DIN 18800 02 Structural Steelwork Design Construction DIN 1990

UDC 693.814.074.
5 DEUTSCHE NORM November 1990
Structural steelwork DIN

Analysis of safety against buckling of
linear members and frames
18800
Part 2
Contents
Page Page
1 General ....................................... 2 5.1.1 General.. ................................... 20
1.1 Scope and field of application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5.1.2 Effective lengths of frame members
1.2 Concepts ..................................... 2 designed to resist compression. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
1.3 Common notation ............................. 2 5.2 Framesand laterallyrestrainedcontinuous beams . 22
1.4 Ultimate limit state analysis ..................... 3 5.2.1 Negligible deformations due to axial force ...... 22
1.4.1 General ..................................... 3 5.2.2 Non-sway frames ............................ 23
1.4.2 Ultimate limit state analysis by elastic theory .... 4 5.2.3 Design of bracing systems .................... 23
1.4.3 Ultimatelimit state analysis by plastic hinge theory 5 5.2.4 Analysis of frames and continuous beams. ...... 23
.2 imperfections.. ................................ 5 5.3 Sway frames and continuous beams subject to
2.1 General ...................................... 5 lateral displacement ........................... 23
2.2 Bow imperfections. ............................ 5 5.3.1 Negligible deformations due to axial force . . . . . . 23
2.3 Sway imperfections ............................ 5.3.2 Plane sway frames ........................... 23
--`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
6
2.4 Assumption of initial bow and coexistent initial 5.3.3 Non-rigidly connected continuous beams ....... 27
sway imperfections . ........................ 7 6 Arches ........................................ 27
3 Solid members ..... ........................ 7 6.1 Axial compression ............................. 27
3.1 General ...................................... 7 6.1.1 In-planebuckling ............................ 27
3.2 Design axial compression ...................... 8 6.1.2 Buckling in perpendicular plane. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.2.1 Lateral buckling ............................. 8 6.2 In-plane bending about one axis with
3.2.2 Lateral torsional buckling*) ................... 8 coexistent axial force ............
3.3 Bendingabout oneaxiswithoutcoexistentaxial force 8 6.2.1 In-plane buckling ..............
3.3.1 General ..................................... 8 6.2.2 Out-of-plane buckling ........................ 33
3.3.2 Lateral and torsional restraint ................. 1O 6.3 Design loading of arches ........ ....... 34
3.3.3 Analysis of compression flange ................ 12 7 Straight linear members with plan
3.3.4 Lateral torsional buckling ..................... 12 thin-wailed parts of cross section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.4 Bending about one axis with coexistent axial force 13 7.1 General ...................................... 34
3.4.1 Members subjected to minor axial forces ....... 13 7.2 General rules relating to calculations . .
3.4.2 Lateral buckling ............................. 13 7.3 Effective width in elastic-elastic method
3.4.3 Lateral torsional buckling ..................... 14 7.4 Effective width in elastic-plastic method
3.5 Biaxialbendingwith or coexistent axialforce 15 7.5 Lateral buckling ............................... 38
3.5.1 Lateral buckling .... ................... 15 7.5.1 Elastic-elasticanalysis ........................ 38
3.5.2 Lateral torsional buckling ..................... 16 7.5.2 Analyses by approximate methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4 Single-span built-up members .................. 16 7.6 Lateral torsional buckling ....................... 39
4.1 General ...................................... 16 7.6.1 Analysis .................................... 39
4.2 Common notation ............................. 17 7.6.2 Axial compression ........................... 39
4.3 Buckling perpendicular to void axis .............. 17 7.6.3 Bending about one axis without coexistent
4.3.1 Analysis of member .......................... 17 axial force .................................. 39
4.3.2 Analysis of member components .............. 17 7.6.4 Bending about one axis with coexistent
4.3.3 Analysis of panels of battened members ........ 18 axial force .......................... ... 39
4.4 Closely spaced built-up battened members ....... 19 7.6.5 Biaxial bending with or without coexistent
4.5 Structural detailing ............................ 20 axial force .................................. 39
5 Frames.. ...................................... 20 Standards and other documents referred t o ........ 40
5.1 Triangulated frames ........................... 20 Literature.. ....................................... 40
*) Term as used in Eurocode 3. In design analysis literature also referred to as flexural-torsional buckling.
Continued on pages 2 to 41
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Page 2 DIN 18800 Pari 2
1 General
1.1 Scope and field of application
(101) Ultimate limit state analysis
This standard specifies rules relating to ultimate limit state
analysis of the buckling resistance of steel linear members
and frames susceptible to loss of stability. It is to be used in
conjunction with DIN 18800 Part 1.
(102) Serviceability limit state analysis
Aserviceability limit state analysis need only be carried out
if specifically required in the relevant standards.
Note. Cf. subclause 7.2.3of DIN 18 800 Part 1.
1.2 Concepts Figure 1. Coordinates, displacement parameters and

(103) Buckling internal forces and moments
Buckling is a phenomenon in which displacement,v orw,of (109) Section parameters
--`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
a member occurs, or rotation, 9,occurs about its major axis, A cross-sectional area
or both occur in combination.
I second order moment of area
A distinction is conventionally made between lateral buck-
ling and lateral torsional buckling. i= radius of gyration
(104) Lateral buckling IT torsion constant
Lateral buckling is a phenomenon in which displacement,v I, warping constant
or w, of a member occurs,or both occur in combination,any
rotation, 9, about its major axis being neglected. W elastic section modulus
NP1 axial force in perfectly plastic state
(105) Lateral torsional buckling bending moment in perfectly plastic state
Mp1
Lateral torsional buckling is a phenomenon in which dis- bending moment at which stress u, reaches
Mel
placements, u and w ,of a member occur in combination yield strength in the most critical part of cross
with rotation, 4, about its major axis, consideration of the section
latter being obligatory.
apl= -
MP1 plastic shape coefficient
Note. Torsional buckling, in which virtually no displace-
ments occur, is a special form of lateral torsional Mel
buckling. M Poisson’s ratio
v moment ratio
1.3 Common notation Note. The term ‘perfectly plastic state’ applies when the
(106) Coordinates, displacement parameters, internal plastic capacity is fully utilized, although in certain
forces and moments, stresses and imperfections cases (e.g. angles and channels), pockets of elastic-
ity may still be present. Where cross sections are
axis along the member (major axis)
non-uniform or internal forces and moments vari-
axis of cross section able, Npl,Mpl and Mel at the critical point shall be
(In solid members, I, shall be not less than Iz.) calculated.
displacement along axes x, y and z
rotation about the x-axis (110) Structural parameters
initial bow imperfections in unloaded state 1 system length (of member)
initial sway imperfection of member or frame in NKi axial force at the smallest bifurcation
unloaded state load, according to elastic theory
axial force (positive when compression) (E * I )
7 ~ *
effective length *) of a linear member
bending moments s K = i T ; y , associated with N K ~
shear forces SK
AK = slenderness ratio
(107) Subscripts and prefixes 1
k characteristic value of a parameter
d design value of a parameter &=n/-& reference slenderness ratio
grenz prefix to a parameter identifying it as being a limit-
ing (¡.e. maximum permissible) value aK AK = (3
- =- non-dimensional slenderness in com-
vorh actual
NKi pression
red reduced
reductionfactor according to the stand-
x
Note. The terms ‘characteristicvalue’and‘designvalue’are ard buckling curves as used in Europe
defined in subclause 3.1of DIN 18800 Part I.
member characteristic
(108) Physical parameters
E elastic modulus
NKi,d
G shear modulus VKi = 7 distribution factor of system
f y yield strength
Note. See table 1 of DIN 18800 Pari 1 for values of E , G *) Translator’s note. Common term as used in design
and f y , k. analysis. In Eurocode 3 termed ‘buckling length’.
Copyright Deutsches Institut Fur Normung E.V.

DIN 18800 Part 2 Page 3
MKi,y design buckling resistance moment Table 1. Methods of analysis

according to elastic theory from My
without coexistent axial force I Calculation of
non-dimensional slenderness in bend- internal forces resistances

Method and moments
ing
XM reduction factor for lateral torsional
according to
buckling
Note 1. Where cross sections are non-uniform or axial
forces variable, (E.I ) , NKiand SK shall be deter-
mined for the point in the member for which the ulti-
Elastic-
I Elastic
theory
Elastic
theory
mate limit analysis is to be carried out. In case of Elastic Plastic

doubt, an analysis shall be performed for more than plastic
one point (cf. item 316).
Note 2. The reference slenderness ratio, ila, for steel of
thickness 40mm and less shall be as follows: plastic theory theory
92,9 for ~t 37 where fy,k = 240 N/mm2, and
75,9for St 52 where fy,k = 360 N/mm2. Note 1. Details relating to elasto-plastic analysis are not
Note 3. Calculations of in-plane slenderness ratios shall be provided in this standard (cf. [i]),
though this is per-
made using as the values Of f y , ( E . 1).NKi and MKi mitted in principle.
asspecifiedinitems116and117eithertheircharac- Note 2. In table 11 of DIN 18800 Part 1, the generic term
teristic values or their design values throughout. ‘stresses’ is used instead of ‘internal forces and
Note4. V K ~shall beof thesame magnitudefor all members moments due to actions’.
making up a non-sway frame. Note 3. The conditions of restraint assumed when indi-
Note 5. Where cross sections are non-uniform or internal vidual members are notionally singled out of the
forces and moments variable, M Kshall ~ be calculat- structural system shall be taken into account when
ed for the point for which the ultimate limit state verifying lateral torsional buckling.
analysis is carried out. In cases of doubt, an analysis
Note 4. Simplified methods substituting those set out in
shall be performed for more than one point.
clauses 3 and 4 are listed in table 2.
(111) Partial safety factors
(113) Material requirements
--`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
YF partial safety factor for actions
YM partial safety factor for resistance parameters
The materials used shall be of sufficient plastic capacity.
Calculations may be based on assumptions of linear elas-
Note. The values of YF and YM shall be taken from clause 7 tic-perfectly plastic stress-strain behaviour instead of
of DIN 18800 Fart 1. Thus, the ultimate limit state actual behaviour.
analysis shall be carried out taking YM to be equal
to 1,l both for the yield strength and for stiffnesses Note. The steel grades stated in sections 1 and 2 of item
.
(e.g. E T , E - A , G - A Sand S). 401 of DIN 18800 Part 1 are of sufficient plastic
capacity.
1.4 Ultimate limit state analysis (114) Imperfections

1.4.1 General Reasonable assumptions (e.g. as outlined in clause 2)shall
(112) Methods of analysis be made in order to take into account the effects of
The analysis shall be take the form of one of the methods geometrical and structural imperfections.
given in table 1, taking into account the following factors: Note. Typical geometrical imperfections are accidental
- plastic capacity of materials (cf. item 113); load eccentricity and deviations from design
geometry. Typical structural imperfections would
- imperfections (cf. item 114 and clause 2);
be residual stresses.
- internal forces and moments (cf. items 115 and 116);
- the effects of deformations (cf. item 1 1 6); (115) Internal forces and moments
- slip (cf. item 118); The internal forces and moments occurring at significant
- the structural contribution of cross sections (cf. item points in the members shall be calculated on the basis of
1 1 9); the design actions.
- deductions in cross-sectional area for holes (ci. item As a simplification, the index d has been omitted in the
120). notation of internal forces and moments.
As a simplification, lateral buckling and lateral torsional Note. Subclauses 7.2.1and 7.2.2of DIN 18800Part 1 spec-
buckling may be checked separately, first carrying out the ify rules for calculating design values of actions.
analysis for lateral buckling and then that for lateral tor-
sional buckling whereby, in the latter case, members shall (116) Effects of structural deformations
be notionally singled out of the structural system and sub- Calculations of internal forces and moments usually make
jected t o the internal forces and moments acting at the allowance for deformation effects on equilibrium (accord-
member ends (when considering the system as a whole) ing to second order theory), using as the design stiffness
and to those acting on the member considered in isolation. values the characteristic stiffnesses obtained by dividing
Details on whether first or second order theory is to be the nominal characteristics of cross section and the char-
applied are given together with the relevant method of acteristic elastic and shear moduli by a partial safety factor
analysis. YM equal to 1,l.
The analyses described in clauses 3 to 7 may be used as The effect of deformations resulting from stresses due to
an alternative to those listed in table 1. shear forces may normally be ignored.

Page 4 DIN 18800 Part 2
Table 2. Simplified ultimate limit state analyses
Simplified analyses
Internal forces as in
Failure mode
and moments
I I I Solid members
Lateral buckling 3.2.1
--`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Lateral torsional buckling 3.2.2 3
3.3.2, 7, 8,
Lateral torsional buckling 3.3.3, 12, 14,
3.3.4 16, 21
Lateral buckling I 3.4.2 I 24

Lateral buckling 3.4.2 24
Lateral torsional buckling 3.4.3 27
Lateral buckling 3.5.1 28.29
I I
I I Built-uprmbers
Lateral torsional buckling
Lateral buckling
3.5.2
4.3
30
31
to
I 10 I N+M, Lateral buckling 4.3 38
Note 1. In calculations of internal forces and moments ac- (118) Slip

cording to second order theory, for example, the Account shall be taken of slip in shear bolt or preloaded
member characteristic,s,and the distribution factor, shear bolt connections in members and frames susceptible
~ j - ~shall
i. be determined using the design stiffness, to loss of stability, using the values specified in item 813 of
(E* I)d. DIN 18800 Pari 1.
Note 2. Reference shall be made to the criteria set out in Note. Due account shall be taken of slip if this greatly
item 739 of DIN 18800 Part 1when deciding whether increases the risk of loss of stability.
to base calculations on second order theory. (119) Effective cross section
Note 3. Deformations also occur as a result of joint ductil- If the full cross section of parts in compression is taken into
ity. consideration, their geometry shall be such that the grenz
Note 4. Deformations resulting from stresses due to shear (blt)and grenz (dit)values specified in DIN 18 800 Part 1are
forces shall be taken into account as specified in complied with. If,for thin-walled members,these values are
clause 4 for built-up compression members. not complied with, the analyses shall be of lateral buckling
with coexistent plate buckling of individual members, or of
lateral torsional buckling with coexistent plate buckling, as
(117) Analysis on the basis of design actions specified in clause 7 of DIN 18800 Part 3 or Part 4.
multiplied by YM
Note 1. The grenz(blt) values differ according to the
As a departure from the specifications of items 115 and 116,
method of analysis selected (see table 1).The grenz
internal forces and moments and deformations may also be
calculated using the designvalues of actions multiplied bya
(blt) values for individual parts of plane cross sec-
tionsare given in tables12,13,15and 18of DIN 18800
partial safetyfactoryM of l,l,in which case the ultimate limit
Part 1.
state analysis shall be carried out using the characteristic
strengths and stiffnesses, substituting these (denoted by Note 2. The grenz (dlt) values for circular hollow sections
subscript k) for the design resistances (denoted by sub- are given in tables 14,15and 18 of DIN 18800 Pari 1.
script d) in the equations in clauses 3 to 7. Methods of analyses of circular hollow sections the
geometry of cross section of which does not comply
Note 1. Calculations of e and v ~ shall
i be made, for with these limits are not covered in this standard.
example, using the characteristic stiffness, (E.I)k.
(120) Deductions for holes
Note2. The alternative procedure set out in this item is Deductions for holes need not be made when determining
especiallysuitable forthe global analyses described internal forces and moments and deformations if it can be
in clauses 5,6 and 7 but may also be used by analogy ruled out that premature local failure occurs as a result.
in clauses 3 and 4, giving the same results as would
be obtained if yM were assigned to the resistance.To 1.4.2 Ultimate limit state analysis by elastic theory
preclude the risk of confusion, it shall be stated (121) Analysis
explicitly in the analysis that this alternative proce-
The loadbearing capacity may be deemed adequate if an
dure has been used.
analysis of the internal forces and moments according to
Note 3. See subclause 7.3.1 of DIN 18800 Part 1 for resist- elastic theory shows the structure to be in equilibrium and
ance parameters. either one of the following applies.

The failure criterion is not higher than the design yield Note 2. As well as geometrical imperfections, equivalent
strength, f y , d (elastic-elastic method), the specifica- geometrical imperfections also cover the effect on
tions of item 117 being applied by analogy. the mean ultimate load of residual stresses as a
At isolated points, the failure criterion may be 10% result of rolling, welding and straightening proce-
higher than design yield strength (cf. item 749 of dures, material inhomogeneities and the spread of
DIN 18800 Part 1). plastic zones. Other possible factors which may
affect the ultimate load, such as ductility of fasten-
The internal forces and moments (taking due consider-
ers, frame corners and foundations, or shear defor-
ation of interaction) are within the limits specified for
mations are not covered.
the perfectly plastic state (elastic-plastic method).
In the elastic-elastic method, only two-thirds the values
Note 1. See item 746 of DIN 18800 Part 1 for f y , d .
specified forthe equivalent imperfections in subclauses2.2
Note 2. The elastic-plastic method allows for plastification and 2.3 need be assumed. Ultimate limit state analyses of
in cross sections with the possibility of plastic built-up members as specified in subclause 4.3 shall,
hinges with full torsional restraint at one or more however, always be made using the full bow imperfection
pointS.This permits the plastic capacityof the cross stated in line 5 of table 3.
sections to be fully utilized, but not that of the struc-
Note 1. A reduction by one-third takes account of the fact
ture.
that the plastic capacity of the cross section is not
Note 3. The analysis shall be made using interaction equa- fully utilized. The aim is to achieve on average the
tions (cf. tables 16 and 17 of DIN 18 800 Part l). same mean ultimate loads when applying both the
elastic-elastic and the elastic-plastic methods.
(122) Internal forces and moments in bi-axial bending
Where bi-axial bending occurs with or without co-existent Note 2. The analyses set out in subclause 4.3 are based on
axial force but without torsion, the internal transverse comparisons of ultimate loads obtained empirically
forces and moments occurring may be determined by or by calculation, which also justify the value of bow
superimposing those internal forces due to actions which imperfection stated in line 5 of table 3 (cf. Note
result in moments M yand transverse forces V, and those under item 402).
resulting in moments M, and transverse forces V,. How- The equivalent imperfections are already included in the
ever, calculation of E for the total axial force due to all simplified analyses described in clauses 3 and 7.
actions is necessary in both cases.
(202) Equivalent imperfections
(123) Limiting the plastic shape coefficient The equivalent geometrical imperfections, assumed to
In cases where the plastic shape coefficient,apl,associated occur in the least favourable direction, shall be such that
with an axis of bending is greater than 1,25 and the prin- they are optimally suited to the deformation mode asso-
ciples of first ordertheorycannot be applied,the resistance ciated with the lowest eigenvalue.
moment occurring as a result of Co-existent normal and The equivalent imperfections need not be compatible with
transverse forces in a perfectly plastic member cross sec- the conditions of restraint of the structure.
tion shall be reduced bya factor equal to 1,25/aPl.Thesame Where lateral buckling occurs as a result of bending about
principle shall be applied to each of the two moments in bi- only one axis with coexistent axial force, bow imperfections
axial bending if apl,yis greater than 1,25or apl,zis greater need only be assumed with DO or W O in each direction in
than 1.25. which buckling will occur.
Note. Instead of reducing the resistance moment, the Where lateral buckling occurs as a result of biaxial bending
actual moment may be increased by a factor equal with coexistent axial force, equivalent imperfections need
to api/1,25. only be assumed for the direction in which buckling will
occur with the member in axial compression.
1.4.3 Ultimate limit state analysis by plastic hinge theory
In the case of lateral torsional buckling, a bow imperfection
(124) The loadbearing capacitymay be deemed adequate equal to 0,5 DO (cf. table 3) may be assumed.
if an analysis according to plastic hinge theory shows inter-
nal forces and moments (taking into account interaction) (203) Imperfections in special applications
to be within the limits specified for the perfectly plastic
Where provisions for special applications are made in other
state (plastic-plastic method). This only applies if the relevant standards,with specifications deviating from those
structure is in equilibrium.
given in this standard, such specifications shall form the
Item 123 gives information on limiting the plastic shape basis of the global analysis.
coefficient.
Note. Imperfections relating to special applications are
Note. Interaction equations are given in tables 16 and 17 of not covered in clauses 3 to 7.
DIN 18 800 Part 1.
2.2 Bow imperfections --`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
2 Imperfections (204) Individual members,members making up non-sway

2.1 General frames and members as specified in item 207, shall gen-
(201) Allowance for imperfections erally be assumed to have the initial bow imperfections
given in figure 2 and table 3.
Allowance shall be made for the effects of geometrical and
LYJ2
structural member frame imperfections if these result in
higher stresses.
For this purpose, equivalent geometrical imperfections -t
shall be assumed, a distinction being made between initial
bow (see subclause 2.2) and sway imperfections (see sub-
clause 2.3).
"o I "0
Note 1. Equivalent geometrical imperfections may, in turn,
be accounted for by assuming the corresponding Figure 2. Initial bow imperfections of member in the form
equivalent loads. of a quadratic parabola or sine half wave

Bow imperfections need not be assumed if members satisfy If the criteria for first order theory set out in item 739 of
the criteria specified in item 739 of DIN 18800 Part 1. DIN 18 800 Part 1 are met, reductions in the sway imperfec-
tions may be assumed.
Table 3. Bow imperfections
-
1
3 1
4 1
5
b
Type of member
Solid member, of cross

section with following
buckling curve
a
Built-up members,
with analysis as in
subclause 4.3
t
I
I
imperfection,
WO?u0
11300
11250
11200
11150
11500
In the above figure, L or L, is the length of the member or
frame, and ppo or ~ 0 ,the
or frame.
~ .sway imperfection of the member
Figure 5. Ideal member or frame (chain thin line) and

member or frame with initial sway imperfection
(continuous thick line)
Initial sway imperfections shall generally be calculated as

follows (cf. item 730 of DIN 18800 Part 1):
Note. See table 23 for bow imperfections for arch beams. a) solid members:
1
po = -r1 r2
200
b) built-up members as in figures 20 and 21 and sub-

clause 4.3:
1
po = -r l . r2 (2)
400
where
r1 = is a reduction factor applied to mem-

bers or frames, where 1, the length of
Figure 3. Equivalent stabilizing force for bow imperfec-
the member, L, or frame, L,, having the
tions as shown in figure 2 (assuming equilibrium) most adverse effect on the stress
under consideration, is greater than
5 m;
r2=1(í+t) is a reduction factor allowing for IZ

2 independent causes of sway imper-
fection of members or frames.
Calculations of 12 for frames may generally assume n to be

the number of columns per storey in the plane under con-
sideration. Not included are columns subjected to minor
axial forces, ¡.e. with less than 25Oío of the axial force acting
in the column submitted to maximum load in the same
storey and plane.
Note 1. Since, in calculations of shear in multictorey
Figure 4. Assumptions for bow imperfections
frames, initial sway imperfections are assumed to
(examples) have the most adverse effect in the storey under
consideration, the storey height, ¡.e. the total length
of columns,L, shall be substituted for the length of
2.3 Sway imperfections the column in that storey for calculation of Il. In the
(205) Assumptions other storeys, the height of the structure,L,, may be
--`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Sway imperfections as in figure 5 shall be assumed t o occur substituted for I (cf. figure 6).
in members or frames which may be liable to torsion after Note 2. Allowance for sway imperfections may also be
deformation and which are in compression. made by assuming equivalent horizontal forces.

1
100.2 = r p -with n =2
4 -I!!
970 = r1Zö
1
970=r1Töö
Single
200 member
1
po,~= r 2 -with n =4
200
fTfl
%.2
E
rn Po.1 970,l 970?2 ' 970.2
VI
<-
21
Vo.1 %*2 (P0.2
-_
u \ V I
\
"
Variant
I 1
POSI= r2 -
2oo P0,2 = r 2 -r l n=2
200
Figure 6. Initial sway imperfections in frames (examples)
2.4 Assumption of initial bow and coexistent

initial sway imperfections
(207) Members in frames, which may exhibit sway imper-
fections after deformation and have a member character-
istic, &, of more than 1,6, shall be assumed with both initial
sway and bow imperfections in the most unfavourable
direction.
Figure 7. Equivalent horizontal forces substituting initial

sway imperfection 100 (assuming equilibrium) Figure 8. Assumption of initial bow and coexistent initial
sway imperfections (examples)
Note 3. Sway imperfections due to slip of screws may also
require consideration (cf. item 118). 3 Solid members
Note 4. The reduction factorr2 may be used byanalogyfor 3.1 General
roof bracing providing extra stability to beams. (301) Scope
The analyses specified in subclauses 3.2 to 3.5 apply for in-
(206) Sway imperfections for analysis dividual members and frame memberswhich are notionally
of bracing systems singled out of the system and considered in isolation forthe
purposes of the analysis. Lateral buckling and lateral tor-
The initial sway imperfections assumed for the columns of
sional buckling are dealt with separately.
bracing systems shall be as those for the columns of sway
beam-and-column type frames. The same applies for any Note. If members are notionally singled out, allowance
suspended columns connected to, and thus given extra shall be made of the actual conditions of restraint
stability by, the bracing system. relating to the particular member.
--`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

(302) Lateral buckling Note 1. The effective length required for calculating 3~ is
Since the analysis of lateral buckling specified in sub- given in the literature. Four simple cases are given in
clauses 3.2to 3.5already includes both types of imperfec- figure 9, and figures 27 and 29 may provide assist-
tion and second order effects, the initial forces and ance in other cases. If, in certain cases, the load on
momentsfromfirst ordertheoryshall betaken asa basisfor the member changes direction when this moves
calculations. laterally,this factor shall be taken into consideration
Note 1. In the literature, the combination of equations (3), when determining the effective length (e.g.with the
(241,(28)and (29)is referred to as first order elastic aid of figures 36 to 38).
analysis with sway-mode effective length (equiva-
lent member method, for short).
Note 2. Subclauses 3.4.2.2,3.5.1 and 5.3.2.3shall be taken
into consideration when applying the equivalent
i" I" i" IN
member method to members notionally singled out
of the frame.
(303) Lateral torsional buckling
Members notionally singled out of the system and consid-
ered in isolation shall be analysed for lateral torsional
buckling.Their end moments may require to be determined
by second order theory.The moments in the span may then
be calculated by first order theory using these end
moments. ß=SK 1,0 2,O D,il 0,5
An analysis of lateral torsional buckling is not required for
the following: Figure 9. Effective lengths of single members of
- hollow sections: uniform cross section (examples)
- members with sufficient lateral or torsional restraint;
- members designed to be in bending, providedthat their Note 2. Reference shall be made to the literature (e.g. [2])
non-dimensional slenderness in bending, AM, is not for the use of equations (4a) to (4c).
more than 0,4.
Note. See subclause 3.3.2for verification of sufficient re- (305) Further provisions for non-uniform cross sections
straint. and variable axial forces
Where equation (3)is applied to members of non-uniform
3.2 Design axial compression cross section andlor variable axial forces, the analysis shall
3.2.1 Lateral buckling be made using equation (3) for all relevant cross sections
with the appropriate internal forces and moments, cross
(304) Analysis section properties and axial forces,NKi.and in addition the
The ultimate limit state analysis shall be made forthe direc- following conditions shall be met:
tion in which buckling will take place, using equation (3).
N
51 (3)
x Np1,d ~ min M,12 0,05man M,l (6)
The reduction factor x (¡.e. xy or x,) shall be obtained by
means of equations (4a) to (4 c) as a function of the non- 3.2.2 Lateral torsional buckling
dimensional slenderness in compression,AK,and the buck-
(306) Members of uniform cross section with anytype of
ling curve for the particular cross section,taken from table 5. end support not permitting horizontal displacement, sub-
AK 5 0,2: x = 1 ject to constant -¡al force shall be analysed as specified in
1
subclause 3 . 2 . 1 . 1 shall
~ be calculated substituting for N K i
AK >0,2 : x = the axial force occurring under the smallest bifurcation
k + i q load for lateral torsional buckling,with the reduction factor x
being determined for buckling about the z-axis.
k = 0,5[I + a (XK - 0,2)+ nK] I sections (including rolled sections) do not require ulti-
mate limit state analysis with respect to lateral torsional
as a simplification, in cases where AK > 3,O: buckling.
1 Note. Torsional buckling is treated here as a special type
x= -
í& + a)AK of lateral torsional buckling.
a being taken from table 4.
3.3 Bending about one axis without
Table 4. Parameters a for calculation of coexistent axial force
reduction factor x
3.3.1 General
Buckling curve a b C d (307) Ultimate limit state analysis shall be carried out as
specified in subclause 3.3.4for bending about one axis,
a 0.21 0,34 0,49 0,76 except in cases where bending is about the z-axis or the
conditions outlined in subclause 3.3.2or 3.3.3are met.
--`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Table 5. Buckling curves
1 2 3
Buckling
Buckling
Type of cross section about
curve
axis
Hollow sections
Y-Y
z Hot rolled a
2-2
Y-Y
Cold formed b
2-2
Z
Welded box sections
eN@i
Y-Y
--`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
b
2-2
Thick welds and

h,lty < 30 Y-Y
C
2-2
Rolled I sections
Y-Y a
hlb > 1.2; t s 40 mrn
2-2 b
hlb > 1.2; 40 e t 5 80 rnm Y-Y b

hlb 5 1,2; t580mm 2-2 C
Y-Y
t>80mrn d
2-2
Welded I sections
Y-Y b
2-2 C
Y-Y C
2-2 d
Channels, L, T and solid sections
z z
Y-Y
C
2-2
plus built-up members to subclause 4.4
Sections not included here shall be classified by analogy, taking into consideration the likely residual stresses
and plate thicknesses.
Note. Thick welds are deemed to have an actual throat thickness, a, which is not less than min t.

Pagel0 DIN 18800 Part 2
Lateral torsional buckling
\ -a
0.8
--`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
I -
Figure 10. Reduction factors x for lateral buckling (buckling curves a, b, C and d) and XM for lateral torsional buckling,
obtained by equation (18) with n equal to 2,5
3.3.2 Lateral and torsional restraint where

(308) Lateral restraint k, is equal to unity for the elastic-plastic and plastic-
Members with masonry bracing permanently connected to plastic methods or 0,35 for the elastic-elastic
the compression flange may be considered to have suffi- method;
cient lateral restraint if the thickness of the masonry is not ka is to be taken from column 2 of table 6 if the beam is
less than 0.3 times the height of cross section of the member. free to move laterally,orfrom column 3of table 6 if the
beam is laterally restrained at its top flange.
Masonry, 2
Table 6. Coefficients ko
Compression flange
Figure 11. Lateral restraint (masonry bracing)
If trapezoidal sheeting to DIN 18 807is connected to beams

and the condition expressed by equation (7) is met, the
beam at the point of connection may be regarded as being
laterally restrained in the plane of the sheeting.
Tt2
+ GIT + EI, -
12
0,25
S being the shear stiffness provided by the sheeting for

beams connected to the sheeting at each rib.
If sheeting is connected at every second rib only, 0,2.S
shall be substituted for S.
Note. Equation (7) may also be used to determine the lateral
stability of beam flanges used in combination with
types of cladding other than trapezoidal sheeting,
provided that the connections are of suitable design.
(309) Torsional restraint

I beams of doubly symmetrical cross section with dimen-
sions as for rolled sections complying with the DIN 1025
standards series shall be considered as being torsionally
restrained (¡.e. due to their axes of rotation being restrai-
ned) if the condition expressed by equation (8) is met.
Note 1. Equation (8) is a simpler check which makes use of

the characteristic values.

Note 2. When determining the actual effective torsional CfiA,k is the torsional restraint due to deformationof
restraint,cb,k, any deformations at the point of con- the connection, that of trapezoidal sheeting
nection between the supported beam and the sup- being obtained by means of equation (11 a)
porting member shall be taken into consideration, or (11 b), substituting ?@&k from table 7;
e.g. by means of equation (9).
1 1 1 1
-- -- +-+- (9)
C@,k C8M,k COA,k C@P,k vorh b
with -I1,251
where 1O0
cg,k is the actual effective torsional restraint;
--`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
CbM,k is the theoretical torsional restraint obtained

by means of equation (10) from the bending
stiffness of the supporting member (a), vorh b
assuming a rigid connection: with 1,25 -I 2,o
1O0
where
(1O)
vorh b is the actual flange width of the
where beam, in mm.
k is equal to 2 in the case of single- Cf. [3]for further details on the use of C@A,k.
span or two-span beams or 4 in the Cbp,k is the torsional restraint due to deformation
case of continuous beams with of the supported beam section (cf. [4]).
three or more spans:
Note 3. Instead of applying equation (81, the actual effec-
( E . r a ) k is the bending stiffness of the sup- tive torsional restraint, C@,k,may also be considered
porting member; when determining the ideal design buckling resist-
a is the span of the supporting ance moment, M K ~ the , ~ , check then being carried
member; out as specified in subclause 3.3.4.
Table Z Characteristic torsional restraint values for trapezoidal steel sheetins connections, assuming a flange width,
Bolting to
Position of profile Bolt spacing, Washer max bt3),
Line inmm
diameter, in C'A,k7
kNmim
TOP Bottom
top
flange
bottom
flange b,') 1 2 b,')
in mm
40
40
40
40
120
120
I I Sheeting subjected to suction

7 X X X 16 40
8 X X X 16 40
l) b, - rib spacing.
I
2, Ka - washer diameter irrelevant; bolt head to be concealed using a steel cap, not less than 0,75mm in wall thickness.
3) bt - flange width of sheeting.
The values stated apply to bolts not less than 6,3mm in diameter, arranged as shown in figure 13, used with steel
washers not less than 1,Omm thick, with a vulcanized neoprene backing.

i Asimplified method using equation (14) may be used where

equation (12) is not met:
Ip" 0,843 M~
Mpl,y,d
5 1
u
'
where
My is the maximum moment;
Figure 12. Torsional restraint (example)
x isareductionfactorasafunctionofbucklingc_urvec
or d, obtained by means of equation (4), for A. from
equation (13),buckling curve d being selected for
beams otherthan the rolled beams in line 1 oftableg,
which are subject to in-plane lateral bending on
their top flange. Equation (15) shall also be met by
beams coming under this category:
I
I
I 5 4 4 -
I t
I
I
h being the maximum beam depth;
t being the thickness of the compression flange.
Buckling curve c may be used in all other cases.
Note. Calculations may be simplified bysubstituting fori,,g

the radius of gyration of the whole section, i,.
Figure 13. Arrangement of screws in connections between 3.3.4 Lateral torsional buckling
beams and trapezoidal sheeting (example)
(311) The ultimate limit state analysis of I beams, chan-
3.3.3 Analysis of compression flange nels and C sections not designed for torsion shall be by
means of equation (16):
(310) I beams symmetrical about the web axis, with a
compression flange which is laterally restrained at a num-
ber of points spaced a distance c apart, do not require a
detailed analysis for lateral torsional buckling if
where
(1 2)
My is the maximum moment as specified in item 303;
XM is a reduction factor applied to moments as a
function of AM;
--`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
where
II is the beam coefficient from table 9.
Where there are moments My with a moment ratio, W,

greaterthan 0,5,the beam coefficient,n,shall be multiplied
Axial force diagram kC by a factor k , from figure 14.
*-
Figure 14. Beam coefficient and associated factor k ,

Table 9. Beam coefficient, n
Type of section n Line Moment diagram r I
-
Rolled
2.5 t I I I
Welded
Castellated
2.0
I1 maxM
-1cp1
pmaxM
I I 1.77 - 0,77
Calculations of beams not more than 60cm in

height may be simplified by substituting equation
(20)for equation (19).
1,32 b * t ( E * I
,)
-a
MKi,y =
1*h2
Notched
VI
16)
Haunched*)
Figure 15. Beam dimensions qualifying for simpli-
-r fied analysis using equation (20) or (21)
Note 2. X M may also be taken from figure 10 if the beam

0,7 + 1.8 min h coefficient, n,is equal to 2 5
max h Note 3. X M may be assumed to be equal to unityfor beams
not more than 60cm in depth (see figure 15)and of
uniform cross section provided that they satisfy
min h equation (21):
2 0,25
max h bet 240
1 5- 200 -
k, When flanges are connected to webs by welding, n h fy,k
shall be further multiplied by a factor of 0,8. f y , k being expressed in N/mm2.
Note 4. Coefficient n allows for the effect of residual
stresses and initial deformations on the service load
Note 1. Calculation of äM is only possible where the ideal but not the effect of the support conditions (these
design buckling resistance moment, M K ~ , ~is, being allowed for by MKi,y).
known (cf. [5] and [6]). Equation (19)or (20) may be
applied for beams of doubly symmetrical uniform 3.4 Bending about one axis with
cross section. coexistent axial force
MK~,,,= C * NK~,,, (11,' + 0,25 Z; + 0.5 zP) (19) 3.4.1 Members subjected t o minor axial forces
(312) Members subjected to only minor axial forces and
where meeting the condition expressed by equation (22) may be
< is the moment factor applicable to fork analysed for bending without coexistent axial force, as
specified in subclause 3.3.
restraint at the ends, from table 10
N
NK~,,, is equal to n2.E . Izll'; < 0,l (22)
X * Npl,d
Io + 0,039 1' * IT
c2 =
I, 3.4.2 Lateral buckling
is the distance of the point of transmission of 3.4.2.1 Simplified method of analysis
zp
the in-plane lateral load from the centroid (313) The analysis for lateral buckling of members pin-
(positive in tension). jointed on both sidesand subject to in-plane lateral loading
--`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

in the form of a concentrated or line load and with a maxi- Note. If a more detailed analysis is required,the design of
mum moment, M ,according to first order theory, may be connections shall be based on the basis of the
analysed by means of equation (3), while substituting in bending moment according to second order theory,
equation (4 b) k from equation (23). taking into account equivalent imperfections.
+ a (& - 0,2) + 3; +- (318) Portions of members not subjected

t o compression
Item 305 shall be taken into consideration. The analysis of portions of members which are not them-
selves subject to compression but which are required to
3.4.2.2 Equivalent member method resist moments due to being connected to members in
compression shall be by means of equation (26). The yield
(314) Analysis strength of cross sections not in compression shall not be
The ultimate limit state analysis shall be made applying less than that of those in compression.
equation (24) and using the buckling curves specified in
M
subclause 3.2.1.
N d
51
+-ID' e + An <1 (24) 1,15
. Np1.d Mpl,d 1--
where VKi
x E a reduction factor from equation (4), a function of with V K ~> 1,15
AK and the appropriate buckling curve (see table 5), Note. A portion of a member not in compression could bea
for displacement in the moment plane; beam connected to columns in compression.
ßm is the uniform equivalent moment factor for lateral
(319) Movement of supports and temperature effects
buckling taken from column 2 of table 11.
Any effects of deformations as a result of movement of the
Moment factors less than 1 are only to be used for supports or variations in temperature shall be taken into
members of uniform cross section whose end sup- consideration when calculating moment M .
port conditions do not permit lateral displacement
Note. Further information shall be taken from the literature
and which are subjected to constant compression
without in-plane lateral loading; k g . VI).
M is the maximum moment according to first order 3.4.3 Lateral torsional buckling
elastic theory, imperfections being neglected; (320) Channels and C sections, and I sections of mono-
N N symmetric or doubly symmetrical cross section, exhibiting
An isequal to-
x'Npi,d
but not more than 0,l.
(1-- x-Npl,d)
x 2 * 36, uniform axial force and not designed for torsion, with relative
dimensionsas for those of rolled sections,shall be analysed
for ultimate limit state by means of equation (27):
Item 123 shall be taken into account when calculating Mpl,d. N
+ My ky< 1
For doublysymmetrical cross sections with a web compris- xz ' xM ' Mpl,y, d
Npl, d
ing at least 18Yo of the'total area of cross section, M p l , d in The following notation applies in addition to that given in
equation(24) may be multiplied by a factor of 1,l if the subclause 3.3.4.
following applies:
xz is a reduction factor from equation (4), substituting
AK,z for buckling perpendicular to the z-axis,
Note 1. Where the maximum moment is zero,equation (3)

shall be applied instead of equation (24) for the
& z
where
E
is equal to -the non-dimensional slenderness
associated with axial force;
ultimate limit state. N K ~ is the axial force underthe smallest bifurcation load
Note 2. Calculations mayde simplified by substituting for associated with buckling perpendicularto the z-axis
A n either 0,25 x 2 .A$ or 0.1. or with the torsional buckling load;
k, is a coefficient taking into account moment diagram
(315) Effect of transverse forces My and a K , z . It shall be calculated as follows:
Due account shall be taken of the effect of transverse N
forces on the design capacity of a cross section. ky=l - ay. but not more than unity,
Note. This may be achieved by reducing the internal forces xz * N p l , d
and moments in the perfectly plastic state (e.g. as where
set out in tables 16 and 17 of DIN 18800 Part 1). ay = 0,15jK,z. B M , -O,%,
~ with a maximum of 0,9
where
(316) Non-uniform cross section and & M , is
~ the moment factor associated with lat-
variable axial forces eral torsional buckling, from column 3 of
Where cross sections are non-uniform or axial forces vari- table 11, taking intoaccount moment dia-
able, the analysis shall be made applying equation (24) to gram My.
all key cross sections, with all relevant internal forces and Note 1. Due regard shall be taken, particularly in the case
moments and cross section properties and the axial force, of channels and C sections, of the fact that this ana-
NK~, assumed as acting at these points. In addition, equa- lysis does not take account of design torsion.
tions (5) and (6) in item 305 shall be met. Note 2. Tsections are not covered by the specifications of
this subclause.
(317) Rigid connections Note 3. A k, value of unity gives a conservative approx-
In the absence of a more rigorous treatment, rigid connec- imation.
tions shall be calculated substituting forthe actual moment, Note 4. The torsional bending load plays a major role, for
M , the moment in the perfectly plastic state, Mp1,d. example, in members subject to torsional restraint.
--`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

3.5 Biaxial bending with or without N

k,=1- ay, with a maximum
coexistent axial force "Y NpLd of 1,5
3.5.1 Lateral buckling where
(321) Method of analysis 1 ay = & y ~ +
( 2 ß ~-, 4) - 1). With a
The ultimate limit state analysis shall be made applying maximum of 0,8
equation (28): where
M, ßM,,and ßM,z are the moment factors
N
+ -. MY ky + -k, I 1 (28) ßM associated with
x *Npl,d Mpl,y,d MpL z, d lateral torsional buck-
where ling, from column 3 of
table 11; taking into
x = min (xy, x), is a reduction factor for the relevant buck- account moment dia-
ling curve, from equation (4); grams My and M,;
Myand M , are the maximum moments in first order apl,yand ctPl,, are plastic shape co-
theory (disregarding imperfections); efficients associated
is a coefficient taking -into account with moment M y or
kY
moment diagram My and AK,y It shall be M,. (Item 123 is not
calculated as follows: applicable here.)
Table 11. Moment factors
1 2 3
Moment factors, Moment factors,

Moment diagram ßm. ßMs
for lateral buckling for lateral torsional buckling
3 d moments &, , = 0,66+ 0,44 y

1
-- -
y,
*- but not below 1 = 1,8 0,7y
--`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
.;, .:;. ... ,,. .. . .... . ,.. .:s ....:.

