Pavao Marovi 1, Mirela Gali 2

1
University of Split, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Geodesy, Matice hrvatske 15,
HR-21000 Split, Croatia, marovic@gradst.hr
2
University of Split, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Geodesy, Matice hrvatske 15,
HR-21000 Split, Croatia, mirela.galic@gradst.hr

It is a long tradition at the Faculty of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Geodesy of the
University of Split to numerically model reinforced concrete structures and perform linear and non-
linear analyzes. Development of our own computer programs started with late professor Frano B.
Damjani and his doctoral studies at the Swansea University [1, 2]. Furthermore, we jointly organize
the International Conference on Computer Aided Analysis and design of Concrete Structures in 1984
in Split [3]. This Conference was the starting point of the series of conferences later known under the
acronym EURO-C, Computational Modelling of Concrete Structures, organized every 3-5 years in
winter times in Austria [4]. Due to some organizational, educational, scientific, and private interests,
few groups started their own investigations and research in different fields of computational,
phenomenological and professional areas for analyzing behavior of reinforced and prestressed
concrete structures. The bases for continuations of our investigations were one book [5], two M.Sci.
Theses [6, 7] and one Ph.D. Thesis [8], followed by dozens of conference papers and presentations as
well as lot of journal papers of which only the most important are mentioned here [9-17].
In the developed computer program PRECON3D, nonlinear behavior of concrete is described by an
elasto-plastic modified material model which is based on the Mohr-Coulomb law for dominant
compression stresses and the modified Rankine law for dominant tensile stresses [8, 15]. A
multisurface presentation of the model (Figure 1) is implemented in the model, enabling thus a rapid
convergence of the mathematical procedure. The nonlinear, triaxial behavior is included into this
model, with all dominant influences in concrete such as yielding in compression, cracking in tension,
softening and hardening of concrete. For describing of all of these parameters, we have to define: (a) a
fracture model for concrete with the tensile softening of cracked concrete and stress-strain relation of
cracked concrete (Figure 2). Final reduction of normal stresses and plane of cracking an all
combinations for compressive and tensile behavior in eight octahedral is presented in Figure 3. As
nonlinear behavior of concrete for dominant stresses is described by an elasto-plastic material model
based on the Mohr-Coulomb law, in the multisurface model presentation, the yielding surface is
composed of six planes in the area of main stresses (Figure 4). The complete elastic, hardening and
softening functions of concrete with respect to the total plastic strains are presented in Figure 5.
Mathematical formulations and detailed descriptions for all previously mentioned procedures can be
found in Refs. [8, 15, 17].
The nonlinear behavior of reinforcement bars and prestressed tendons are described by a one-
dimensional elasto-viscoplastic model. Their geometry is described by a second order space function
which is determined by its projections (Figure 6) [8, 14, 15, 17].

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 (a) loading

(b) unloading
Figure 1: Multisurface presentation of material Figure 2: Tensile softening model for cracked
model for concrete concrete for loading (a) and unloading (b)
σ1

σ red = σ′
red σ σ1 t
σ = σ ′t 1 + 2 σ1
σc′ σ2 σ2
σ3 σ2
σ3
t-c-t
t-t-t
σ1
σ1
σ2
σ σ σ2
σ red = σ′t 1 + 1 1+ 2 σ3 σ3
σ ′c σ ′c σ3
c-c-t σ1
c-t-t σ red = σt′ 1 +
σc′

Figure 3: Final reduction of normal stresses and plane of cracking

cracking in all combinations for
compressive (c) and tensile (t) behaviour in eight octahedrals
updated yield surface σ
σc
1,0

hardening
yield surface at t n
softening
cy =0,52

elastic

εe εp ε
ε
Figure 4: Triaxial presentation of the yielded Figure 5: Hardening and softening
surface development defined by hardening rule functions with respect to the total
plastic strains

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 PA
A
b(s)
Mt
n(s)

t(s)

B
PB

Figure 6:: Space curvature of reinforcement bars and prestressed tendons

Numerical calculations and analyses as well as validations
vali s of developed computer program
PRECON3D [8, 15] has been performed on many practical engineering structures structures like: (a) four point
bending of rc beam in linear and nonlinear analysis [7, 8, 15] compared with MAFEM software and
experiment results [18]; (b) prestressed non-prismatic
non prismatic girder clamped at one end and extended over ov the
fixed support at the other end [7, 8,
8 11, 12] taken from [19]; (c) prestressed I-beam with one tendon [7, 8,
10-15]] compared with other analytical and experimental results
r [20] and variation with two tendons [14];
[14]
(d) prestressed
ed prismatic girder with different boundary conditions,
conditions, i.e. clamped at one end and freely
supported at the other end [12, 13] taken from [21] and compared with their analytical and experimental
experimenta
results; (e) simply supported rc beams in four point bending having different concrete strength (high and
normal) according to [22] analyzed in 3D [16, 17] (Figure 7, left) and compared with their analyses in
2D and experimental results taken from [23]; (f) three point bending of rc beams with different degrees
of reinforcement
einforcement [17] taken from [24] compared with their
their computational and experimental results taken
from [25]; (g) prestressed -beam
beam [17] (Figure 7, right) analyzed and tested experimentally in [26].

Figure 7: Some examples of discretization of rc (left) [16] and pc (right) concrete beams [17, 26]

Acknowledgement

This research is partially supported through project

project KK.01.1.1.02.0027, a project co
co-financed by the
Croatian Government and the European Union through the European Regional Development Fund -
the Competitiveness and Cohesion Operational Programme.
Progra

References

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L , Computational Methods in
Applied Mechanical Engineering, 40, 323-366,
323 1983.

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