DSM for Plane Frames

A rigid plane frame is defined as a series of

dˆ2 y x̂
beam elements rigidly connected to each
y
other. The original angles between ˆ2 2 dˆ2 x
members at the joints remain unchanged
after deformation. Moments are transmitted ŷ
from one member to another at the joints. ˆ1
dˆ1 y
Additionally, the element centroids and the L 
applied loads lie in a common plane. x
Element stiffness coefficients are functions dˆ1x 1
of E, A, I, L and .
A plane frame element with
local and global coordinates

1
 Local stiffness matrix & Transformation
Transformation matrix
 dˆ1x   C S 0 0 0 0  d1x 
ˆ  
 C S 0 0 0 0 C  cos 
    S C 0 0 0 0
 d 1 y    S C 0 0 0 0  d 1 y 
 ˆ   0 0 1 0 0 0  1 

 0 0 1 0 0 0

S  sin 
ˆ 
1
  T    
 2x  
d 0 0 0 C S 0  d 2 x   0 0 0 C S 0 
dˆ   0 0 0  S C 0 d 2 y   0 0 0  S C 0
 2y      
ˆ 
  2   0 0 0 0 0 1    2   0 0 0 0 0 1

 fˆ1 x  C1 0 0  C1 0   dˆ1 x 

0 where C1 = (AE)/L
ˆ    ˆ  and C2 = (EI)/L3
 f1 y   12C2 6C2 L 0  12C2 6C2 L  d1 y 

 mˆ 1   4C2 L2 0  6C2 L 2C2 L   ˆ1 
2

ˆ    Stiffness matrix

 f2 x   symmetric C1 0 0  dˆ2 x 
in global coord.

k   T  kˆ T 
 fˆ2 y   12C2  6C2 L dˆ2 y 
   2  ˆ 
T
 mˆ 2   symmetric 4C2 L   2 

Matrix Methods for Structural Analysis, AAiT Bedilu Habte 2

 Example – 1
Element 2 – Stiffness Matrix
3 cos 45 cos 45 sin 45 
2 0 0
 cos 45
0
 cos 45 sin 45 
2 0 0 0

y (2)

 k   C  sin 45 2
0
cos 45 sin 450
  sin 450 

2 0

2 Symm. cos 45 2
cos 45 sin 45  
0 0 0

 
 sin 2 450 

1  10 210  10 
45o 1 3
2 C 
9
p  70 e 6
1 x
 3 
 
o 
 cos 45 
3m
0.354 0.354  0.354  0.354
500 kN  0.354  0.354  0.354 
(2) Bar :
(1) Frame:
A = 2.0 x10-3 m2
k  (2)
 p
 0.354 

Symm. 0.354
A = 1.0 x10-3 m2 I = 5.0 x10-5 m4  
E = 210 GPa  0.354 
E = 210 GPa
Matrix Methods for Structural Analysis, AAiT Bedilu Habte 3
 Assembling & applying boundary conditions
Element 1– Stiffness Matrix 2.354 .354 0 0 0  0.345  .345
 .420 .1 0  .0667  .254  .354
2  103 0 0  2  103 0 0   
 125  105  65  105  125  10  65  10  
5 5
 .2 0  0.1 .1 0 
 0   
 32 3 32
65  105 
3  K  p 2 0 0 0 
 45  105  25  10 
5 
k 
(1)
 p
Symm.
0 
3   Symm. .0667  0.1 0 
 2  103 0 0   

 125  105   65  105   .554 .354 
 32 3   .345 
 45  10  
5

BC & Solution
2 0 0 2 0 0 
 0.0667 0.10 0  0.0667 0.10  2.354 0.354 0   d1 x   0 
   
  70  106  0.42 0.10 d1 y    500000
 Symm. 
  0.10 0.10 
k 
(1)
 p
0.20 0
2 0 0

 0.20   
 1   0 

 Symm.  d1 x   0.00338 m 
    
0.0667  0.10 d1 y     0.0225 m 
     0.01126 rad 
 0.20   1  
Matrix Methods for Structural Analysis, AAiT Bedilu Habte 4
 Member Actions – Bar (2)
 fˆ   kˆ  T d 
 fˆ1 x  1 0  1 0  c s 0 0  d 1 x 
ˆ  0 d 
 1 y  AE 
f 0 0 0   s 
c 0 0  1y 
ˆ    
 f 3 x  L  1 0 1 0  0 0 c s  d 3 x 
 fˆ3 y     d 
  0 0 0 0  0 0  s c  3 y 

c s  c  s   d1 x 
0  d 
AE  0 0 0  1y 
    ˆf  AE c d  s d   669.95 kN
L  c  s c s  d 3 x  1x
L
1x 1y
  d 
0 0 0 0  3 y  fˆ3 x  669.95 kN

Matrix Methods for Structural Analysis, AAiT Bedilu Habte 5

 Member Actions – Frame (1)
 d1 x 
d  669.95kN
 1y 
 
ˆf  kˆ  1 
1 1
d 2 x  669.95 kN
d 2 y 
 
 2 
0.0 kN•m 78.84 kN•m
 fˆ1 x  473.72 kN 
ˆ   
 1y  
f 26 . 28 kN
 473.72 kN 473.72 kN
 mˆ 1   0 kN  m 
ˆ  
 f2 x    473 . 72 kN 
 fˆ2 y    26.28 kN  26.28 kN 26.28 kN
   
 mˆ 2  78.84 kN  m 

Matrix Methods for Structural Analysis, AAiT Bedilu Habte 6

 Example – 2

Node, Element and

DOF numbering

Matrix Methods for Structural Analysis, AAiT Bedilu Habte 7

 Element & Structure Stiffness Matrices

Assembled structure
stiffness matrix

Matrix Methods for Structural Analysis, AAiT Bedilu Habte 8

 Fixed–end Actions & Equivalent Nodal Loads

Matrix Methods for Structural Analysis, AAiT Bedilu Habte 9

 Boundary Conditions & Solution

Matrix Methods for Structural Analysis, AAiT Bedilu Habte 10

 GRID Structures (1)

Element stiffness matrix

in local coordinate

 12 EI 6 EI 12 EI 6 EI 
 L3 0  0
L2 L3 L2 
 GJ GJ 
 0 0 0  0 
 L L 
 6 EI 0
4 EI

6 EI
0
2 EI 
sMi    12L EI L 
2
L L2
6 EI 12 EI 6 EI 
 3 0  2 0  2 
 L L L3 L 
GJ GJ
 0  0 0 0 
 L L 
 6 EI 0
2 EI

6 EI
0
4 EI 
 L2 L L2 L 

Matrix Methods for Structural Analysis, AAiT Bedilu Habte 11

 GRID Structures (2)
The grid structure is assumed to lie on the X-Z plane (loaded along
the Y direction) and each element is oriented at θ from the X-axis.
Stiffness matrix of an
𝜃 element in the global
coordinate system
Transformation matrix  k    T   kˆ  T 
T

1 0 0 0 0 0
0 c s 0 0 0
 
0  s c 0 0 0
T    
0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 c s
 
0 0 0 0  s c
Matrix Methods for Structural Analysis, AAiT Bedilu Habte 12
 General 3D Frame Element (1)

Matrix Methods for Structural Analysis, AAiT Bedilu Habte 13

General 3D Frame Element (2)
6 6
12 x 12 Element
  
kˆ  
e k11 k12 

6
Stiffness Matrix
k21 k22  6
 k    T T  kˆ T 
 3 x 3 0 0 0 
 0  3 x3 0 0 
T   
 0 0  3 x3 0 
 
 0 0 0  3x3 

14
 General 3D Frame Element (3)
 AE AE 
 0 0 0 0 0  0 0 0 0 0 
L L
 12 E I z 6 E Iz 12 E I z 6 E Iz 
 0 0 0 0 0  0 0 0 
 L3 L2 L3 L2 
 12 E I y 6 E Iy 12 E I y 6 E Iy 
 0 0 0  0 0 0  0  0 
 L3 L2 L3 L2 
GJ GJ
 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0  0 0 
 L L 
 6 E Iy 4 E Iy 6 E Iy 2 E Iy 
 0 0  0 0 0 0 0 0 
 L2 L L2 L 
 6 E Iz 4 E Iz 6 E Iz 2 E Iz 
0 0 0 0 0  0 0 0
 L2 L L2 L 
 AE AE 
 L
0 0 0 0 0
L
0 0 0 0 0 
 12 E I z 6 E Iz 12 E I z 6 E Iz 
 0  0 0 0  0 0 0 0  
 L3 L2 L3 L2 
 12 E I y 6 E Iy 12 E I y 6 E Iy 
 0 0  0 0 0 0 0 0 
 L3 L2 L3 L2 
 GJ GJ 
0 0 0  0 0 0 0 0 0 0
 L L 
 6 E Iy 2 E Iy 6 E Iy 4 E Iy 
 0 0  0 0 0 0 0 0 
 L2 L L2 L 
 6 E Iz 2 E Iz 6 E Iz 4 E Iz 
0 0 0 0 0  0 0 0
 L2 L L2 L 

Matrix Methods for Structural Analysis, AAiT Bedilu Habte 15

 General 3D Frame Element (4)
C xxˆ C yxˆ C zxˆ  Direction cosines
  
  C xyˆ C yyˆ

C zyˆ 
y
C xzˆ C yzˆ C zzˆ   yyˆ
 ŷ  yxˆ
 xyˆ
Generally : C yxˆ  C xyˆ x̂

 xxˆ
 zyˆ
uˆ xˆ  cos  xxˆ iˆ  cos  yxˆ ˆj  cos  zxˆ kˆ  yˆz
x j  xi x
cos  xxˆ  l  xˆz
L
y j  yi
cos  yxˆ  m  zxˆ
L z
z j  zi
cos  zxˆ  n  zˆz
L ẑ

Matrix Methods for Structural Analysis, AAiT Bedilu Habte 16

 Space Truss Element
 AE AE  Stiffness matrix in
 L 0 0  0 0
L local coordinate
 
 0 0 0 0 0 0
 0 0 0 0 0 0
 k   
   AE
0 
AE
 L 0 0
L
0
 
 0 0 0 0 0 0 Transformation matrix for
 0 0 0 0 0 0  space truss elements
 3 x 3 0 
T    
 0  3x3 

Matrix Methods for Structural Analysis, AAiT Bedilu Habte 17

 Special Cases in the DSM

 Curved Members
 Non Prismatic Members

 Oblique Roller Supports

 Elastic Supports

 Discontinuities in Members

 Offset Connection (rigid offsets p. 413)

Matrix Methods for Structural Analysis, AAiT Bedilu Habte 18