<.
fl1 VKi'
with a minimum of 0,44.
Moments from in-plane

ateral loading
flQ
Moments from in-plane lateral

loading with end moments
MQ = 1 max M 1 from in-plane lateral

loading only
Imax MI where no
alternating
moments OCCUI
AM=
Imax MI + Imin Ml where
alternating
moments OCCUI

--`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
k, is a factor taking into account moment Other notation is explained in subclauses 3.3.4,3.4.3 and
diagram M, and a K , p It shall be calculated 3.5.1.
as follows: Note 1. This analysis does not take account of design
N torsion.
k,=1 - a, with a maximum
xz ' NpLd of 1,5 Note 2. Tsections are not covered bythe specifications of
where this subclause.
Note 3. A k, value taken to be equal to unity and a k , value
a, = &,, (2ßM,z- 4) + (spi,, - 1). with a of 1,5 give a conservative approximation.
maximum of 0,8
Mpl,z,d is design moment M, in the perfectly
plastic state, disregarding item 123. 4 Single-span built-up members
Item 305 shall be taken into consideration. 4.1 General
Note 1. If equation (28) is applied for bending about one (401) Buckling perpendicular t o the material axis*)
axis and coexistent axial force, x shall be the reduc- Built-up members having cross sections with one material
tion factor for the plane of bending under consid- axis shall be dealt with as solid members as specified in
eration. clause 3 when calculating lateral displacement perpendic-
Note 2. The actual increase in the internal forces and ular to the material axis. For compression and design bend-
moments in second order theory is accounted for ing moment, My,this only applies when there is no design
'by calcuLating the non-dimensional slendernesses bending moment M,.
AK,yandaK,,overtheeffective lengthsforthe whole
structure (cf. [8]). (402) Buckling perpendicular t o the void axis **)
Calculation of lateral displacement perpendicular to the
(322) Method of analysis 2 void axis may be bythe equivalent method,in which built-up
The ultimate limit state analysis by method 2 shall be made members of uniform cross section are dealt with as solid
using the following equation: members,with both deformations due to moments and those
occurring as a result of transverse forces being taken into
N
+ ßm,, . M y ß m , z * M,
k , + A n j l (29) consideration. In this method, the design of each component
shall be based on the global analysisofthetotal internal forces
x .Npi, d Mpl,y,d ky + Mpl,z,d
and moments present (see subclauses 4.3.2 and 4.3.3).
where
Note. Frames may also be analysed on the basis of all of
x = r n i n (xy,xJ is the reduction factor for the relevant their components. Analysis by the equivalent mem-
buckling curve, obtained using equation ber method assuming solid members is specified for
(4); battened members with two chords. The literature
k, shall be equal to unity and k, = c, with shall be referred to for information on members with
xy < x,; more than two chords [91.
k, and k , shall be equal to unity, with
xy= x,;
k, shall be equal to cy and k , equal to
unity, with x, c xy;
1
c, = -
CY
r=2 r=2
Myand M, are the maximum moments in first order Figure 16. Built-up members with cross sections having
theory (disregarding imperfections); one material axis (y-axis) (examples)
fim,, and fim,, are the moment factors for lateral buck-
ling, from line 2 of table 11, taking into (403) Cross sections with two void axes
account moment diagram M yor M,.
The following information applies by analogy to both axes
Item 314shall be referred to fOrAn,SUbStitUting~KaSSOCiat- for cross sections with two void axes.
ed with x , the other items of subclause 3.4.2.2applying by
analogy.
Note. If there is only one moment, equation (24) shall be
substituted for equation (29) where the reduction
factor in the plane of bending under consideration is
substituted for x .
3.5.2 Lateral torsional buckling

(323) Monosymmetric or doubly symmetrical I sections
with relative dimensions as for those of rolled sections,sub-
ject to axial force shall be analysed for the ultimate limit r=4
state by means of equation (30): Figure 17. Built-up member with a cross section having
two void axes (y- and z-axes) (example)
ky and k , being taken from item 320 and item 321 *) Axis intersecting with components.
respectively. **) Axis between components.

4.2 Common notation 1; AG .y; + 17. I z , ~ design

) second order moment of
area of the gross cross section of
(404) battened members;
1 system length (of built-up member);
1; = 2 (AG - y ; ) design second order moment of area of
r number of chords; the gross cross section of laced members;
h, and h, distance between centroidal axes of chords;
a length of chord between two nodes;
w;=- I L section modulus of the gross cross sec-
AG gross area of cross section of chord; YS tion, relative to the centroidal axis of the
outermost chord;
A = AG gross area of cross section of built-up member;
AD gross area of cross section of a strut; Sz*,d design shear stiffness of the equivalent
member.
4 smallest radius of gyration of one chord;
1 ,G second order moment of area of a chord cross Note 1. The shear stiffness corresponds to the transverse
section about the centroidal axis parallel to the force resulting in an angle of shear,y, equal to unity.
z-axis; Note 2. Examples of shear stiffness of laced and battened
Ys distance of the centroid of each component members are given in table 13.
cross section from the z-axis; Note 3. The shear stiffness of battened members has been
I , = AG , y ; + I z , ~ )second
order moment of area of multiplied by the factor n2/12in order to exclude
the gross cross section about the failure of single panels solely due to shear.
z-axis (assuming rigid connection
of components, providing shear re-
sistance); 4.3 Buckling perpendicularto void axis
sK,z effective length of equivalent member, disre- 4.3.1 Analysis of member
garding any deformation due to transverse (405) Analysis of a member shall be made taking into con-
forces; sideration the conditions of restraint. The internal forces
--`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
SK,Z and moments in a member designed to be in axial compres-

AK,z = - slenderness ratio of the equivalent member sion, with its ends nominally pinned t o prevent lateral dis-
17
E for battened members (disregarding defor-
mations due to transverse forces);
correction for battened members (cf. table 12);
placement will be as follows:
at member mid-point: M z=
N 00
(31)
N
1 --
N K i , z,d
Table 12. Correction, v, for battened members where
1
77 NKi,z, d = (32)
12
+-s;,d1
1 I 'tT ~ ( E I;)d
n-Mz
at member end: max V, = - (33)
1
Note. The literature (e.g. [IO]) shall be consulted for inter-
> 150 O nal compression and design bending.
4.3.2 Analysis of member components

4.3.2.1 Chords of laced and battened members
(406) The global analysis of internal forces and moments
acting throughout the member not resistant to shear gives
an axial force,NG, in the chord undermaximum stressequal
to the following:
NG shall be used for analysis of the part of a chord as spec-

ified in subclause 3.2,assuming pin-jointing on both sides.
The slenderness ratio, aK,1. shall be obtained as follows:
where
SK,1 is the effective length of the part of a chord under
maximum stress, usuallytaken to be the same as the
length of the chord, a, between nodeS.The effective
length of parts of laced members consisting of four
angles shall be taken from table 13.
Note. The analysis may be made as specified in subclause
3.4for laced members as shown in columns 4 and 5
Figure 18. Laced and battened members (examples) of table 13 where a is subject to transverse loading.

4.3.2.2 Lacing systems

(38)
(407) The axial forces of web members making up lacing
systems shall be obtained from the total transverse forces,
Vy,acting in the laced member.The effective length shall be where XB is the position of the batten
taken from subclause 5.1.2. on the chord.
Note. The total transverse force required when consider- In the case of monosymmetric chord cross sections, the re-
ing a member in axial compression, shall be ob- sistance moment, M , at the ends of the part of the chord
tained from equation (33). shall be obtained from the mean of the moments f Mpl,NG
derived from interaction equation (38).
4.3.3 Analysis of panels of battened members
Note 1. The plastic design capacity of the chord cross sec-
(408) Panels between two battens tion as obtained from the interaction equations may
The panel between two battens resisting the maximum be utilized (cf. [9] and [lo]),the transverse force, VG,
transverse force, rnax Vv, obtained from the global calcula- normally being neglected.
tion shall be analysed by verifying the ultimate limit state of
--`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
a chord subject to the following internal forces and Note 2. The moments of resistance, M,!,N~,occurring in
moments: the chords at their connections with battens are of
different magnitude owing to their different direc-
m a r Vy a
end moment, MG = -- tions. Failure of a panel does not occur until all
r 2 M p ~ , values
~ G have been fully utilized (cf. [9]).
rnax Vy
transverse force, VG = ~
(37) Note 3. The moment axes shall also be taken to be parallel
r to the void axis in the case of angle chords.
Table 13. Effectwe lengths sK,1 and equivalent shear stiffnesses, s,*,d, of laced and battened members
1 2 3 4 5 6
Battened members
-
1,52 a 1.28 a a
yr:r z
a
z
y
a
SK; 1
.
Sz, d = m ( E A& cos a . sin2a .
(m = number of braces normal to void axis)
The effective lengths,sK,l,in columns 1and 2 onlyapply to angle-sectioned chords, the slenderness ratio,ili, being calculat-
I d on the basis of the smallest radius of gyration, i l .
If, in special cases, fasteners are used which are likely to slip, this may be accounted for by increasing the equivalent geo-
metrical imperfections accordingly.
The information relating to Sg,d does not apply to scaffolding,which generally makes use of highly ductile fasteners which
must be taken into account.
Note. Further information on ductilityand slip of fasteners and on eccentricityat the connections between web members in
laced members is given in the literature (e.9. [9]).

(409) Battens Continuity of packing may be taken into consideration

Battens and their connections shall be designed for shear when calculating the second order moment of area. When
and the design moments (cf. table 14). determining the area of cross section,A, this only applies
when the packing is adequately connected to the gusset.
Table 14. Distribution of forces and moments in the
The shear in the battens, connections or packing may be
battens of battened members
calculated fora transverse force equalling 2.5% of the com-
1 2 pressive force in the battened member.
Cross section of
built-up battened (411) Star-battened angle members
members Built-up members. consisting of two star-battened angle
members need only be checked for lateral displacement
perpendicular to the.material axis (figure 20) by the follow-
ing equation:
--`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Structural model
(39)
If the effective lengths of the two members are not the

same, the mean of the two effective lengths shall be used.
Angles with a cross section as shown in figure 20 b) may be
verified by the following equation, the radius of gyration, io,
of the gross cross section relating to the centroidal axis
parallel to the longer leg:
.
lY
io
=-
1.15
Moment diagram in
the connection
due to shear, T
Shear, T,in the

connection
This also applies for closely spaced built-up battened

members as shown in figures 19,20and 21.The moments in a) r = 2 b) r = 2
the centroids of batten connections shall be taken into
account. Figure 20. Star-battened angle members
If packing plates are used to connect the main components
in built-up battened members as shown in figures 19 and 21, Consecutive battens may be in corresponding or mutually
it is sufficient to design the connection for resistance to the opposed order. Shear may be determined as specified in
actual shear. item 410.
4.4 Closely spaced built-up battened members Note. According to item 503, the effective lengths of diag-
onals or verticals in triangulated frames differ, de-
(410) Cross sections with one void axis pending on whether lateral displacement in or per-
Built-up members with cross sections as shown in figure 19 pendicular to the plane of the frame is being consid-
may also be treated as solid members as set out in clause 3 ered.
when calculating lateral displacement normal to the void
axis, provided that either of the following conditions is satis-
fied: (412) Cross sections with two void axes
Where built-up members as shown in figure 21 consist of
a) battens or packing plates positioned as specified in
subclause 4.5 are not more than 15 i, apart; main components with a clear spacing not or only slightly
greater than the thickness of the gusset,the specifications
b) continuous packing plates are used,which are connect- applying to the built-up members in figure 19 shall be
ed at intervals equal to 15 il or less apart. applied by analogy to the two void axes.
r=4
Figure 19. Built-up memebers with a void axis and a clear
spacing of main components not oronlyslightly Figure 21. Closely-spaced built-up member with two
greater than the thickness of the gusset void axes

4.5 Structural detailing tom chords are in the perpendicular plane, the effective
(413) Retention of cross-sectional shape length in that plane may be determined as for compressive
forces which do not always act in the same direction.
Where member cross sections have two void axes, the rec-
tangular cross-sectional shape shall be retained by means Note 1. Chords may be held in the perpendicular plane by
of cross-stiffening. a road deck, for example.
Note. Cross-stiffening may take the form of bracing,plates Note 2. The effective length can be determined with the
or frames. aid of figures 36 to 38.
(414) Arrangement of battens and packing plates
/
Battened members shall be connected at the ends by bat-
tens.This also applies to laced members unless cross brac- N A'
ing is used instead.
If built-up members are connected at the same gusset,due
account shall be taken of the fact that the gusset will also
function as an end batten or end packing plate.
The other battens shall be spaced as equally apart as pos- /
sible, the use of packing plates being permitted instead for /
the members shown in figures 19 and 21. The number of
panels shall be not less than three, and equation (41) shall
be satisfied:
--`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
a
- 5 70
i1
(41)
Ib(
5 Frames Vertical member held horizontally,
non-rigidly connected at one side
5.1 Triangulated frames
5.1.1 General
(501) Calculation of forces in triangulated
frame members
The forces acting in the members making up a triangulated
frame may be calculated assuming nominally pinned
member ends.Secondary stresses as a result of nodes may
be disregarded.
Where the cross sections of compression chords are non-
uniform over their length,any load eccentricity in individual
members may be disregarded if the mean centroidal axis of
each cross section coincides with the centroidal axis of the
compression chord.
(502) Analysis of compression members
Analysis of compression members shall be as specified in
clause 3,4 or 7. Vertical member held horizontally,
non-rigidly connected at both sides
5.1.2 Effective lengths of frame members
designed to resist cornpression Figure 22. Non-rigidly connected triangulated frame
5.1.2.1 General members for out-of-plane buckling
(503) Rigidly connected members
In the absence of a more rigorous treatment, the effective
length, SK, of frame members which are rigidly connected 5.1.2.2 Triangulated frame members supported
using at least two bolts or by welding shall be 0.9 I for in- by another triangulated frame member
plane buckling (42) and equal to unity for out-of-plane
(506) Connection at intersection
buckling (43).
At intersections, members shall be connected directly or
(504) Non-rigidly connected members via a gusset.
In the absence of a more rigorous treatment, the analysis if both members are continuous, the connection between
for the sway mode of vertical and diagonal members held them shall be designed to withstand a force acting in the
horizontally by cross beams or transverse members provid- perpondicu!ar plane equal to 10% of the greater compres-
ing non-rigid connection, is a function of the structural sive force.
detailing involved.
Noie. The effective length, S K , ~ ,of triangulated frame (507) In-plane effective length
members as shown in figure 22 for the sway mode in The effective length for the sway mode in the plane of the
the perpendicular plane may be determined by triangulated member shall be assumed to be the system
means of the diagrams in figure 27. length to the node of the intersecting members.
(505) Members with one end allowing lateral
dlsplacement and one or two non-rigidly (508) Out-of-plane effective length
connected ends The effective length forthe sway mode in the perpendicular
Where verticals and diagonals in main triangulated frames plane appropriate to the structural detailing involved may
also act as the columns of sway portal frames,and thsirbot- be taken from table 15.

Table 15. Out-of plane effective lengths of triangulated frame members of uniform cross section in the perpendicular
plane
1 2 I 3
1- _
3 z-1
~
4 N-1,
SK = 1
I , 13
1 + -
I . 1:
but not less than 0,5 Z
1 +-
Y-
SK = 1
N - 1,
I, 13
1 +-
I . 1:
but not less than 0,5 Z but not less than 0,5 1
Continuous compression member Nominally pinned compression member
where
but not less than 0,5 I
4
N . Il
vhere -
z-1
ir where the following applies:
Dut not less than 0.5 1
--`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

5.1.2.3 Solid truss members with elastic support 5.2 Frames and laterally restrained
at mid-length continuous beams
(509) The out-of-plane effective length of solid truss 5.2.1 Negligible deformations due to axial force
members with elastic support at mid-length for the sway (511) The specifications of subclause 5.2 may be deemed
mode may be obtained by means of equation (44): applicable if the deformations due to axial force of the
columns of frames and bracing systems are negligible,this
being the case when equation (45) is met:
(44)
E * I > 2,5 S.L2 (45)
where where
1 is the system length; E .I is the bending stiffness,
N is the maximum compressive force acting in the S is the storey stiffness,
member ( N I or N2); L is the overall height (see figure 25),
of the bracing system or multistorey frame.
cd is the frame stiffness with respect to lateral dis-
placement of the points of connection of solid If E -1or S varies over a number of storeys,their mean may
members and of columns forming part of the sub- be used.
frame in the perpendicularplane,this being equal to I may be approximated using equation (46):
not less than 4 N I L
B2
I= (46)
1 1
-+-
Ali Are
the width, B, and cross-sectional areas Ali and Are of the
columns being as shown in figure 25.
Bracing system Multistorey frame
Figure 23. Solid member and frame stiffness

Ali
5.1.2.4 Angles used as solid members

in triangulated frames
(510) Where angle ends are nominally pinned (e.g. by
means of a single bolt), the effects of eccentricity shall be
taken into consideration. L B
Figure 25. Criteria for calculation of I by means of
equation (46)
It shall be presumed throughout that for the column of

frames the member characteristic is not greater than unity.
Note I . Equation (45) ensures that in a cantilever member
whose low bending stiffness and storey stiffness
Figure 24. Rigidly connected angles (examples) remain constant under an evenly distributed load,
the lateral displacement at the free end asa result of
If one of the two angle legs is rigidly connected at the node, transverse force is at least ten times that resulting
the effects of eccentricity may be disregarded and the from the bending moment.
analysis of lateral buckling as specified in subclause 3.2.1 Note 2. Equationsfor calculation of the stiffness of bracing
carried o3t using the non-dimensional slenderness in systems and of multistorey frames are given in
bending, Ak, from table 16. table 17 and subclause 5.3.2.1 respectively.
Table 16. Non-dimensional slenderness in bending, ni< 5.2.2 Non-sway frames

(512) Non-sway braced frames
1 2
In cases where the frame and the bracing components co-
1 O<A,<112 ;2# = 0,35 + 0,753 AK operate to resist in-plane horizontal loads, the frame shall
be regarded as non-sway provided that the stiffness of the
2 fi<3,<3,0 n# = 0,50+ 0,646 AK bracing system,SAusst,isat least five times that of the frame,
Sb,in the storey under consideration, ¡.e.
--`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
- I SAusst 2 5 SRa (47)

3 aK=- non-dimensional slenderness of solid
il * Aa member By a simplified method, equation (47) need only be applied
z system length to the lowest storey if the stiffness conditions there are not
considerably different from those of the other storeys.
il minimum radius of gyration of angle
cross section Note. Examples of stiffening elements are wall panels and
bracing.Their stiffness may be taken from table 17.

DIN 18800 Pari 2 Page 23
(513) Stiffness of beam-and-column type frames If equation (49) is not met, the bracing system design shall
The stiffness of beam-and-column type frames, S, is defined be based on the transverse force calculated by second
by: order theory.
S=VJp (48) A simpler method may also be used,in which the transverse
force according to first order theory (including any uplift,
N -PO)is multiplied by the factor a obtained by means of
equation (50).
Note. The following general case applies to bracing systems:

NKi,d = SAusst, d
Figure 26. Stiffness of beam-and-column type frames, S
5.2.4 Analysis of frames and continuous beams
As a simplified method, may be calculated as specified (517) The ultimate limit state analysis of frames and con-
in item 519,with SAusst equal to zero. tinuous beams may be effected by analysing their main
components as specified in clause 3.
Table 17. Stiffness of bracing systems, In the analysis of lateral buckling of non-sway frames as
specified in subclause 3.4.2.2, the moment factor,&,for lat-
n
1 L eral buckling,taken from column 2 of table 11 may be used
to calculate the moment components from transverse
Bracing system SAusst loads on beams.
When analysing beams by means of equation (26),the
Wall panel maximum bending moment may be reduced by multiplying
(e.g. masonry) by the factor (1-0,8/q~i)provided there are no (or virtually
no) compressive forces acting in them.
Note. The effective lengths required for the above check
G-t-1 are given in figure 27. Practical examples are given
in [ll].
5.3 Sway frames and continuous beams

subject to lateral displacement
Diagonals 5.3.1 Negligible deformations due to axial force
(one diagonal (516) Item 51 1 shall apply in the cases where the deforma-
effective) tions due to axial force are negligible.
E . A sin a * cos'a
--`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
5.3.2 Plane sway frames

Value doubled Note. The use of bolts or welding for unstiffened beam-to-
where bracing column connections requires due consideration of
sufficiently their structural behaviour and susceptibility to
preloaded deformations, ¡.e. their plastic design capacity com-
bined with their rotation capacityand theirdeforma-
tions under service loads.
5.3.2.1 Calculation by first order elastic theory
5.2.3 Design of bracing systems (519) Global analysis of beam-and-column type frames
(regardless of the number of storeys or panels) which are
(514) Principle pinned or rigidly connected at their base, with columns of
Bracing systems shall be designed by second order theory equal length within a storey and nodes permitting only
assuming all horizontal loads and uplift due to imperfec- lateral displacement, may be designed by first order theory,
tions for both stiffening system and frame. provided that each storey meets equation (51).
(515) Imperfections
Initial sway imperfections, qo, as specified in subclause 2.3 where
shall be assumed forall columns of frames and the bracing
system.
(516) Calculation by first order theory N, being the sum of all vertical loads transmitted in the
In the global analysis by elastic theory,first ordertheory may rth storey.
be applied provided that each storey meets equation (49): In the above, the stiffness S, shall be obtained by means of
equations (52)to (54),using the notation and values given
SAusst, d
(49) in figure 28.
N
In the first storey (where r =l),S, shall be as follows, de-
where pending on the conditions of restraint at the column bases:
SAusst,d is the total stiffness of all frame bracing systems in rigidly connected:
the storey under consideration;
N is the total vertical load transmitted in the storey
under consideration.

Special design situations
Nominally
--`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
pinned
-$--- Cu= o --k

t
u)
E
L
5a
c
.-O
c
3
Y
3
o
L
1 O
c, = O
O
1 11 1s
+ -2 -
3 Is 4
In all three cases:
c,, =
1
e Rigid
SK =
2 -
I+
BIs
12 15 -
3 1s 12 Rigid c, or c, (whichever greater) - Nominally
pinned
Division of non-sway frame into subframes with only

qKi= one column, for application of diagram below
K i + Kë = K6
Kb i Ki i K s ' i K:" = K3
(Resolution of K3 and K 6
may be freely selected.)
Figure 27. Diagram to determine the distribution factor, q ~ iand

, effective length, SK, for columns of non-sway frames
where seam is not greater than 0,3

Storey r +1 Cr+l= ...
l Beam r
IR
1
1s
& Storey r er= - C l5
hr
kI-l = ...
Figure 28. Notation and values for calculation of &d
Special design situations
--`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
1
Cu =
1+2-
Il 's
Is 12
In all six cases
(disregarding a ~ ) :
1
C" =
12 's Tr5
1+2-
Is 12 O 0,i 0,2 0.3 0,L 0,s 0,6 0,7 0,ô 0,9 1
Rigidly c, or c, (whicheber greater)- Nominally
SK = ß J ! S
connected pinned
~ ~ \ z E I s
N,i ißk,
q K i = N = For multistorey frames, calculate c, and c, as follows:
-0
Ca KO
l+-
Storey under
Ks + KS.0
consideration 1
Figure 29. Diagram to determine distribution factor, I;IK~, and effective length, sK,for columns of sway frames where
is not greater than 0.3

nominally pinned:
(53)
I
v, =-(VT + Co * N I )
In the other storeys: 1
1--
vKi,r
5.3.2.3 Analysis by equivalent member method

where (523) Global method
Sr,Ausst,d is the stiffness of any stiffening elements in the The ultimate limit state analysis for sway frames may be car-
r t h storey. ried out byanalysing each member separately,as specified
If an analysis of external horizontal forces by first order in clause 3,but using the effective length of the system as a
theory is already provided, q ~ i , may
, also be obtained by whole.
means of equation (55). Where, in certain cases, the compressive forces acting on
the frame are liable to change direction during buckling,
VF
qKi,r = - (55) this shall be taken into account when calculating the effec-
pr * Nr tive lengths of members.
where Note. Effective lengths may be determined using figure 29,
VF is the transverse force from external horizontal or using figures 36 to 38 in cases where compres-
loads in the r t h storey; sive forces are liable to change direction.
p, is the associated angle of rotation in the r t h storey,
obtained by first order theory. (524) Cross sections not in compression
Analysis by means of equation (26) for cross sections not in
Note 1. In first order theory, the reduced initial sway im- compression need only be made for beams in sway frames
perfections p~ specified in items 729 and 730 of where Mpl of ihe beam is less than the total Mpl of the
DIN 18800 Part 1 shall be taken into account. columns meeting the beams.
Note 2. Alternatively,q K i , r may be determined with the aid
of figure 29. (525) Systems with nominally pinned columns
NKi,r,dassumed as being equal to S,d/1,2gives a In global analysis by first order theory, sway systems includ-
conservative estimation of the design bifurcation ing nominally pinned columns shall be calculated with an
load; examples are given in [ll]. additional equivalent load, V O(obtained by means of equa-
tion (59) and illustrated in figure 30), in order to take into
5.3.2.2 Simplified method applying second order theory account initial sway imperfections.
(520) Method V O= 1(Pi .p0.i) (59)
Calculations shall be as in first order theory but assuming where
an increased transverse force in the storeys as set out in p0,i is as specified in item 205.
item 521 or 522. VO = XPi V0.i
(521) Transverse force in beam-and-column type frames 90from figure 5.
Where the member characteristic, E, of beam-and-column
type frames is less than 1,6, higher transverse forces in
the storey, V,,shall be used, to be obtained by means of
equation (56).
V, = V,H + 90 . N r + 1,29,.. N I (56)
where
VF is the transverse force in the storey due to external
horizontal loads only;
N , is the total vertical load transmitted within the r t h
storey;
Figure 30. Systems including nominally pinned columns:
00 is the initial sway imperfection as specified in sub- additional transverse force in a storey, VO
clause 2.3;
pr is theangleofrotation ofthecolumnsintherth storey Note. The initial sway imperfections as specified in items
(calculated by the simplified second order theory 729 and 730 of DIN 18800 Part 1 need not be
method). assumed in addition to VO.
Note. When applying initial sway imperfections at the base
5.3.2.4 Analysis applying first order plastic hinge theory
or top of columns, the angles of rotation, Q, (see
figure 30), being unknown, the simplified second (526) Beam-and-column type frames
order method gives an only slightly different result Beam-and-column type frames as specified in subclauses
than the first order method, the additional term 5.3.2.1,with columns having no or virtually no plastic hinge
1,2pr N , giving a decrease in the principal diagonal
+
action at their ends, may be analysed according to first
terms, and po N , an increase in the load terms, of order plastic hinge theory provided that initial sway imper-
the equilibrium equations. Thus calculations are fections from subclause 2.3 are assumed and the columns
onlyslightly more complex than by first ordertheory. in each storey satisfy equation (60).
(522) Approximate calculation of transverse force

