Unit 13: IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet) : EECS 122: Introduction To Communication Networks

EECS 122: Introduction to Communication
Networks
Unit 13: IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet)

A bit of history…
• 1970 ALOHAnet radio network deployed in Hawaiian islands
• 1973 Metcalf and Boggs invent Ethernet, random access in wired net
• 1979 DIX Ethernet II Standard
• 1985 IEEE 802.3 LAN Standard (10 Mbps)
• 1995 Fast Ethernet (100 Mbps)
• 1998 Gigabit Ethernet
• 2002 10 Gigabit Ethernet
• Ethernet is today the dominant LAN standard
Metcalf’s Sketch
AW: Unit 13 2 EE 122 Spring 2015

IEEE 802.3 – The „classical Ethernet“

IEEE 802.3 MAC: Ethernet
• MAC Protocol: CSMA/CD.
• Slot Time is the critical system parameter
- upper bound on time to detect collision
- upper bound on time to acquire channel
- upper bound on length of frame segment generated by
collision
- quantum for retransmission scheduling
- max{round-trip propagation, MAC jam time}
• Truncated binary exponential backoff

- for retransmission n: 0 < r < 2k, where k=min(n,10)
- Give up after 16 retransmissions

IEEE 802.3 Original Parameters
• BASIC ASSUMPTION: all collisions can always be

detected by the participating parties (transmitters!)
• Transmission Rate: 10 Mbps
• Min Frame: 512 bits = 64 bytes
• Slot time: 512 bits/10 Mbps = 51.2 msec
- 51.2 msec x 2x105 km/sec =10.24 km, 1 way
- 5.12 km round trip distance
• Max Length: 2500 meters + 4 repeaters
• Each x10 increase in bit rate, must be accompanied

by x10 decrease in distance

LAN Standard Relationship to the ISO/OSI Model
n AUI – Attachment Unit
Interface
n MAU – Medium
Attachment Unit
n MDI – Medium
Dependent Interface
n PMA – Physical Medium
Attachment

IEEE 802.3 MAC Frame
802.3 MAC Frame

7 1 6 6 2 4
Destination Source
Preamble SD Length Information Pad FCS
address address
Synch Start 64 - 1518 bytes
frame
l Every frame transmission begins “from scratch”

l Preamble helps receivers synchronize their clocks
to transmitter clock
l 7 bytes of 10101010 generate a square wave
l Start frame byte changes to 10101011
l Receivers look for change in 10 pattern
802.3 MAC Frame

7 1 6 6 2 4
Destination Source
address address
frame
0 Single address • Destination address

• single address
• group address
1 Group address • broadcast = 111...111
Addresses
0 Local address • local or global
• Global addresses
• first 24 bits assigned to manufacturer;
1 Global address • next 24 bits assigned by manufacturer
• Cisco 00-00-0C
AW: Unit 13 8 • 3COM 02-60-8C EE 122 Spring 2015
802.3 MAC Frame

7 1 6 6 2 4
Destination Source
address address
frame
l Length: # bytes in information field

l Max frame 1518 bytes, excluding preamble & SD
l Max information 1500 bytes: 05DC
l Pad: ensures min frame of 64 bytes
l FCS: CCITT-32 CRC, covers addresses, length,
information, pad fields
l NIC discards frames with improper lengths or failed CRC

MAC Frame Format (summary)
• Preamble – synchronization of circuitry
- 7 bytes made of: 10101010
• SFD – Start Frame Delimiter
- Fixed sequence: 10101011
• Length – determine number of data octets
• Data – sequence of octets
- min/max size is determined by physical layer specification
• PAD – padding
- If length field is below a certain threshold, a PAD field will be
added at the end of the data field
- Max(0, minFrameSize - (8n + 2addressSize + 48)), where n
is the number of LLC data field octets
• FCS – Frame Check Sequence
- Check includes all fields between SFD and FCS, CRC polynom
G(x) = x32 + x26 + x23 + x22 + x16 + x12 + x11 + x10 + x8 + x7 + x5 + x4 + x2 + x +1
MAC Frame Format (Summary – cont. )
n I/G = 0 ® individual address

n I/G = 1 ® group address
n U/L = 0 ® globally administered address
n U/L = 1 ® locally administered address
• Individual address
- associated with a particular station on the network
• Group address
- Associated with one or more stations on the network, two
types, multicast and broadcast
• Locally/globally administered address
- Beyond the scope of the standard

Collision Handling
• Access Interference and recovery
Ø Collsion avoidance by deferring
Ø In case of collision: Collision detect signal turns on:
Ø Transmission continues: a certain bit sequence is sent
( jam signal – can be generated by any station )
Ø Upon detection of the jam signal, transmission is
stopped and retransmission is initiated after a certain
deference time.
Ø Deference time is selected from a certain interval that
is increased after each collision and decreased in case
of success.
• How are collisions detected?
Ø Signals are current-driven on the medium
Ø In case of a collision the voltage on the medium is twice the
voltage generated by a single station

Retransmission and Back-off upon Collision
Ø Collisions will be followed by retransmission until either
success or a maximum number of attempts (being set to 16 by
the standard)
Ø Scheduling of retransmission: truncated binary exponential
back-off
Ø Transmission is delayed in terms of slot times
Ø Number of slot times for the nth retransmission is chosen as a
uniformly distributed integer r in the range:
Ø 0<r<2k-1, where k=min(n,10)
n Note: Introduction of more delay in a special implementation is

allowed, this algorithm represents a lower bound
nQUESTION: why does this schema work without
acknowledgment (in contrast to ALOHA).

Retransmission and Backoff upon Collision

Media Access Control - Basic Functions
• Data encapsulation/decapsulation
- Framing (frame boundary delimination/ synchronization)
- Addressing
- Error detection
• Media Access management
- Medium allocation
(collision avoidance)
- Contention resolution
(collision handling)

Receive Control Flow

Transmit Frame Control Flow

IEEE 802.3 Physical Layer
Table 6.2 IEEE 802.3 10 Mbps medium alternatives

10baseFX
10base5 10base2 10baseT
(forget it!)
Medium Thick coax Thin coax Twisted pair Optical fiber
Max. Segment Length 500 m 200 m 100 m 2 km
Point-to-point
Topology Bus Bus Star
link
Hubs & Switches!

(a) transceivers (b)
Thick Coax: Stiff, hard to work with

T connectors flaky
Support for Different Media
Ø Coaxial cable. