertolini1,2,3 · Pablo Valdés Badilla4 · Leonardo Vidal Andreato2

Received: 19 April 2019 / Accepted: 28 June 2019 / Published online: 16 July 2019
© Springer-Verlag Italia S.r.l., part of Springer Nature 2019

Abstract
Introduction  Aerobic training can be conducted using the maximum heart rate (HRmax) target zone. This type of training
is relevant to improving aerobic fitness and can help Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes maintain optimal performance during and
between matches. However, due to the lack of specificity of the generic equations in systematizing the training, the values
can be overestimated, because athletes show specific morphophysiological adjustments.
Objective  The aim was to investigate the relationship between HRmax as estimated by means of formulas and HRmax as
reached in graded exercise tests (GTX) in both the laboratory and the field.
Methods  13 male Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes had their HRmax determined in GTX on the treadmill and in the field, and the
HRmax was calculated based on FOX and TANAKA equations.
Results  The HRmax value by the means equation FOX-HRmax (189 ± 6 bpm) was greater in comparison with the GTX (on
treadmill: 183 ± 7 bpm; field test: 180 ± 10 bpm; p < 0.05). The equation TANAKA-HRmax (185 ± 4 bpm) showed higher
values when compared to the field test (180 ± 10 bpm; p < 0.05). No differences were observed between TANAKA-HRmax
and GTX on the treadmill (p > 0.05). The correlation observed was between FOX-HRmax and TANAKA-HRmax: (r = 0.99;
p < 0.01).
Conclusion  FOX-HRmax and TANAKA-HRmax tend to overestimate the results compared to GTX. Thus, HRmax equations
should be used and analyzed with caution. Conducting GTX is recommended to establish accurate values of HR.

Keywords  Athletic performance · Martial arts · Exercise test

Introduction accurate mode of measuring these rates involves determining

Productive aerobic training can be established based on the
intensity zones relative to the maximum heart rate (HRmax)
or the reserve heart rate (HRreserve) [1, 2]. The most
* Braulio Henrique Magnani Branco
brauliohmagnani@gmail.com
1
University Center of Maringa (UniCesumar), Avenue
Bento Munhoz da Rocha Netto, No 1014, Apto 74, Zone 7,
Maringa, Parana 87030‑010, Brazil
2
Research Group in Physical Education Physiotherapy, Sports,
Nutrition and Performance (GEFFEND/UniCesumar),
Maringa, Parana, Brazil
3
Post-Graduation Program of Health Promotion
of UniCesumar, Maringa, Parana, Brazil
4
Institute of Physical Activity and Health, Universidad
Autónoma de Chile, Providencia, Chile
the heart rate (HR) by means of graded exercise tests (GTX)
on a treadmill or in the field [3]. However, GTX are some-
times neglected for several reasons, including lack of time,
lack of professional support during the sports season [4],
lack of interest among athletes, and even lack of adequate
infrastructure for conducting evaluations [2]. As a result,
formulas to predict the HRmax are often used to determine
aerobic training. Predictive formulas have been observed
to be widely used to determine HRmax [4], although it is
necessary to develop specific equations for different sports
[5]. However, textbooks of exercise physiology show that
formulas used to predict HRmax may underestimate or over-
estimate the values, as compared to the GTX [6, 7].
The use of inaccurate physical tests to identify physical
fitness could compromise the physical preparation process of
an athlete. Because HR values are underestimated or overes-
timated, divergences can be seen in the training zone values