Vr
(60)
in beam-and-column type frames prsloN,
If equation (57) is met by all storeys, equation (58) may be where
substituted for (56) to obtain V, by approximation. v, = v,H + 80. N , (611
--`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

where subject to axial compression when considering out-of-

V r is the transverse force in the storey due to external plane buckling.
horizontal loads only; Note. In the case of bridges, elastic support is usually pro-
N , is the total vertical load transmitted within the r t h storey; vided by subframes (cf. table for spring stiffness of
pr is the angle of rotation of the columns in a storey(ca1- such frames).
culated according to first order plastic hinge theory).
Note, Formula for calculating pr for single-storey frames (531) Averaging of compressive force
are given in the literature (cf. 1121). For solid web beams, the axial force of the compression
chord positioned between two subframes may be averaged
(527) Single-storey frames
to give a constant value, the chord cross section being
First order plastic hinge theory may be applied for the taken to include the chords plus one fifth of the web.
frames shown in figure 31 provided that there are no (or
virtually no) plastic hinges at their ends and equation (62) Table 18. Examples of spring stiffness, Cd, of a subframe
is satisfied: in trough bridges
Trusses and solid web beams with subframes

1 +-I R * h in perpendicular plane
where
1
&+ i-
a is equal to 3 or 6 for nominally pinned or rigidly con-
nected bases respectively;
N is the total vertical load.
I
N
141 I
E 6 Arches
6.1 Axial compression
6.1.1 In-plane buckling
6.1.1.1 Arches of uniform cross section
(601) Analysis
or 1 The ultimate limit state analysis shall be made by applying
equation (3),N being the value at the springing.
Figure 31. Notation used in equation (62)
If the height of nominally pinned columns, ,Z is not the

same as the height of the frame columns, h, the vertical
loads on the nominally pinned columns shall be multiplied
by the factor hll, for calculation of N .
Note. This specification may give very conservative results
since it covers the whole range of possible plastic
hinge configurations. Plan view
5.3.2.5 Simplified calculation according to second

order plastic hinge theory
(528) The simplified method according to second order
elastic theory as specified in subclause 5.3.2.2 assuming
transverse forces in the storey as obtained by means of
equation (56), may be adopted as it stands in plastic hinge
7
Figure 32. Arch axes
Y
theory provided that there are no (or virtually no) hinges at

columns.The angle of rotation of the column according to Note. Figure 33 shows buckling coefficients obtained by
the present simplified second order plastic hinge method means of equation (63) for various types of sym-
shall be substituted for qr in equation (56). metrical arch systems, all of which assume that de-
formations due to axial forces can be disregarded.
5.3.3 Non-rigidly connected continuous beams SK
ß=- (63)
5.3.3.1 General S
(529) Analysis of non-rigidly connected continuous where sK is the effective length and s half of the
beams may be on the lines of subclause 3.4.2. beam length, /? is used to calculate the axial force at
5.3.3.2 Compression chords with elastic lateral support the springing, N K ~under
, the smallest bifurcation
load (see equation 64):
(530) Trusses and solid web beams
I * \2
The compression chords of trusses or solid web beams may
be dealt with as non-rigidly connected continuous beams
--`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Table 19. Spring stiffness of triangulated structures without verticals
1 2
Typical Warren
truss bridges Subframes in Warren truss bridges
A *) Hinge allowing for torsion
Through bridge design on which System on which analysis based. Bottom chord of centre panel only
analysis based (cf. figure 18) resistant to bending, adjacent bottom chords only resistant to torsion.
A+B-2D
Spring stiffness: C - 2 (E * 1u)d
d - ~ . ~ - ~
h2 - 1, d 3 . I, b' -u
B= ~ -+'+
Ur Idr 3
1
D =-a. b - u
6
Any areas resistant to bending at member ends shall be deducted from dl, d,, a, b, u and b, and those resistant
to torsion, from u1 and u.,
Idl, Idr and I, are second order moments of area of the diagonals and bottom chord with respect to bending
perpendicular to the main beam.
Z,l and I,, are second order moments of area of the cross beams at the left and right of the panel with respect to
bending of the deck.
Z T ~and ITr are the torsion constants of the adjacent bottom chord members.
If the half-wave coefficient, rn,of the bending curve due to buckling of the top chord is less than a half the number
of panels, reduced spring stiffness shall be assumed by calculating the second order moments of area, I,, of all
inner cross members with only half their values.
--`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Buckling coefficients, /3, for in-plane buckling of arch
t
ß
Antimetric buckling
t
ß
Antimetric buckling
--`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
ß
t
P
Symmetric buckling
Pa: parabola; Ke: catenary; Kr: circle

f/l -
Loads (e.g. hydrostatic pressure) shall be assumed to correspond to the arch form in the case of arches of the parabolic or
catenary type but to act linearly in the case of one-centred arches.
Figure 33. Buckling coefficients, ß, for in-plane buckling of arches loaded in their thrust line (deformations due to axial
forces being neglected)

Figure 34. Buckling coefficient, ß, for in-plane buckling of parabolic arches with m hangers (relative to the axial force at
the springing ( K ) )
(602) Tied arches where

In the case of tied arches where the ties are connected to i, is the radius of gyration of the z-axis at the crown;
the arch by means of hangers,the ultimate limit state analy- is the buckling coeffcient taken from table 21 (assum-
pl
sis shall be carried out using the full effective length of the ing loading to correspond to the arch form), under a
arch,since it is not usuallysufficient to check the section of uniform vertical load distribution, with both ends of
arch between two hangers. the arch laterally restrained in the perpendicular
Note. Further details are given in the literature (e.g. [13] plane;
and [141).
is the buckling coefficient taken from table 22, cover-
(603) Snap-through buckling of arches ing the change in direction of the load in lateral buck-
Snap-through buckling will not occur in flat arches provided ling.
that equation (65)is satisfied.
For one-centred arches,
where with
E . A is the longitudinal stiffness;
E . I , is the in-plane bending stiffness;
k is an auxiliary value taken from table 20.
Note. Snap-through buckling loads cannot be determined where
for arches using this standard,and shall be calculat- NK~,K
is ~the axial force under the smallest bifurcation
ed applying the non-linear theory using large de- load of a one-centred arch of constant doubly
formations. symmetrical cross section with fork restraint, sub-
ject to constant radial loading corresponding to
6.1.1.2 Non-uniform cross sections
the arch form;
(604) The ultimate limit state analysis of arches of non-
uniform cross section shall be by second order theory r is the radius of the one-centred arch;
assuming equivalent geometrical imperfections as spec- a is the angle of the one-centred arch,greaterthan O
ified in subclause 6.2.1. but less than n;
6.1.2 Buckling in perpendicular plane

6.1.2.1 Arch beams without lateral restraint
between springings
(605) The ultimate limit state analysis of arch beams 6.1.2.2 Arches with wind bracing and end portal frames
without lateral restraint between springings may be carried (606) The sway mode normal to the arch plane may be
out applying equation (3),using the in-plane slenderness calculated by approximation, it only being necessary to
ratio, AK, obtained as follows. take into account buckling of the portal frames.
For parabolic arches, The ultimate limit state analysis for the columns of portal
frames may be by means of equation (3), taking AK from
equation (69).
--`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Any transverse loads (such as wind load) shall be checked Note 1. Buckling coefficients may be taken from the litera-
separatelytaking into account bending moments as set out ture (cf. [15]) and figures 36 to 38 which cover load-
in item 314. ing corresponding to the arch form, not just in portai
frames of arches.
J z * *a Note 2. h, as featured in figures 36 to 38 shall be obtained
where by multiplying the averaged hanger length, h ~by,
ß is the buckling coefficient; the factor llsin Czk, a k being the angle between the
h is the in-plane height of the column of the portal frame; sloping columns of the frame and the beam. h, shall
i, is the radius of gyration of the z-axis of the portal be assumed to be negative where the deck is on
frame column. supports.
Table 20. Auxiliary value, k
I I 1 1 2 1 3 4
0,075
2 Two-hinged arch 23 17 I 10
3 Rigidly connected arch 97 42 I 13
Table 21. Buckling coefficient, ß,
I, constant
70,50 0,s
-
4
0.2
0,65
5 6 7
/z,,, (at crown)
--`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
with
0,59 1- t -I_ f
Table 22. Buckling coefficient, ß2
I Loading I ß2 Notation
1 I Corresponding to arch form I 1

q =total load
21 Via hangers 1 - 0,351

-
9H
4 q H = load component, transmitted by hangers
2l
l) The
I
Via columns')
deck is fixed t o the arch crown.

I
1
9%
+ 0.45 -
9
qst = load component, transmitted by columns
Deck
Figure 35. Braced arches with end portal frames and suspended deck

Figure 36.
-
Buckling coefficients for portal
frames with nominally pinned
hlh, column bases
Figure 37.
hlh, - frames with rigidly connected

column bases
Figure 38.
hlh, - frames with columns connected

by two beams of equal stiffness
--`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

6.2 In-plane bending about one axis In figure 39,a is the angle of the arch equal to 2 slr but not
with coexistent axial force less than O or more than TE.
6.2.1 In-plane buckling sc
ß=-
(607) The in-plane buckling of the arch shall be analysed
for ultimate limit state using one of the methods listed in
liK1
The following applies for arches in compression:
table 1, assuming equivalent geometrical imperfections
from table 23 occurring in the most unfavourabledirection. a
Kt = 2,47 - (3+ 0,21k ) -
--`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
The effective length of arches of uniform cross section with 100

in-plane buckling, satisfying equation (io), may be calculated
by first order theory without taking into account equivalent + (700 - 6 k + 0.08 k2)')o:1(- (73)
imperfections.
The following applies for arches in tension:
9 58 7/58
Ki = - 0,036+ -+ -
Note 1. SK may be derived from equation (63)in conjunc-
10+ k (10 + k)2
tion with figure 33.
Note 2. Cf. item 201 when applying the elastic-elastic
method.
- (0,226- -
6.2.2 Out-of-plane buckling
6.2.2.1 General where
13,4
k +F)
1,94
(i) (74)
(608) The ultimate limit state analysis for out-of-plane E .I,

k = L
buckling of arches may be carried out as specified in sub- G ' IT
clause 6.1.2.
6.2.2.3 One-centred arch sections of uniform
6.2.2.2 One-centred arches of uniform rectangular
or I cross section, with their chord in tension
i cross section, with fork restraint
or compression (6103 An approximate ultimate limit state analysis of one-
centred arch sections of uniform I cross section may be car-
(609) Laterally restrained arches with the static system as
shown in figure 39 may be given a simplified treatment using ried out usingequation (27) and employing the in-plane slen-
equation (3)and employing the in-plane slenderness ratio, derness ratio,iK,obtained from equation (75) to determine K .
AK, obtained by means of equation (71), to determine K. - ß. s
- ß. s AK = -
i, . A, (75)
& =- i, . la
(71) where
a is the angle of the arch,equal to 2 sir but not less than O
or more than TE;
2n
ß is the buckling coefficient, equal to - (76)
where
I'K1
- a2)2
(TE2
Ki = (77)
n2 + a2 . k
where
E . I,
k=-
Figure 39. Static system for laterally restrained arches G * 1,
Table 23. In-plane equivalent geometrical imperfections in arches
1 2 3
WO for cross sections

Form of equivalent with buckling curve
geometrical imperfection (cf. table 5)
(sinusoidal or parabolic)
a b C d
Three-hinged arch in S S S S
symmetrical buckling 300 250 200 150
I I I I
2 Two-hinged arch, three-hinged

arch, fixed-ended arch in
antimetric buckling

Table 24. Out-of-plane equivalent geometrical imperfections of the arch
Form of equivalent u0 for cross sections with buckling 'curve

geometrical imperfections (cf. table 5)
in horizontal direction
(sinusoidal or parabolic) a b C d
I
Two-hinged arch,
three-hinged arch,
fixed-ended arch
k
I ''-r6'
M K ~ ,required
~, for calcuJation of the reduction factor XM as a whole by causing a reduction in its stiffness and
from equation (18) usingAMfrom item ll0,shall be obtained a redistribution of stresses within a cross section to
by means of equation (78). parts exhibiting greater stiffness or less subject to
stress.
(702) Analysis
The ultimate limit state analysis shall be by the elastic-
--`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
elastic or elastic-plastic method.
The analysis may take the form of the approximate methods
where set out in subclauses 7.2 to 7.6.
- E*I,.TC~ Note 1. The application of plastic hinge theorywill not be
C= possible until its viability is given sufficient practical
r 2 . a2 backing.
In equation (78), there shall be a plus sign before the root if Note 2. In subclauses7.2 to7.6,the effect of buckling ofthe
My results in tension on the inside of the arch. individual parts of cross section on member buck-
Note. Equation (78) assumes fork restraint perpendicular ling as a whole is taken into account.
to the plane of the arch.
(703) Effect of shear stresses
6.3 Design loading of arches In cases where subclauses 7.2 to 7.6 are applied, shear
stresses when analysing plate buckling of thin-walled parts
(611) The ultimate limit state analysis shall normally be of cross section are so minor that they can be disregarded,
made by the elastic-elastic method, assuming feasible
¡.e. if they meet the following conditions:
equivalent geometrical imperfections in addition to the
design loads. In the absence of lateral restraint of arches
between springings, the equivalent imperfections may be
taken from table 23 or 24.k is sufficient to assume imper-
fections acting in a single (i.e.the most unfavourable) direc-
'pi,d is the ideal buckling stress in plates due solely to
tion, either in or perpendicular to the plane of the arch.
edge stresses t,to be determined as specified in
Where there is transfer of loads via hangers or columns, it DIN 18800 Part 3.
shall be assumed that these retain their design direction in
the state of deformation. If equations (79)and (80) are not met, allowance for the
additional effect of shear stresses may be made as set out
Note. Design loading plays a significant role in arches
in DIN 18 800 Part 3. This does not affect the necessity of
exposed to outdoor conditions due to the possible
also taking into account the overall reduction in stiffness of
effect of wind acting transverse to the arch plane.
the member.
In this case, the loading conditions set out in sub-
clauses 6.1 and 6.2 are not met.
(704) Permitted sections
The provisions of subclauses 7.2 to 7.6 shall only apply to
7 Straight linear members with plane members of uniform cross section taking the following
thin-walled parts of cross section forms: hollow rectangular sections, doubly symmetric or
monosymmetric I sections, channels, C sections,Zsections
7.1 General and trapezoidal hollow ribs.
(701) Field of application Note. Hollow sections are considered rectangular where
This clause shall apply in cases where the grenz (bit)values blr is not less than 5 (cf. figure 40).Circular cross
for individual parts of a cross section are exceeded, which sections and T sections are not dealt with.
then requires the effect of plate buckling of such parts on
the buckling behaviour of the member as a whole to be
taken into account when calculating both internal forces 7.2 General rules relating to calculations
and moments and resistances. (705) Effective cross section (model)
Note 1. The grenz (blt)values shall be taken from tables 12, In a model of the effective cross section,an effective width,
13 and 15 of DIN 18800 Part 1. b'(cf.figure 40)orb', issubstitutedfortheactualwidth,b,of
Note 2. Plate buckling of individual parts of a cross section the thin-walled part of the cross section. The resulting
usually affects the buckling behaviour of the member effective cross section is taken as the basisforcalculations.

DIN 18 800 Part 2 Page 35
Table 25. Increase in bow imperfection, A W O
1 2
I 3
Moment
diagram
e, = centroidal shift due to positive moment

en= centroidal shifi due to negative moment
(707) Analysis of cross section

The analyses shall be of the effective cross section. The
reduction in cross section shall be in correlation with the
direction of the actual bending moment in the bending
compression zone of the member after deformation.
Y5 N 4
Note. In the absence of a design bending moment, the
bending moment as a result of bow imperfections
shall be used. It may prove necessary to examine
both directions in the case of monosymmetric cross
sections.
(708) Centroidal shift as a result of reduction

M;=M,+Ne in cross section
The effect of a shift, e, of the centroid in the transition from
a) Gross cross section b) Reduced effective cross the gross (¡.e. actual) to the effective cross section shall be
section as a result of taken into account.
buckling of upper flange
For convenience,this may be done as specified in items 709
and 710.
Figure 40. Effective cross section (example)
(709) Increase in bow imperfection
Note 1. Thus, all cross section properties of the effective
Where members are to be assumed with an initial bow
cross section require to be determined.
imperfection, wo, this shall be increased by AWO from
Note 2. Provisionsfor the calculation of b’ orb” are made in table 25.
subclauses 7.3 (elastic-elastic method) and 7.4 For a cross section symmetrical about the axis of bending,
(elastic-plastic method). Accordingly, cross section and assuming that a compressive stress, OD, due to the
properties A’, I’,etc. are assigned to b’, and A”,I“ to positive moment and the negative moment are of equal
b”. Figure 40 b) shows a reduced cross section in magnitude, ep,e, and e may also be taken to be equal.
elastic-elastic analysis, this applying by analogy for
elastic-plastic analysis. Note. The diagrams shown in table 25 are onlyexamples of
moments. Of significance is the occurrence of posi-
Note 3. The methods of analysis set out in subclauses 3.2
tive and negative moments.
to 3.5 also apply in principle to members with effec-
tive cross sections, subject to the modifications
specified in subclauses 7.5 and 7.6.
(706) Approximate methods

The effective cross section is obtained by reducing the zone
of tensile bending. If the cross section is not symmetrical dueto+M
about the bending axis and both positive and negative
bending moments occur, the governing bending moment
shall be that resulting in the smaller effective second order
moment of area.This moment shall be assumed to be con-
stant over the length of the member.
Note 1. If the reduced zone of tensile bending is used, the
--`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
compressive stress, UD, may be conservatively

approximated to fy,k/YM. Iteration may be avoided
’ by also making a conservative approximation of the
edge stress ratio, y.
Note 2. The zone of tensile bending is not reduced using Figure 41. Centroidal shift (examples)
this approximate method, even though compressive
stresses may occur. This approximate method is (710) Increase in initial sway imperfections
elaborated in the literature [cf.l6],with the inclusion Where members are assumed with an initial swayimperfec-
of practical examples. tion PO,this shall be increased by Apo = (e, + e,)íZ if both

