Metropolitan Police

The Metropolitan Police Service (MPS), formerly and still commonly known as the
Metropolitan Police and informally as the Met Police, the Met, Scotland Yard, or the Metropolitan Police
Yard, is the territorial police force responsible for law enforcement in the Metropolitan Service
Police District, which currently consists of 31 of the 32 London boroughs.[10] The MPD
does not include the "square mile" of the City of London, which is policed by the much
smaller City of London Police. Logo

The Met also has significant national responsibilities, such as co-ordinating and leading
on UK-wide national counter-terrorism matters and protecting the Royal Family, certain
members of Her Majesty's Government and others as deemed appropriate.[11] As the
police force for the capital, the Met has significant unique responsibilities and challenges Flag
within its police area, such as protecting 164 foreign embassies and High
Common name The Met[1]
Commissions,[12] policing London City and Heathrow Airports, policing and protecting
the Palace of Westminster, and dealing with significantly more protests and events than Abbreviation MPS[2]
any other force in the country, with 3,500 such events in 2016.[12] Agency overview

The force, by officer numbers, is the largest in the United Kingdom by a significant Formed 29 September
margin, and one of the biggest in the world.[13] Leaving its national responsibilities 1829[3]
aside, the Met has the eighth-smallest police area (primary geographic area of Preceding
responsibility) of the territorial police forces in the United Kingdom. Bow Street
agencies
Runners[4]
The force is led by the Commissioner, whose formal title is the Commissioner of Police Thames River
of the Metropolis. The Commissioner is answerable, responsible and accountable to The Police[5]
Queen, the Home Office and the Mayor of London, through the Mayor's Office for
Policing and Crime. The post of Commissioner was first held jointly by Sir Charles Employees 43,571 in total[6]
Rowan and Sir Richard Mayne. Dame Cressida Dick was appointed Commissioner in 32,493 police
April 2017.[14] officers[6]
9,816 police
A number of informal names and abbreviations are applied to the Metropolitan Police staff[6]
Service, the most common being the Met. In colloquial London (or Cockney) slang, it is
1,262 PCSOs[6]
sometimes referred to as the Old Bill.[15] The Met is also referred to as Scotland Yard
after the location of its original headquarters in a road called Great Scotland Yard in Volunteers 1,858 special
Whitehall.[16] The Met's current headquarters is New Scotland Yard, situated on the constables
Victoria Embankment.[17] 1,500 police
support
volunteers
3,658 volunteer
Contents
police cadets
History Annual budget £3.24 billion[7]
Governance Legal Police force
Police area and other forces personality
Organisation and structure Jurisdictional structure
Ranks Operations Greater London
Insignia jurisdiction (minus City of
Workforce London),
Resources England, United
Police numbers Kingdom
Historic numbers of police officers
Fleet
Budget
Crime figures
Detection rates
 Specialist units
Stations
Officers killed in the line of duty
Issues
See also
References
External links

History
The Metropolitan Police Service was founded in 1829 by Robert Peel under the Map of police area
Metropolitan Police Act 1829 and on 29 September of that year, the first constables of Size 1,578 km2
the service appeared on the streets of London.[18] Ten years later, Metropolitan Police (609 sq mi)
Act 1839 consolidated policing within London by expanding the Metropolitan Police
District and either abolishing or amalgamating the various other law enforcement entities Population 8.95 million
within London into the Metropolitan Police such as the Thames River Police, which had (2019/20)[8]
been formed in 1800, and the end of the Bow Street Runners and Horse Patrol.[19][20] Legal England and
jurisdiction Wales
Governance (throughout the
whole of the
Since January 2012, the Mayor of London is responsible for the governance of the United Kingdom,
Metropolitan Police through the Mayor's Office for Policing and Crime (MOPAC).[21] including Scotland
The mayor is able to appoint someone to act on his behalf. As of April 2019, the office- and Northern
holder is Deputy Mayor for Policing and Crime, Sophie Linden.[22] The work of Ireland, under
MOPAC is scrutinised by the Police and Crime Committee (also known as a police and certain limited
crime panel) of the London Assembly. These structures were created by the Police circumstances)
Reform and Social Responsibility Act 2011 and replaced the Metropolitan Police
Authority-appointed board created in 2000 by Greater London Authority Act 1999. Primary Mayor's Office for
governing Policing and
body Crime
Police area and other forces
Secondary Home Office
The area policed by the Metropolitan Police Service is known as the Metropolitan Police governing
District (MPD). The Met was divided into 32 Borough Operational Command Units that body
directly aligned with the 32 London boroughs covered. This situation has changed since Constituting
2017, as the Met has attempted to save money due to cuts in funding. The MPD is now Metropolitan
instruments
divided into 12 Basic Command Units (BCUs) made up of two, three or four boroughs. Police Act
There is criticism of these changes.[23] The City of London (which is not a London 1829
borough) is a separate police area and is the responsibility of the separate City of London Metropolitan
Police. Police Act
The Ministry of Defence Police is responsible for policing of Ministry of Defence 1839
property throughout the United Kingdom, including its headquarters in Whitehall and Police Act
other MoD establishments across the MPD.[24] 1996

The British Transport Police are responsible for policing of the rail network in the United General nature
Local civilian
Kingdom, including London. Within London, they are also responsible for the policing police
of the London Underground, Tramlink, The Emirates Air Line (cable car) and the
Docklands Light Railway.[25] Operational structure
Overviewed by Her Majesty's
The English part of the Royal Parks Constabulary, which patrolled a number of Greater
Inspectorate of
London's major parks, was merged with the Metropolitan Police in 2004, and those
Constabulary and
parks are now policed by the Royal Parks Operational Command Unit.[26] There is also
a small park police force, the Kew Constabulary, responsible for the Royal Botanic Fire & Rescue
Gardens, whose officers have full police powers within the park. A few local authorities Services
maintain their own borough park constabularies, including Wandsworth Parks and Independent
Events Police, Kensington and Chelsea Parks Police, Havering Parks Constabulary and Office for Police
the Hampstead Heath Constabulary. All of which enjoy powers of arrest without Conduct
warrant as constables,[27] however the officers of the latter have full police powers, Headquarters New Scotland
much like officers of the Metropolitan Police on the Heath. The other parks police Yard, London
primarily focus on by-law enforcement. SW1A[9]

Metropolitan Police officers have legal jurisdiction throughout all of England and Wales, Police officers 32,493 full time
including areas that have their own special police forces, such as the Ministry of 1,858 special
Defence, as do all police officers of territorial police forces.[28] Officers also have limited constables
powers in Scotland and Northern Ireland.[29] Within the MPD, the Met will take over PCSOs 1,262
the investigation of any serious crime from the Ministry of Defence Police and to a lesser
Deputy Mayor
degree BTP, if it is deemed appropriate. Terrorist incidents and complex murder Sophie Linden
for Policing
enquiries will almost always be investigated by the Met,[30][31] with the assistance of
any relevant specialist force, even if they are committed on Ministry of Defence or and Crime
railway property. A minor incursion into the normal jurisdiction of territorial police responsible
officers in England and Wales is that Met officers involved in the protection duties of the Agency
Royal Family and other VIPs have full police powers in Scotland and Northern Ireland Dame
executives
in connection with those duties.[32] Cressida Dick,
Commissioner

Organisation and structure Sir Stephen

House,
The Metropolitan Police Service is organised into the following directorates:[33] Deputy
Commissioner
Frontline Policing Facilities
Met Operations
Stations 180
Specialist Operations
Directorate of Professionalism Boats 22
Shared Support Services (part of Met Headquarters) Dogs 250
Website
Each is overseen by an Assistant Commissioner, or in the case of administrative
departments, a director of police staff, which is the equivalent civilian staff grade. The www.met.police.uk (https://www.me
management board is made up of the Commissioner, Deputy Commissioner, Assistant t.police.uk/)
Commissioners and Directors.

