Importance of Cold-Formed Steel

19/08/2021 Importance of Cold-Formed Steel in Seismic-Resistant Design of Structures
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Importance of Cold-Formed Steel in Seismic-Resistant Design of Structures

Cold Formed Steel is a product made by rolling steel or pressing steel in to semi-finished or finished goo
relatively low temperatures. Manufacturing of Cold Formed Steel (CFS) occurs at room temperature. In p
scenario the use of CFS system is significantly increasing in countries where traditional structural soluti
always dominated the construction sector. This is mainly due to the developing and increasing technica
structural and economic competitiveness of such systems. The advantages with CFS are lightness of sys
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quality of end products, flexibility due to wide variety of shapes and section dimensions, short executio
to dry constructions and minimization of environmental impacts due to the possibility to reuse the elem
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end of the life cycle. This paper presents the importance of CFS in various structural elements to mitigat
damage cost to these elements during earthquakes. These elements are investigated for seismic resista Med
storey moment frames, factors like premature local buckling and low out of plain sti eners known as Pvt-
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structural deficiencies of CFS with thin walled elements hence in structures with CFS as the main load Ltd-
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components there is less energy dissipation due the above mention deficiencies. Therefore in order351 to i
energy dissipation of CFS, an innovative CFS beam with curved flange was developed. The main aim of
to produce plastic moment due to large width thickness ratios of thin walled elements of CFS section; (htt
development of plastic moment was avoided. To overcome these limitations, the CFS elements were int
with flange bends in C section leading to a curved flange section. Also modification like flange lips, intro
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intermediate flange sti eners and increasing the number of flange bends results in increase in moment
ductility capacity and initial sti ness. Steel sheeted CFS using gypsum board claddings with di erent co
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on shear walls and partition walls on either or both sides resulted in increased of lateral sti eners; shea
and energy dissipation capacity. Use of MLC (Modular Light weight Cold Form beams) are designed to p
buckling phenomena that could a ect the structural behaviour when thin sheets are used also provide (htt
resistance to torsional flexural buckling. 6AfD
Sanket Desai, Akshaykumar Sanaki, M.Tech Structural Engineering Student, N Munirudrappa, Pro es
Civil Engineering, Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering, K. S. Layout, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
https://www.nbmcw.com/product-technology/peb-steel-structures/importance-of-cold-formed-steel-in-seismic-resistant-design-of-structures.html 1/20
Introduction
The use of Cold-Formed Steel system is significantly increasing in the countries where traditional struct
solutions have always dominated the construction sector. This is due to recognized technical, structura
economic competitiveness of such systems. The CFS members obtained by cold rolling are produced by
or bending steel sheaths with thickness ranging between 0.4-0.7mm. These members provide several ad
such as lightness of structural systems, high quality of end products, flexibility due to wide variety of sh
sectional dimensions, short execution period and minimization of environmental impacts.
In steel structures located in seismic area, factors like premature local buckling and low out of plain sti
regarded as main structural deficiencies. The use of Cold-Formed Steel structural systems in such area i
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the energy dissipation property of the structure which accounts for the seismic resistance. These sectio
high potential for premature failures because of their thin walled nature. To reduce the chances of failur
ductility should be imparted to the sections. (htt
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Advantages of Cold Rolled Steel
Some of the advantages of cold rolled sections as compared to the hot rolled counterparts are(htt
as f
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Cross-sectional shapes are formed to close tolerances and these can be consistently repeated for
required
Cold rolling can be employed to produce any desired shape to any desired length
Pre-galvanized or pre-coated metals can be formed so that high resistance to corrosion, besides a
surface finish can be achieved.
All conventional connection methods i.e., riveting, bolting, welding, etc can be employed.
High strength to weight ratio can be achieved in cold rolled sections.
They are usually light in weight, easy to transport and erect.
Case Studies
Experimental work on CFS elements for earthquake resilient moment frame buildings.
Experimental investigation on the use of thin walled cold-formed sections as energy dissipative elemen
earthquake resistant moment frame for multi-storey buildings were carried out. In multi-story moment
of CFS o en led to premature local buckling and low out of plane sti ness. To overcome these deficienc
following experimental investigation was carried out. The tests were performed on 6 bolted beams to co
connections with two di erent beam thicknesses 3mm and 4mm respectively. The test involved step-by
development curved flange sections and beams with di erent types out of plane sti eners in the conne
region; the three configurations of the sti ener connections being: without sti ener, minimum sti ener
optimum sti ener. The test specimens were subjected to cyclic loading through hinge connections at th
end. From the results obtained through the experiment it as concluded that: (htt
1. The premature buckling due to discontinuity in the flange connection can be delayed by using(htt
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of vertical or horizontal out of plane sti eners. Med
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2. Ductility factor was increased by 75%, moment strength by 35% and energy dissipation by 240%.
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Figure 1: a) Di erent flange shape layouts; b) 3-D simulated view of curved flanged beams
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Damage Control systems
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In order to control rocking behaviour of cold formed steel in multi-storey shear walls an innovative dam
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system was proposed. The system involved hold-down equipped with a fuse function and was placed o
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foundation of multi-storey shear walls. This HDF (hold-down fuse) reduces the damage to both structur
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structural members in the cold-formed steel buildings.
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To understand the basic behaviour of proposed controlling racking systems in an earthquake, shake tab
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were performed using one storey, one span, real size specimens. The specimen consisted of steel sheet
with a height and width of 3000 and 6000mm respectively and steel bracings with height and width of 3
1500mm respectively. (htt
Two steel shear walls were set parallel to the shake direction. Figure shows the controlled-rocking syste
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multi-storey shear walls for cold-formed fuse frames. In this system, a fuse made of a steel plate which w
between the racking frames and the foundation. It was connected to a channel of the upper frame and a
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bolt supported by the foundation. In conventional cold-formed steel structures a frame is rigidly connec
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foundation by steel hold-downs. Therefore the building dissipates the earthquake energy mainly throug
deformation of shear walls or bracing members in upper frames. Whereas, the newly proposed HDF’s di
most of the seismic energy and as a result member and walls within the frame sustain less damage.
Figure 2: Experimental set-up.
Shake table tests of a cold-formed steel shear panel

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Several investigators have tested CFS shear walls for static cyclic loadings and the results were evaluate
there is very limited literature available for the performance of CFS shear walls under dynamic loadings
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account for this, a shake table test of a full scale two storey single bay structure was conducted. TheyMed
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separated by 3.9m centre to centre in the out of plane direction. Pvt-
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The shear panel was 2.8m wide and the storey height was 3m. Both the storeys were identical but the bo
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storey was subjected to greater loads. The exterior columns were built-up by channel sections and were
the steel anchors and bolted to the slab.
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Figure 3: Hold-down steel fuse
The slab was a heavy reinforced one, 200mm thick and 4.40mm2 in area weighing 93kN. This slab acted (htt
diaphragm. The specimen design was done considering the location of Seattle, Washington using the da
guidelines from TI 809-07 (III). The seismic base shear for the shake table was estimated to be 96.1kN pe
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However the frames were designed for a base shear of 96.4kN each. Shake table specimen was instrume
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accelerometers, displacement gauges and strain gauges.
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Through the test results it was seen that the thin steel straps used a cross bracing in CFS buildings are ve
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and ductile. A er the local buckling, the CFS built-up exterior columns performed well. The columns con
to the shear capacity of structure was minimum but dependable throughout earth-quake simulation. W
bracings failed to provide strength and sti ness to the earth-quake responses, the columns provided(htt en
dissipation.
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The CFS structure provided to be a very a ective and dependable structural system for seismic loads an
the bracing member is prevented from fracture. (htt
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Figure 4: a) Di erent flange shape layouts; b) 3-D simulated view of curved flanged beams
Seismic behaviour of sheathed CFS shear walls cladded by gypsum and fiber cement boards.
Experiments are carried out to investigate the seismic response of steel sheathed CFS shear walls using
and fibre cement board claddings. The experiment was carried out on six such specimens of various con
and was tested under cyclic loading. With the introduction of claddings, it imposed additional forces on
members in the load path towards the foundation which resulted in the increases of shear strength of w
use of single and double sided steel sheathing on CFS shear walls increased their shear strength and en
dissipation capacity. It was concluded that the shear strength and secant sti ness of CFS steel sheathed
be increased by 30% to 32% for single sided and 61% to 80% for double sided claddidng. (htt
Conclusions (htt
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Use of CFS products are important and e ective in the Pvt-
constructions carried out especially in seismic areas; Ltd-
lightweight structural systems, high quality end products, 351
flexibility, short execution period, minimum impacts on
the environment are some of the important properties of (htt
CFS systems which make them suitable for seismic areas.
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CFS systems are under research and some of the research
works discussed above yield the following conclusions:
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With the use of curved flange beams in earthquake
resistant moment frame multi-story buildings
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resulted in the increase of ductility (upto75%) and
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moment capacity (upto35%) and also hysteretic
energy dissipation capacity (upto240%).
By providing single and double sided gypsum and

fiber cement cladding CFS steel sheathed walls, the
shear strength and energy dissipation capacity can

be increased by 31% and 32% for single sided Figure 5: Experime
cladding and up to 80% and 67% for double sided cladding
With the use of vertical/horizontal out of plane sti eners the premature buckling due to discontin
flange is delayed.
Table 1. Shear wall test specimens.
Specimen Front side sheathing/cladding Back side cladding
S Steel sheet (S) –
S-G Steel sheet (S) Gypsum board (G)
S-C Steel sheet (S) Fiber cement board (C)
GS-G CS-G CS-C Gypsum board Steel sheet (GS) Gypsum board (G)
Fiber cement board Steel sheet (CS) Gypsum board (G)
Fiber cement board Steel sheet (CS) Fiber cement board (C)
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References
1. R. Retamales, R. Davies, G. Mosqueda, and A. Filiatrault. ASCE (2013). “Experimental Seismic Fragi
Formed Steel Framed Gypsum Partition Walls”.
2. Bagheri, S. Mihail, et.al.“Novel Cold-formed Steel Elements for Seismic Applications”. Twenty-First
International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures St. Louis, Missouri, USA, Octo
25, 2012.
3. T. N. Dao, and W. John, V.D. Lindt. “Seismic Performance of an Innovative Light-Frame Cold-Forme
Frame for Midrise Construction”. ASCE (2013).
4. B.W.Schafer, Johns Hopkins University Bonnie Manley, American Iron and Steel Institute. “Advanc
Formed Steel Earthquake Engineering”. 10th U.S national conference on earthquake engineering.
5. B.W. Schafer “Cold-formed steel structures around the world” (2011).
6. B.W. Schafer “Cold-formed steel structures: special issue”. Journal of Structural Engineering ASCE
7. H. Moghimi, and R. G. Driver. “Economical Steel Plate Shear Walls for Low-Seismic Regions”. ASCE
8. M .Lecce and K. J. Rasmussen. “Distortional buckling of cold – formed stainless steel sections: Exp
investigation”. ASCE (2012).
9. Y.B. Kwin, H.S. Chung, and G.D. Kim. “Experiments on cold – formed steel connections and portal f
ASCE (2006).
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10. S, Mohebbi, S.R. Mirghaderi, et.al. “Experiments on Seismic Behaviour of Steel Sheathed Cold – Fo
Shear Walls Cladded by Gypsum and Fibre Cement Boards”. Elsevier journal (2016). (htt
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11. N. Delattle “Failure of Cold -Formed Steel Beams During Concrete Placement.” ASCE (2005).
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12. G.D. Corte, L. Fiorino, and R. Landolfo. “Seismic Behaviour of Sheathed Cold – Formed Structures:
Study”. ASCE (2006). 351
13. A.Sato and C.M.Uang. “Seismic Performance Factors for Cold-Formed Steel Special Bolted Momen
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ASCE (2010).
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14. R. Parnell, B.W. Davis and L. Xu. “Vibration Performance of Lightweight Cold-Formed Steel Floors”.
(2010).
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19/08/2021 Importance of Cold-Formed Steel in Seismic-Resistant Design of Structures

Importance of Cold-Formed Steel in Seismic-Resistant Design of Structures

High strength to weight ratio can be achieved in cold rolled sections.

They are usually light in weight, easy to transport and erect.

Figure 2: Experimental set-up.

Shake table tests of a cold-formed steel shear panel

Figure 3: Hold-down steel fuse

By providing single and double sided gypsum and

shear strength and energy dissipation capacity can

Table 1. Shear wall test specimens.

Specimen Front side sheathing/cladding Back side cladding

S Steel sheet (S) –

S-G Steel sheet (S) Gypsum board (G)

S-C Steel sheet (S) Fiber cement board (C)

5. B.W. Schafer “Cold-formed steel structures around the world” (2011).

Click Here (htt

Everest Industries Executes PEB Project for Godrej Agrovet

Fire Resistance of Steel Structures

Underdeck insulation in an industrial process or plant is o en neglected but is

Supreme Industries’ Thermal Insulation Division o ers cutting edge technology

Founded in 1942, Supreme Industries Ltd. pioneered path-breaking plastics pr

Steel slag, a by-product of steel making, is produced during the separation(htt

A space frame or space structure is a truss-like, lightweight rigid structure cons

areas with few interior supports... (/product-technology/peb-steel-structures/p

A Study on Properties of Polypropylene Fibre-Mesh

Sustainable Roofing Solution “Energy E iciency a Green Fuel”

Insulate with INSUflex

INSUflex, by Supreme Industries, is a CFC-free, black flexible elastomeric close

and e ectively controls condensation against both heat loss... (/product-techn

Steel in vogue for highrise buildings

There is no doubt looking at the way the population density particularly in me

NBM Media Pvt. Ltd. | All rights reserved © 2021

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