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40
of HR [2, 4, 5]. The use of generalized equations for HR in
some sports is not ideally suited to those participants [2, 4,
5, 8, 9]; the physiological responses are sport-specific for
high-level athletes, who present chronic morphophysiologi-
cal adjustments [10]. As a result, caution is suggested when
using predictive equations to estimate HRmax in athletes,
especially if no validation studies have been conducted for
that specific sport.
To address a specific sport: evidence points to the rel-
evance of aerobic training as a component of physical fit-
ness in Brazilian jiu-jitsu [11] to increase maximal oxygen
consumption (VO2max), since high recovery between match
intervals and between matches may help maintain optimal
sports performance [12]. In addition, reports of HR observa-
tions and simulated matches in Brazilian jiu-jitsu indicate
that cardiovascular demands oscillate between moderate and
high levels [12–14], lasting the duration of the match [14].
Thus, incorporating aerobic training could be a vital tool for
maintaining high-intensity efforts performed by Brazilian
jiu-jitsu athletes [12–15]. To this end, the correct training
in HR target zones is substantially relevant to promoting the
improvement of aerobic fitness.
The objective of the present study was to investigate the
relationship between HRmax as estimated by means of pre-
dictive formulas and HRmax as determined by a GTX in the
laboratory and in the field. The hypothesis of the present
study predicts that the HR values obtained in athletes in both
GTX tests (on treadmill and in the field) are lower than the
values obtained from the predictive formulas.
Methods
The present study is characterized by an analytical cross-
sectional design. Athletes were invited to make two visits to
the exercise physiology laboratory at the University Center
of Maringa. The aerobic tests alternated with 48 h of rest
between them. The study procedure included the follow-
ing tasks: (a) completion of the physical activity readiness
questionnaire (PAR-Q) [16]; (b) measurement of body mass,
stature, skinfolds, circumferences, and bone diameters; and
(c) performance of the GTX on treadmill or the 2400-m
Cooper test, which were conducted at random.
Participants
The present study consisted of 13 Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes
at the state and national level selected by means of non-prob-
abilistic sampling, with 9 blue belts, 3 purple belts, and 1
black belt (aged: 29.5 ± 5.9 years; body mass: 83.4 ± 13.6 kg;
stature: 176.3 ± 5.2 cm; body fat: 18.6 ± 3.4%; and experi-
ence: 6.8 ± 3.0 years of training). The somatotype was cal-
culated, resulting in: ectomorph, 1.4 ± 1.2; endomorph,
13
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Sport Sciences for Health (2020) 16:39–45
7.9 ± 1.6; and mesomorph, 4.4 ± 1.7. For inclusion criteria,
the following factors were required: (a) athletes with more
than 3 years of regular and systemic Brazilian jiu-jitsu prac-
tice; (b) participation in official competitions in the 6 months
preceding the study; (c) training in at least three sessions of
Brazilian jiu-jitsu per week; and (d) performing at least three
sessions per week of physical fitness at gym. The exclusion
factors were: (a) athletes who used substances banned by
the World Anti-doping Agency [17] and (b) athletes in the
process of losing weight. All participants were instructed
to not use nutritional supplements throughout the assess-
ment week. In addition, athletes were asked to not carry
out any significant effort 48 h prior to the tests. The data
collection procedures occurred during the competitive or
in-season period, which was August and September 2017.
All the athletes signed the voluntary informed consent form,
and the research was approved by the Local Ethics Commit-
tee under the number 2091883/2017, in accordance with the
Helsinki Agreement.
Data collection
The data collection occurred at the university at approxi-
mately 10 am each day of collection (2 h after breakfast).
Athletes were asked to maintain their usual eating routines.
The laboratory temperature was standardized at 24 °C for
all data collection. For the field test, the temperature was
26.0 ± 1.5 °C throughout the sampling period.
Anamnesis and body composition
At their first visit, athletes answered the PAR-Q and subse-
quently underwent measurements of body mass and stature,
taken by a mechanical scale (­ Welmy®, model 110 CH, Santa
Bárbara do Oeste, São Paulo, Brazil) and coupled with a
stadiometer, according to the standardization of Lohman
et al. [18]. The skinfolds were measured three times in a
rotational mode, following the recommendations of the
International Society for Advances in Kinanthropometry
(ISAK) and in agreement with Marfell-Jones et al. [19].
The skinfolds that were measured included the pectoral,
abdominal, medial thigh, tricipital, subscapular, supra-iliac,
and mid-axillary, and the Harpenden adipometer (John Bull
British ­Indicators®, West Sussex, England) was used, with a
precision of 0.2 mm and constant pressure at 10 g/mm. The
protocol of Jackson and Pollock [20] to estimate the body
density was used, and body fat (%BF) was determined by