Table 26. Buckling factors, k
1 2
Type of At one end

support
Stress
distribution
I
~~~
q =1 4 0,43
82 0,578
1>q>o 0,57 - 0,21 q + 0,07W2
W + 1,05 + 0,34
?#=O 7,81 1,70 0,57

O>W>-l 7,81- 6,29 + 9,78W 2 1,70- 5 I+ + 17) W2 0,57- 0,21 ?# f 0,07@
--`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
q = -1 23,s 23,8 0,85
ends are restrained and moments with different signs are b’=b
liable to occur here. If one of the ends is nominally pinned,
ep or e, (see item 709) is equal to zero at this end. for Apo g 0,673
Note. An additional imperfection is to be assumed as a (1 - 0,22/äp0)
result of this increase in sway imperfection when the ob
APO
equivalent member method is applied.
for npo > 0,673
7.3 Effective width in elastic-elastic method 0,7
b b, but not exceeding b
=: (82)
(711) Stress distribution APO
In the elastic-elastic method, calculations shall be on the where
basis of a linear stress distribution in the effective cross b is the width of the thin-walled part of the cross
section. section from table 26;
Note. This is an assumption only,and is not based on actual ripa is the non-dimensional slendernessrelating to plate
fact since the actual stress distribution is non-linear. buckling, obtained by means of equation (83):
U
(712) Determining the effective width
The effective width shall be determined by means of equa- = /G
tion (81)for cases in which plates (web or flange) are sup-
ported on both sides with constant compression and equa-
tion (82)for support on only one side. The assumption of
support on both sides presupposes that the supporting
ue
t
= 189800
(ir
- , in N/mm2;
is the thickness of the thin-walled part of the cross

construction is of adequate stiffness. section;

k is the buckling factor from table 26, the edge stress Table 27. Resolution of effective width
ratio, y.being a function of the stress distribution in -
the effective cross section. Where plates are sup-
ported on both sides, y may be calculated on the
basis of the gross cross section of the part under
consideration.
The stress distribution shall be calculated on the
basis of all internal forces and moments; m
U
C
u is the maximum compressive stress according t o (u
second order theory acting at the long edge of the f

O -1 5 * 5 1
thin-walled part of the cross section, calculated on
the basis of the effective cross section, and ex-
a
c b; = Q - b - k ,
m
pressed in N/mm2.The long edge is taken to be an c
L b > = Q +b . k ,
O
edge of the gross part of the cross section. Q where
n
if. in equation (83),u is assumed to be less than fy,d. u shall 3 Q =
v)
be substituted for fy,d in the analyses specified in sub- 1
clauses 7.5.2.1 to 7.5.2.3. =- [(0.97+ 0,03W ) - (OJ6 + 0,06tp)/IpJ
&o
Note 1. Reference may be made to,forexample,subclause
3.10.2 of the DASt-Richtlinie(DASt Code of practice) k, = -0.04 q2+ OJ2 I#+ 0,42
016 Bemessung und konstruktive Gestaltung von k2 = +0,04 @ - 0,12 I# + 0,58
Tragwerken aus dünnwandigen kaltgeformten Bau-
teilen (Design and construction of structures with
cold formed, thin-walled sections) for suitable stiff-
0-w
ness of the supporting constructions for plate (Compression)
edges.
Note 2. Where u is equal to fy,d, npo is equal to Xp from
table 1 of DIN 18 800 Part 3.
Note 3. u, shall be obtained thus:
5~' * E . t2
u, =
12 b2 (1 - ,U)'
Fa>
inserting a Poisson's ration, ,u, equal to 0,3.
(u (Compression)
u+W
C (Tension)
O
c
m
c
L
O
CL
0.
J
WI -1 <?pio
@a
Effective flange width with u and VI= - 1,0
1-x (Compres-
sion)
H P-7 I
G b -i
-1 < * < l
-
comparison with line 3 of table 1of DIN 18 800 Part 3
(Y2.u and table 12 of DIN 18 800 Part 1in that the factorc is
Effective web width with u and y = y2 2 y1 not applied for y equal to O but not greater than 1.
Note 2. Calculation of the e, kl and k2 values is such that
the buckling factor, k , can be determined as spec-
--`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
.. ified in item 712.
JL
7.4 Effective width in elastic-plastic method
(T14) The effective width shall be calculated using one of
equations (85) to (87).Coefficients k , and k2 and resolution
Effective cross section of the effective width shall be as in table 28, ensuring that
ZN¡=N and b = Z b i , but with b 2 b (84)
Figure 42. Determination of effective cross section of an i being between unity and 3.
I section with bending about one axis bi = kl * t
(713) Resolution of effective width
Resolution of the effective width, b',shall be as in table 27.
(87)
Note 1. As a simplification, and in line with provisions at
national and international level, the procedure de- Note. Iteration is usually required for calculation of the
scribed here has been modified somewhat in effective width.

Page 38 DIN 18800 Pari 2
7.5 Lateral buckling Table 28. Magnitude and resolution of effective

7.5.1 Elastic-elastic analysis width b"
(715) The ultimate limit state analysis shall be made
taking UD as equal to or less than fy,d (88),
where UD is the
maximum compressive stress at the long edge of the thin-
walled part of the cross section, calculated on the basis of
the effective cross section.The long edge is taken to be one
of the edges of the gross part of the cross section.
The provisions of item 706 may be applied. (CornDression) ,
7.5.2 Analyses by approximate methods
7.5.2.1 Axial compression
(716) The effective cross section obtained by assuming
effective widths in bending for the compression flange and,
in some cases, for the web shall be taken as a basis, the
stress distribution in the web being estimated.No reduction
in cross section of the tension flange is to be made. The (Tension)
ultimate limit state analysis shall be made applying equa-
tion (89).
N k, = 18,5
5 1 (89) k2 = 18.5
X'*A'.fy,d
where
L
.I ::3
x' = but not exceeding unity (90)
k' + -'i
:1
(92)
(93)
(Tension) (Compression)
(94)
I' and A' are the second moment of area and the area of
the effective cross section respectively;
Amo is the eccentricity as a result of a reduction in kl = O
cross-sectional area, to be calculated as set out k2 = 11
in item 709;
r D and fDare the distance of the compression edge in ::i
bending from the centroidal axis of the gross or
effective cross section (cf. figure 40);
a is a parameter taken from table 4;
i is the radius of gyration of the gross cross sec-
tion; ::n
SK is the effective length, calculated taking into
account the effective second moment of area, I'.
Note 1. The method of analysis specified here corre- fY#
sponds in principle to that set out in item 304. In a
manner similar to item 313, allowance for the effect
of Awo is made by substituting a supplementary
term in equation (91). (Compression) (Tension)
Note 2. Subclause 7.5.2.2specifies an alternative method
of analysis, allowance for the effect of AWO being Ei HE a = y c . E j
made by inclusion of a bending moment Myequal to
N e Awo. In cases where this alternative method is O 12?)&20
used, the term featuring AWOshall be deleted.
(717) In addition to the analysis specified in item 716, an kl={

analysis shall be made using equation (95) on the basis of
another effective area, A', determined assuming constant
compressive stress over the whole of the effective cross
4,56 - I ? I j ~O~ 2 ?)& 2 -1
section. k, = 11
(95)
--`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

7.5.2.2 Bending about one axis with coexistent axial force equation (13).obtaining i,, by means of equation (98) and
(7l8) Analysis substituting MPIJ for Mpl,y,d in equation (14).
The ultimate limit state analysis shall be made applying I _.
equation (24). When determining the in-plane slenderness
ratio, AK, the effective second moment of area, I' (cf. item
719) or I" (cf. item 720) shall be taken into account. where
Note. Reference may be made to the literature (cf. 1191) IZ,g is the reduced second moment of area of the com-
for an alternative method of analysis. pression chord about the z-axis;
Ab is the reduced area of the compression chord;
(719) Elastic-elastic method
A, is the gross web area.
The analysis of bending about one axis with coexistent axial
force shall be made applying equation (24) but making the Note. If the elastic-plastic method is applied, A%and
following substitutions: M$,d shall be substituted for IL,,, A;! and Mgl,d,
respectively.
wpi,d for Npl,d;
M%l,dfor Mpl,d; 7.6.3.2 Global analysis
x' for x ; (725) Design buckling resistance moment
TK foräK; according t o elastic theory
x' and & being taken from item 716; When calculating the design buckling resistance moment,
where the moment red M Kobtained
~ by approximation by means
of equation (99) shall be substituted for M K ~ , ~
Nb1,d = A'*fy,d (96)
l i
I'
Mpi,d = 7' fy,d (971
rD
(720) Elastic-plastic method where

The analysis of bending about one axis with coexistent axial w
p k * Ue *
M ~ i ,= (100)
force shall be made applying equation (24) but making the this being the ideal moment relative to plate buck-
following substitutions:
ling of the cross section or the relevant part of the
for Npl,d;
Npi,d cross section;
for Mpl,d;
Mpi,d k is the buckling factor (e.g. taken from table 26);
x" for x ; (se shall be obtained from item 712;
Tí for&. W is the relevant section modulus of the full cross
These values shall be obtained by analogy with equations section.
(96) and (97) and item 716,on the basis of the cross section Note 1. If a more rigorous treatment is preferred, red M K ~
with an effective width b". shall be calculated on the basis of plate buckling of
Note. Examples of b" are given in table 28. the individual parts making up the cross section.
Note 2. A number of buckling factors of whole sections are
7.5.2.3 Biaxial bending with or without coexistent - given in the literature (e.g. [17] and [18]).
axial force
(721) The ultimate limit state analysis for biaxial bending (726) Elastic-elastic method
with or without coexistent axial force may be made as spec- When ca'culating the non-dimensional slenderness in
ified in subclause 3.5.1, with subclause 7.5.2.2 applying by bending, AM, as set out in item 110, Mblshall be substituted
analogy. for Mpl,y,and in the analysis using equation (16). MP1,d
obtained from equation (97) shall be substituted for Mpl,y,d.
7.6 Lateral torsional buckling
(727) Elastic-plastic method
7.6.1 Analysis
When calculating as set out in item 110, MP1shall be
(722) The ultimate limit state analysis for lateral torsional substituted for Mpl,y In the analysis using equation (16).
buckling may be made as specified in clause 3, but with the Mpl,d shall be substituted for M p l , , d . M$shall be obtained
modifications set out in items 723 to 727. by analogy from equation (97) for the effective cross sec-
tion having the width b .
7.6.2 Axial compression
(723) The calculation of lateral torsional buckling shall be
7.6.4 Bending about one axis with coexistent axial force
in analogywith subclause 3.2.2 and as for lateral buckling as
specified in subclause 7.5. When calc!lating the non- (728) The ultimate limit state analysis shall be made
dimensional slenderness in compression,lK, the properties applying equation (27), calculating the resistance axial
--`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
of the reduced cross section shall be taken into account for force as specified in subclause 7.5.2.1 and the resistance
calculation of the axial force, NKi,under the smallest bifur- bending moment as specified in item 726 (when using the
cation load in the analysis of lateral torsional buckling ac- elastic-elastic method) or item 727 (when using the elastic-
cording to elastic theory. plastic method).
7.6.3 Bending about one axis without 7.6.5 Biaxial bending with or without
coexistent axial force coexistent axial force
7.6.3.1 Analysis of compression chord (729) The ultimate limit state analysis may be made using
(724) Analysis of the compression chord shall be as set equation (30), applying by analogy provisions of sub-
out in subclause 3.3.3, but assuming k , equal to unity in clause 7.6.4.

Standards and other documents referred to

DIN Steel sections; hot rolled narrow flange I beams (I series); dimensions, mass, limit deviations and static
1025 Part 1
values
DIN 1025 Part 2 Steel sections; hot rolled wide flange1 beams (I PB and IB series); dimensions, mass, limit deviations and
static values
DIN 1025 Part 3 Steel sections; hot rolled wide flange I beams (IPBI series); dimensions, mass, limit deviations and static
values
DIN 1025 Part 4 Steel sections; hot rolled wide flange I beams (IPBv series); dimensions, mass, limit deviations and
static values
DIN 1025Part5 Steel sections; hot rolled medium flange I beams (IPE series); dimensions, mass, limit deviations and
static values
DIN 1080Part 1 Quantities, symbols and units used in civil engineering; principles
--`,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
DIN 4114Part1 Structural steelwork; safety against buckling, overturning and bulging; design principles
DIN 4114 Part 2 Structural steelwork; safety against buckling, overturning and bulging; construction
DIN 18800 Part 1 Structural steelwork; design and construction
DIN 18800 Part 3 Structural steelwork; analysis of safety against buckling of plates
DIN 18800 Part 4 Structural steelwork; analysis of safety buckling of shells
DIN 18807 Part 1 Trapezoidal sheeting in building; trapezoidal steel sheeting; general requirements and determination of
loadbearing capacity by calculation
DIN 18807 Part 2 Trapezoidal sheeting in building; trapezoidal steel sheeting; determination of loadbearing capacity by
testing
DIN 18807 Part 3 Trapezoidal sheeting in building; trapezoidal steel sheeting; structural analysis and design
DASt-Richtlinie O16 Bemessung und konstruktive Gestaltung von Tragwerken aus dünnwandigenkaltgeformten Bauteilen I)
Literature
ECCS-CECM-EKS, Publication No. 33.Ultimate limit state calculation of sway frames with rigid joints, Brussels, 1984.
Stahl im Hochbau (Steel construction), 14th ed., vol. I, Part 2,Düsseldorf: Verlag Stahleisen mbH, 1986.
Lindner, J.; Gregull, T. Drehbettungswerte für Dachdeckungen mit untergelegter Wärmedämmung (Values of torsional
restraint for roof coverings with thermal insulation), Stahlbau, 1989:58,173-179.
Lindner, J. Stabilisierung von Biegeträgem durch Drehbettung - eine Klarstellung (Stabilization of beams by torsional
restraint), Stahlbau, 1987:56, 365-373.
Roik, K.; Carl, J.; Lindner, J. Biegetorsionsprobleme gerader dünnwandiger Stäbe (Problems with flexural torsion of
straight thin-walled linear members), Berlin, München, Düsseldorf: Ernst & Sohn, 1972.
Petersen, Chr. Statik und Stabilität der Baukonstrukrionen(Static and stability of structures), 2nd ed., Braunschweig,
Wiesbaden: Friedr. Vieweg und Sohn, 1982.
-
Roik, K.;Kindmann, R. Das Ersatzstabverfahren Tragsicherheitsnachweisefür Stabwerke beieinachsiger Biegung und
Normalkraft (The equivalent member method: ultimate safety analyses of frames subjected to bending about one axis
and coexistent axial force), Stahlbau, 1982:51, 137-145.
Lindner, J.; Gietzelt, G.Zweiachsige Biegung und Längskraft- ein ergänzenderBemessungsvorschlag(Biaxial bending
and coexistent axial force. A supplementary design proposition), Stahlbau, 1985:54, 265-271.
Ramm, W.; Uhlrnann, W. Zur Anpassung des Stabilitätsnachweises für mehrteilige Druckstäbe an das europäische
Nachweiskonzept (Bringing into line stability analyses of built-up compression members with the European concept),
Stahlbau, 1981:50,161-172.
Vogel, U.; Rubin, H. Baustatik ebener Stabwerke (Statics of plane frames), Stahlbau-Handbuch, vol. 1, Köln: Stahlbau-
Verlag, 1982.
Rubin, H. Näherungsweise Bestimmung der Knicklängen und Knicklasten von Rahmen nach ?-DIN 18800 Teil 2
(Approximate determination of effective lengths and buckling loads of frames to draft Standard DIN 18800 Part Z),
Stahlbau, 1989:58,103-109.
Rubin, H. Das Drehverschiebungsverfahrenzur vereinfachten Berechnung unverschieblicher Stockwerkrahmen nach
Theorie I . undII. Ordnung (The method using initial sway imperfections for simplified calculation of non-sway beam-
and-column type frames by first and second order theory), Bauingenieur, 1984:59, 467-475.
Palkowski, S. Stabilität von Zweigelenkbögen mit Hängern und Zugband (Stability of two-hinged arches with hangers
and ties), Stahlbau, 1987:56,169-172.
Palkowski, S.Statik und Stabilität von Zweigelenkbögen mit schrägen Hängern und Zugband (Statics and stability of
two-hinged tied arches with diagonal hangers), Stahlbau, 1987:56, 246-250.
Dabrowski, R. Knicksicherheit des Portalrahmens (Safety against buckling of portal frames), Bauingenieur, 1960:35,
178-182.
D-5000 Köln 1.
Obtainable from Deutscher AusschuB für Stahlbau, Ebertplatz i,

[16] Rubin, H. Bed-Knick-Problem eines Stabes unterDruck und Biegung (The problem of plate-bucklinglbuckling of linear
members subject to bending and compression), Stahlbau, 1986: 55, 79-86.
[17] Schardt, R.; Schrade, W. Bemessungvon Dachplatten und Wandriegeln aus Kaltprofilen (Design of roof plates and wall
girders with cold-formed sections), Forschungsbericht des Ministers für Landes- und Stadtentwicklung des Landes
Nordrhein-Westfa\en (Research report issued by the Nordrhein-Westfalen Ministry for Urban and Rural Planning),
Technische Hochschule Darmstadt (Darmstadt Polytechnic), 1981.
[18] Bulson, P.S., The stability of flat plates, London: Chatto and Windus Ltd., 1970.
1191 Grube, R.; Priebe, J. Zur Methode der wirksamen Querschnitte bei einachsiger Biegung mit Normalkraft (Effective cross
section-method for bending about one axis and coexistent axial force), Stahlbau, 1990: 59, 141-148.
Previous editions
DIN 4114 Part 1: 0 7 . 5 2 ~ ~DIN
: 4114 Part 2: 02.52~.
Amendments
The following amendments have been made to the July1952 edition of DIN 4114 Part 1 and February1953 edition of DIN 4114
Part 2.
a) The number and title of the standard have been changed to bring them into line with the reorganized system of standards
on structural steelwork.
b) The material has been rearranged, the resistance to buckling of linear members and frames, of plates and of shells now
being dealt with in different Parts of DIN 18800.
c) The standard has been revised, bringing it into line with the current state of the art.
Explanatory notes
The revision of the content of the DIN 18800 standards series has been accompanied by a redesign of their layout in an
attempt to improve their clarity and make them more convenient to use.
The new layout is based on the type employed by the Deutsche Bundesbahn for its regulations covering construction work
while keeping to the rulesformulated in DIN 820.As well as the conventional division into clauses and subclauses,the text is
subdivided into smaller ‘items’ each of which contains a piece of self-contained information which can be incorporated into
other standards.
international Patent Classification

E 04 B 1/19
E 04 B 1124
G O1 B 21/00
G O1 N 3/00
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DIN 18800 02 Structural Steelwork Design Construction DIN 1990

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DIN 18800 02 Structural Steelwork Design Construction DIN 1990

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UDC 693.814.074.

5 DEUTSCHE NORM November 1990

Structural steelwork DIN

1.2 Concepts Figure 1. Coordinates, displacement parameters and

Copyright Deutsches Institut Fur Normung E.V.

MKi,y design buckling resistance moment Table 1. Methods of analysis

non-dimensional slenderness in bend- internal forces resistances

mate limit analysis is to be carried out. In case of Elastic Plastic

1.4 Ultimate limit state analysis (114) Imperfections

Copyright Deutsches Institut Fur Normung E.V.

Table 2. Simplified ultimate limit state analyses

Lateral torsional buckling 3.2.2 3

Lateral buckling I 3.4.2 I 24

Lateral torsional buckling 3.4.3 27

Lateral buckling 3.5.1 28.29

Note 1. In calculations of internal forces and moments ac- (118) Slip

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2 Imperfections (204) Individual members,members making up non-sway

Copyright Deutsches Institut Fur Normung E.V.

Solid member, of cross

Figure 5. Ideal member or frame (chain thin line) and

Initial sway imperfections shall generally be calculated as

b) built-up members as in figures 20 and 21 and sub-

r1 = is a reduction factor applied to mem-

r2=1(í+t) is a reduction factor allowing for IZ

Calculations of 12 for frames may generally assume n to be

Copyright Deutsches Institut Fur Normung E.V.

Figure 6. Initial sway imperfections in frames (examples)

2.4 Assumption of initial bow and coexistent

Figure 7. Equivalent horizontal forces substituting initial

Copyright Deutsches Institut Fur Normung E.V.

Copyright Deutsches Institut Fur Normung E.V.

Table 5. Buckling curves

Welded box sections

Thick welds and

hlb > 1.2; 40 e t 5 80 rnm Y-Y b

Channels, L, T and solid sections

plus built-up members to subclause 4.4

Copyright Deutsches Institut Fur Normung E.V.

Lateral torsional buckling

3.3.2 Lateral and torsional restraint where

Figure 11. Lateral restraint (masonry bracing)

If trapezoidal sheeting to DIN 18 807is connected to beams

S being the shear stiffness provided by the sheeting for

(309) Torsional restraint

Note 1. Equation (8) is a simpler check which makes use of

Copyright Deutsches Institut Fur Normung E.V.

CbM,k is the theoretical torsional restraint obtained

I I Sheeting subjected to suction

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i Asimplified method using equation (14) may be used where

Note. Calculations may be simplified bysubstituting fori,,g

Where there are moments My with a moment ratio, W,

Copyright Deutsches Institut Fur Normung E.V.

Table 9. Beam coefficient, n

Type of section n Line Moment diagram r I

Calculations of beams not more than 60cm in

Note 2. X M may also be taken from figure 10 if the beam

Copyright Deutsches Institut Fur Normung E.V.

+ a (& - 0,2) + 3; +- (318) Portions of members not subjected

Note 1. Where the maximum moment is zero,equation (3)

Copyright Deutsches Institut Fur Normung E.V.

3.5 Biaxial bending with or without N