Ranks
The Metropolitan Police Service uses the standard British police ranks, indicated by shoulder boards, up to Chief Superintendent,
but uniquely has five ranks above that level instead of the standard three; namely Commander, Deputy Assistant Commissioner,
Assistant Commissioner, Deputy Commissioner and Commissioner.[34] All senior officers of the rank of Commander and above
are chief police officers of NPCC (previously ACPO) rank.

The Met approved the use of name badges in October 2003, with new recruits wearing the Velcro badges from September 2004.
The badge consists of the wearer's rank, followed by their surname.[35]

Following controversy over assaults by uniformed officers with concealed shoulder identification numbers[36] during the G20
summit, Commissioner Sir Paul Stephenson said, "the public has a right to be able to identify any uniformed officer whilst
performing their duty" by their shoulder identification numbers.[37]

Insignia

The Met uniformed officer rank structure, with epaulette design, is as follows:

Metropolitan Police ranks

Deputy
Deputy Assistant Chief Chief
Rank Commissioner assistant Commander Superintendent
commissioner commissioner superintendent inspecto
commissioner

Epaulette
insignia
The Met also has several active Volunteer Police Cadet units, which maintain their own internal rank structure.[38] The
Metropolitan Special Constabulary is a contingent of part-time volunteer police officers and is attached to most Borough
Operational Command Units. The Metropolitan Special Constabulary Ranks are as follows:

Metropolitan Police Special Constabulary Ranks

Special Special Chief Assistant Chief
Rank Special Sergeant Special Inspector Chief Officer
Constable Inspector Officer

Epaulette
Insignia

Some of these ranks and epaulettes are not the same as other Special Constabulary ranks and insignia and only apply
Notes: to the Metropolitan Police.
Reference[39]

The prefix "Woman" in front of female officers' ranks has been obsolete since 1999. Members of the Criminal Investigation
Department (CID) up to and including the rank of Chief Superintendent prefix their ranks with "Detective". Detective ranks are
equivalent in rank to their uniform counterparts. Other departments, such as Special Branch and Child Protection, award non-
detectives "Branch Detective" status, allowing them to use the "Detective" prefix. None of these detective ranks confer on the
holder any extra pay or supervisory authority compared to their uniformed colleagues.

Workforce

The following is the current released workforce data for the ranks. The Chief officers rank covers all senior ranks as well as
Special Constables covering all special constable ranks.

Metropolitan Police Workforce

Police
Police Designated Special Chief
Rank support PCSO Constable Sergeant Inspector Superintende
staff Officer constable inspector
volunteer
Female
5285 468 340 478 530 7465 956 270 68 44
personnel
Male
3626 257 390 829 1330 17329 3526 935 232 147
personnel
Total
8911 725 730 1307 1860 24794 4482 1205 300 191
personnel

Reference 2019 Police workforce open data tables[40]

Resources
The Metropolitan Police Service consists of police officers and special constables (the latter of which are volunteers, generally
part time, with full police powers), police community support officers and police staff (civilians).[41] The Met was the first force
to introduce PCSOs. Unlike police staff and PCSOs, police officers are not employees: they are servants of the crown. Funding
for the Metropolitan police has been cut due to austerity. Changes in the way the government pays for police pensions will lead
to further cuts.[42]

Police numbers
Police Officers: 32,373[43]
Special Constables: 1,840[43]
Police Community Support Officers: 1,254[43]
Designated Detention Officers: 614[44]
Police Staff: 9,814[43]
 Dogs: around 250[45]
Horses: 120[46]

Historic numbers of police officers

2020: 32,766 (excluding 1,874 Special Constables)[43]
2019: 30,980 (excluding 1,749 Special Constables)
2017: 30,817[44]
2016: 32,125[47]
2015: 31,877[47]
2014: 30,932 (excluding 4,587 Special Constables)[48] Metropolitan Police officers
wearing traditional custodian
2013: 30,398 (excluding 5,303 Special Constables)[49] helmets
2011: 32,380 (excluding 4,459 Special Constables)[50]
2010: 33,260 (excluding 3,125 Special Constables)[51]
2009: 32,543 (excluding 2,622 Special Constables)[52]
2004: 31,000 (approx)[53]
2003: 28,000 (approx)[53]
2001: 25,000 (approx)[54]
1984: 27,000 (approx)[55]
1965: 18,016[56]
1952: 16,400[57] Met officers, alongside British
Transport Police on 'mutual aid', at a
1944: 17,976*[58]
G20 protest in 2009.
1938: 18,511
1929: 19,290[59]
1912: 20,529[60]
1887: 14,191[61]
1877: 10,336^ [62]
1866: 6,839[63]
1852: 5,625[64]

*include temporary constables from war period

^includes 753 officers policing Her Majesty's Dockyards throughout the country
Armed DPG police officers. Downing
Street gates, 2014
Fleet

The Met operates and maintains a fleet of nearly 5,000 vehicles. In 2018, the fleet covered 46,777,720 miles
(75,281,440 km).[65] The fleet comprises numerous vehicles, including:[66]

Incident response vehicles (IRV): used for patrol and 999 emergency response.
Q-cars: unmarked response vehicles, belonging to a variety of departments.
Area cars: carry out the same role as IRVs, but driven by an advanced driver who can engage in the tactical
phase of pursuit – much like a traffic unit.
Armed response vehicle (ARV): Transports authorised firearms officers trained to ARV level to incidents,
typically including firearms and other weapons
Traffic units: respond to incidents on major roads, enforce traffic laws and encourage road safety.
Motorcycles: utilised by the Roads and Transport Policing Command and Parliamentary and Diplomatic
Protection for more agile patrol and response.
Scrambler bikes: used by Operation Venice officers to combat moped gangs.[67]
Collision investigation units (CIU): respond to and appropriately investigate all major road traffic collisions.
Protected carriers: used for public order duties.
Personnel carriers: used to transport numerous officers on patrol and to incidents, as well as non-violent public
order situations.
Station vans: used to transport both officers and suspects in a cage in the rear of the van.
 Commercial vehicle units: used to respond to incidents involving commercial vehicles.
CBRN units: used to mitigate chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear incidents. These are identified by a
large amount of equipment lockers on newer vans and a large array of detecting equipment on the top of older
vans.
Control units: used for incident command and control purposes.
Armoured multi-role vehicles: used for public order duties, airport and counter-terrorism duties, or as required.
General purpose vehicles: used for general support and transportation duties of officers or equipment.
Training vehicles: used to train police drivers.
Miscellaneous vehicles: such as horseboxes and trailers.

The majority of vehicles have a service life of three to five years; the Met replaces or upgrades between 800 and 1,000 vehicles
each year. By 2012 the Met was marking all new marked vehicles with Battenburg markings, a highly-reflective material on the
side of the vehicles, chequered blue and yellow for the police, and in other colours for other services. The old livery was an
orange stripe through the vehicle, with the force's logo.

The National Police Air Service has a base at North Weald Airfield, in Essex, which houses three EC145 helicopters to dedicated
to supporting the Met. A fourth helicopter serves surrounding forces.

A marine policing unit operates 22 vessels from its base in Wapping.

Fleet Gallery

A BMW 5 series. A Ford Focus incident A BMW X5 armed response

response vehicle vehicle

A public order vehicle used A personnel carrier used for BMW motorcycles
by the Territorial Support transporting officers.
Group

Budget

The force's expenditure for single years, not adjusted for inflation.[68]
 Year Amount Notes
1829/30 £194,126
1848 £437,441
1873 £1.1 million
1898 £1.8 million
1923 £7.8 million
1948 £12.6 million
1973 £95 million
1998/9 £2.03 billion

2011/12 £3.69 billion £2.754 billion was spent on staff wages[69][70]

2017/18 £3.26 billion[71]

Crime figures

Crimes reported within the Metropolitan Police District, selected by quarter centuries.[72]

1829/30: 20,000
1848: 15,000
1873: 20,000
1898: 18,838
1923: 15,383
1948: 126,597
1973: 355,258
1998/9: 934,254
2017/18: 827,225[73]

Detection rates

The following table shows the percentage detection rates for the Metropolitan Police by offence group for 2010/11.[74]

Violence
Offences Other Fraud
against Sexual Criminal Drug Other
Total Robbery Burglary against theft and
the offences damage offences offences
vehicles offences forgery
person
Metropolitan
24 35 23 17 11 5 14 16 13 91 63
Police
England
28 44 30 21 13 11 22 24 14 94 69
and Wales

The Metropolitan Police Service "screened out" 34,164 crimes the day they were reported in 2017 and did not investigate them
further. This compares to 13,019 the previous year. 18,093 crimes were closed in 24 hours during the first 5 months of 2018
making it likely that the 2017 total will be exceeded. Crimes not being investigated include sexual assaults and arson, burglaries,
thefts and assaults. Some critics believe this shows the effect of austerity on the force's ability to carry out its responsibilities.[75]

Specialist units
Protection Command – This command is split into two branches: Royalty and Specialist Protection (RASP) and
Parliamentary and Diplomatic Protection (PaDP). RaSP provides personal armed protection for the Royal
family, Prime Minister and other ministers, ambassadors and visiting heads of state. PaDP is responsible for
providing armed officers to protect the Palace of Westminster, important residences such as Downing Street and
the many embassies found located in London. Royal Palaces are the responsibility of RaSP.[76] The Special
Escort Group (SEG) are responsible for escorting the Royal Family, Prime Minister and other ministers,
ambassadors and visiting heads of state, and occasionally prisoner transport. They use motorcyclists to halt
traffic, and use armed cars at the rear of the escort for armed assistance and traffic control. Once the escort has
passed, the roads are immediately opened, different from how the United States handle police escorts, which
 tend to close the road off completely. All SEG officers are armed. Their
motto is "We lead, others follow".
Aviation Policing Command – Responsible for providing policing (with the
majority being armed officers) at Heathrow Airport and London City
Airport.[77]
Flying Squad – A unit which investigates and intercepts armed robberies.
The name comes from the fact its members travelled across divisional and A Jankel Guardian Counter-Terrorist
borough boundaries. Assault Vehicle, based on the Ford
Trident Gang Crime Command – Investigates and works to prevent gang F450 – utilised for airport patrols,
crime. counter-terrorism and public order
Roads and Transport Policing Command – Provides policing for the situations
transport network in London, comprising numerous divisions: the Traffic
Division, patrols the road, pursuing fleeing suspects and enforcing speed,
safety, and drink driving;[78] the Road Crime Team focuses on dangerous
drivers, priority roads, uninsured vehicles and 'fatal four' offences;[79] the
Safer Transport Team (STT) provide a policing presence on Transport for
London's buses and investigates most crimes committed on them.
Specialist Firearms Command – (SCO19) Responsible for providing armed
response and support across the whole of London with Authorised Firearms
Officers (AFO) travelling in ARVs (Armed Response Vehicles) responding
to calls involving firearms and weapons. SCO19 has a number of CTSFOs
(Counter Terrorist Specialist Firearms Officers), who have additional
training.[80] A marine policing unit on the River
Dog Support Unit – (DSU) Provides highly trained dogs and police Thames
handlers. They are trained to detect drugs and firearms, respond to
searches, missing people, and fleeing suspects. Bomb-detection dogs are
also used for specific duties.[81]
Marine Policing Unit – (MPU) Provides policing on the waterways of London, responding to situations in the
River Thames and tracking and stopping illegal vessels entering and exiting London.[82]
Mounted Branch – Provides policing on horseback in London. One of their duties is escorting the Royal Guard
down The Mall, into and out of Buckingham Palace every morning from April to July, then occasionally through
the remainder of the year. They also provide public order support and are commonly called to police football
matches in the event of any unrest. All officers are trained in public order tactics on horseback.[83]
Territorial Support Group – (TSG) Highly trained officers, specialised in public order and large scale riots
responding around London in marked Public Order Vehicles (POV) with 6 constables and a sergeant in each
POV. They aim to: secure the capital against terrorism, respond to any disorder in London, and reduce priority
crime through borough support. They respond in highly-protective uniform during riots or large disorder,
protecting themselves from any thrown objects or hazards.[84]

Stations

In addition to the headquarters at New Scotland Yard, there are many police stations in
London.[85] These range from large borough headquarters staffed around the clock every day to
smaller stations, which may be open to the public only during normal business hours, or on
certain days of the week. In 2017, there were 73 working front counters open to the public in
London.[86]

Most police stations can easily be identified from one or more blue lamps located outside the
entrance, which were introduced in 1861.

The oldest Metropolitan police station, which opened in Bow Street in 1881, closed in 1992 and A traditional blue lamp as
the adjoining Bow Street Magistrates' Court heard its last case on 14 July 2006.[87] The oldest seen outside most police
operational police station in London is in Wapping, which opened in 1908. It is the headquarters stations.
of the marine policing unit (formerly known as Thames Division), which is responsible for
policing the River Thames. It also houses a mortuary and the River Police Museum.

Paddington Green Police Station, which is no longer operational, received much publicity for its housing of terrorism suspects in
an underground complex prior to its closure in 2017.

In 2004, there was a call from the Institute for Public Policy Research for more imaginative planning of police stations to aid in
improving relations between police forces and the wider community.[88]
Officers killed in the line of duty
The Police Roll of Honour Trust lists and commemorates all British police officers killed
in the line of duty.

Issues
During the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, the Metropolitan police were found to be 2.17 The sculpture on the grave of
times as likely to issue fines to black people for lockdown breaches, relative to the Constable William Frederick Tyler,
general population.[89][90] This could suggest that they were disproportionately policing Abney Park Cemetery, London
black people. The Met, the biggest force in the country, was one of the forces least likely
to use enforcement powers, compared with other forces.

The Met said: "In total, more white people received FPNs [fixed penalty notices] or were arrested than other individual ethnic
groups. However, when compared with the composition of the resident population, higher proportions of those in black and
minority ethnic (BAME) groups were issued with FPNs or arrested across London as a whole. The reasons for this are likely to
be complex and reflect a range of factors. This includes interactions between the areas subject to significant proactive policing
activity targeting crime hotspots and both the variation in the age profile and geographical distribution of ethnic groups in
London."[89]

In 2021 the Metropolitan police have attracted media coverage for approaches to policing in high-profile the cases such as the
death of Sarah Everard, the deaths of Nicole Smallman and Bibaa Henry and the handling of internal sexual assault
allegations.[91] In April 2021 an early-career Metropolitan police officer was found guilty of being a member of a banned terrorist
group [92]

In March 2021, Wayne Couzens, a serving Metropolitan Police officer with the Parliamentary and Diplomatic Protection unit,
was arrested and later charged with the kidnap and murder of Sarah Everard.[93] He was remanded in custody for trial later in the
year.[94]

See also
Bent Coppers, detailing police corruption within the Metropolitan Police Service
Crimint
Hendon Police College
London Emergency Services Liaison Panel
The Met: Policing London
Metropolitan police role in phone hacking scandal
News International phone hacking scandal
Police Forces of the United Kingdom
Police National E-Crime Unit
Project Griffin
Regal, Olga, and Upstart, three MPS horses decorated for bravery during the Blitz
Royal National Lifeboat Institution

Other London emergency services:

London's Air Ambulance Charity

London Ambulance Service
London Fire Brigade
City of London Police

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External links
Official website (https://www.met.police.uk/)
Metropolitan Police (https://www.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk/hmicfrs/police-forces/metropolitan/) at Her
Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary and Fire & Rescue Services
Metropolitan Police collected news and commentary (https://www.theguardian.com/uk/metropolitan-police) at
The Guardian
Inspector Denning - Victorian Police in Westminster - UK Parliament Living Heritage (https://www.parliament.uk/
about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/parliamentwork/offices-and-ceremonies/collections/police-in-parliam
ent/inspector-denning/)
Parliamentary Archives, Records of the Metropolitan Police (https://archives.parliament.uk/collections/getrecord/
GB61_MET)

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