the Siri equation [21]. For the somatotype, the Carter and
Heath [22] method was used, involving body mass, stature,
femoral bi-condyle diameter, and humeral epicondyle, which
were measured with a C ­ escorf® pachymeter (Rio Grande do
Sul, Santa Catarina, Brazil). The perimeters were measured
through a non-extensible tape (­ Cescorf®, Rio Grande do Sul,
Sport Sciences for Health (2020) 16:39–45 41
Santa Catarina, Brazil) on the right arm contracted at 90º
and on the medial leg, along with the values of the tricipital,
subscapular, supra-iliac, and medial leg skinfolds.
Aerobic tests
For the aerobic tests, the athletes were questioned about their
rating of perceived recovery (RPR), inferred by the proposed
scale by Laurent et al. [23]. This scale indicates values on
a scale of 0–10 arbitrary units (a.u.), where the value 0 a.u.
indicates that the athlete is very poorly recovered/extremely
tired, while the value 10 a.u. represents an excellent recov-
ery. In addition, athletes were questioned about their rating
of perceived exertion (RPE) as proposed by Borg [24], and
the values of which range from 6 to 20 a.u. The athletes were
familiarized with the proposed scales ahead of the testing
when they completed their questionnaires.
The order of execution of the aerobic tests was ran-
dom, and the athletes were only informed of them when
they arrived at the facilities of the university. For the GTX
on the treadmill, the athletes performed a 3-min warm-up
with an initial velocity of 6 km/h; subsequently, the veloc-
ity was raised to 8.5 km/h for the first stage. Every 2 min,
the speed was increased by 1 km/h, until the athletes vol-
untarily discontinued the test. At each stage, athletes were
asked about RPE, and the HR was recorded until voluntary
discontinuation due to fatigue. To confirm that the test effec-
tively reached maximum intensity, the stabilization of the
HR throughout the GTX stages was verified with the RPE
values, which would have reached 20 arbitrary units (a.u.) on
the Borg scale [24] when athletes reported reaching exhaus-
tion [25]. The laboratory test was conducted on a treadmill
model 563 R1 ­(Embrexx®, Brusque, Santa Catarina, Brazil).
As for the 2400-m Cooper test [26], athletes raced on
the athletics track of the institution, which was 220 m long
and had markings placed every 10 m. RPE and HR were
recorded for each lap, according to the recommendations
proposed by Marins and Fernandez [27] and Marins [28],
to be able to consider that the test was truly performed at
maximum intensity. As recommended by the American Col-
lege of Sports Medicine, before the test started, the athletes
warmed up for 5 min and were then asked to walk the 2400
m in the shortest possible time [6]. In the last 440 m, athletes
were instructed to run all-out (i.e., do as fast as you can).
This strategy has been used to empirically establish HRmax
during training/assessment sessions in athletics [27, 28].
Heart rate measurement
For HR measurement in the aerobic tests, a Polar F ­ T1®
®
(Kempele, Finland) cardiac monitor with ­T31 coded tape
(Kempele, Finland) was attached to the athletes’ chest and
was used throughout the test period.
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Predictive maximum heart rate equations
This work calculated the HR using the equation proposed
by Tanaka et al. [29] for athletes [TANAKA-HRmax = 206
− (0.7 × age)] and the traditional equation (FOX-
HRmax = 220 – age) [30] reported in different books/arti-
cles. These equations were mistakenly attributed for other
authors [8, 31]. It is important to emphasize that the author
of the 220-age formula is not consensual in the scientific
field. Besides, it is relevant to empathize that the choice
of TANAKA-HRmax equation for athletes shows less vari-
ations when compared to TANAKA-HRmax equation for
health people that was elaborated for people range 18 until
81 years [29].
Statistical analysis
Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. Prior to the
analysis, the normality of the data was tested using the Sha-
piro–Wilk test. It should be emphasized that normality was
confirmed for all the variables in the present study. A one-
way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the
values of the HR reached in the tests and the values of the
predictive formulas; if a significant difference was found,
a Bonferroni post hoc test followed. Eta squared (η2) was
calculated to evaluate the effect size, using the classifica-
tion proposed by Cohen [32]: 0.010 to ≤ 0.059 (small effect),
0.05925 to ≤ 0.138 (moderate effect), and > 0.138 (large
effect). The effect size between the predictive formulas and
the laboratory and field GTX was performed in accordance
with Cohen [32]: 0.20–0.49 (small effect), 0.50–0.79 (mod-
erate effect), and ≥ 0.80 (large effect). A paired t test was
applied to identify possible differences between the RPR
and the RPE during physical tests. Bland–Altman plots were
elaborated, and confidence interval at 95% (95% CI) and
standard error of the mean (SEM) for HR values were calcu-
lated. In addition, the Pearson correlation was applied to the
data and was classified according to the recommendations
listed by Hopkins et al. [33]: 0.1–0.3 (small effect), > 0.3 to
0.5 (moderate effect), > 0.5 to 0.7 (large effect), > 0.7 to 0.9
(very large effect), and > 0.9 to 1.0 (almost perfect effect).
The level of significance established for all analysis was 5%.
SPSS 20.0 (­ IBM®, United States of America) was used to
conduct all analyses.
Results
For the GTX in the laboratory test and the field aerobic test,
no differences were observed between the RPRs (p > 0.05),
with values of 9 ± 1 a.u. (Cooper) and 10 ± 1 a.u. (treadmill).
For the GTX in the laboratory test and the field aero-
bic test, no differences were observed between the RPEs
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42
(p > 0.05), which showed values of 20 ± 1 a.u., suggest-
ing that the athletes reached the limits of their respective
physical conditions. In addition, the time for completing
the test was 12.2 ± 1.5 min.
Figure 1 shows the comparison of predicted ­HRmax val-
ues by means of formulas, as well as H ­ Rmax during aerobic
(laboratory and field) tests.
For HRmax, different values were observed between the
formulas and the GTX (F3,36 = 5.83; p = 0.002; η2 = 0.32,
large effect), with lower values for GTX both on the
treadmill (p = 0.038; d = − 1.20, large effect) and in the
field test (p = 0.001; d = − 1.7, large effect), as compared
to Fox-HRmax formula. In addition, lower values were
also detected in the 2400-m Cooper test compared to the
Tanaka-HRmax formula (p = 0.048; d = − 1.2, large effect).
Figure 2 shows the Bland–Altman plots of HRmax values
from the predictive formulas and the physical tests.
The SEM and the upper and lower CI (95%) were cal-
culated for each panel of Fig.  2. Panel A: SEM = 1.56
and 95% CI 185.9–192.6; panel B: SEM = 1.09 and
95% CI 182.1–186.8; panel C: SEM = 2.00 and 95%
CI 178.2–186.9; and panel D: SEM = 2.69 and 95% CI
174.0–185.
Moreover, no correlations were found between HRmax
obtained in GTX (on the treadmill and in the 2400-m
Cooper test) and the FOX-HRmax or TANAKA-HRmax
formulas (p > 0.05). The only correlation detected was
between FOX-HRmax and TANAKA-HRmax, with
r = 0.99 (p < 0.01, almost perfect effect).
Fig. 1  Comparison of the HRmax values predicted by formulas and
the HRmax values obtained in the GTX on the treadmill and the
2400-m Cooper test. Data are expressed as mean ± standard devia-
tion. *Different from Fox-HRmax formula (p < 0.05); †Different from
the Tanaka-HRmax formula (p < 0.05). HRmax maximum heart rate,
GTX graded exercise test
13
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Sport Sciences for Health (2020) 16:39–45
Discussion
The present study aimed to investigate the relationship
between the HRmax estimated by the FOX-HRmax and
TANAKA-HRmax equations on the one side, and the HR
values obtained in GTX in the laboratory and the field
on the other side. The main results indicated that: (a) the
FOX-HRmax equation overestimates the results obtained
by the GTX on the treadmill and in the 2400-m Cooper
test; (b) the TANAKA-HRmax equation overestimates
the results of the 2400-m Cooper test; and (c) a unique
correlation was identified between the FOX-HRmax and
TANAKA-HRmax formulas.
Robergs and Landwehr [8] indicated that the use of pre-
dictive formulas generated an error of 7–11 bpm, which
consequently skewed the target zones of aerobic training
(%HRmax). Nevertheless, the equations developed by Tan-
aka et al. [29] are currently recommended to predict the
HRmax of active people and endurance athletes. However,
as shown in this article, the TANAKA-HRmax equation
also presented significantly higher values when compared
to the field test. In view of this, predictive equations to
estimate HRmax should be used with caution, since the
results were significantly different from the indirect meas-
urements conducted in GTX on the treadmill and in the
2400-m Cooper test.
Another substantial point is the specific environment
for conducting the training and assessment. It is suggested
that the environment in which physical tests are conducted
should be standardized, to minimize any inconsistencies
in the training process [34]. Franchini [34] also point out
that GTX can present heterogeneous responses, both due
to the environment and the type of test carried out. In the
laboratory which can control temperature, stress, external
interference, hydration, and sun higher internal validity
is achieved, while in the field, higher external validity is
achieved. Therefore, it would be unwise to transpose a
physiological response from an outdoor test to a controlled
condition, and vice versa.
Another problem in using the generalized predictive
formulas is the overestimation, which could promote accu-
mulated fatigue, non-functional overreaching, and even
overtraining in the athletes [35]. Thus, since generalized
predictive formulas to estimate HRmax do not take the
specificity and environment into account, in which is indi-
cated the conducting of GTX with the intention of estab-
lishing real HR values when organizing training periodi-
zation. This point is not only relevant to performance, but
also to maintaining athletes’ health.
With the aforementioned topics in mind, scientific evi-
dence indicates that developing sport-specific equations
are recommended to develop training programs based on
Sport Sciences for Health (2020) 16:39–45 43

Fig. 2  Bland–Altman plots for HRmax values. a FOX-HRmax and treadmill, e TANAKA-HRmax and 2400-m Cooper test, and f GTX
TANAKA-HRmax, b FOX-HRmax and GTX on treadmill, c FOX- on treadmill and 2400-m Cooper test
HRmax and 2400-m Cooper test, d TANAKA-HRmax and GTX on

13

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44
accurate HR target zones [2, 4, 5]. The difference between
the values obtained in the equations could be explained
by plasma extension, improvement of baroreflex function,
adjustment in the electrophysiology of the sinoatrial node,
and reduced beta-adrenergic receptor density and number
[36], as well as an increase in cardiac output and myocar-
dial contractility [37].
The correlation between the FOX-HRmax equation and
the TANAKA-HRmax equation was almost, according to
the scale by Hopkins et al. [33], with r = 0.99. However,
this result should be interpreted with caution: the correlation
considers a linear relationship, and the differences can be
influenced by heterogeneous responses (biological individu-
ality), but other variables can also influence the responses,
including central heart adjustment, environment, type of
assessment, and method utilized.
In Brazilian jiu-jitsu, high values of aerobic fitness can
help athletes maintain high-intensity efforts during the
match and facilitate recovery between the matches during a
competition; thus, the training of this capacity is relevant to
these athletes [12]. Therefore, different training methods can
be incorporated into the athletes’ routines, such as continu-
ous aerobic training and high-intensity interval training [12].
The choice of method will depend on the training phase and
the preference of the technical staff, who should observe the
results put forward by sports science.
Finally, it was emphasized that HRmax estimation via a
heart rate cardiac monitor is an indirect measurement and is
not considered the gold standard. However, it is important
to reiterate that the use of an HR monitor as an instrument
to measure HR is extremely common in routine evalua-
tions and aerobic training. In view of the points listed, it
was concluded that the most appropriate way to prescribe
aerobic training is based on a conduction of GTX, since the
results of predictive HRmax equations tend to overestimate
the HRmax in different modalities [2, 4, 5]. In addition, it
is important to highlight that one of the limitations of this
study was the use of generic actions (running); however, to
date, no tests have been developed for aerobic evaluation
with specific Brazilian jiu-jitsu movements.
Conclusion
Based on the results of this study, it was recommended cau-
tion when using HRmax equations in Brazilian jiu-jitsu
athletes. Studies that seek to validate specific protocols for
identifying HRmax values in different sports modalities are
necessary, since training prescription should be conducted in
concordance with the specifics of each sport. If specific pro-
tocols are available for a particular sport, it was proposed the
conduction of GTX in a laboratory or the field. The choice
of tests should be based on the activity, the environment, and
13
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Sport Sciences for Health (2020) 16:39–45
the material resources that the physical trainer will have at
his or her disposal.
Compliance with ethical standards 
Conflict of interest  The authors declare that there are no conflicts of
interests.
Ethical approval  The research was approved by the University Center
of Maringa (UNICESUMAR) Ethics Committee under the number
2,091,883/2017.
Informed consent  All athletes signed the informed consent form (ICF)
to participate of this study.
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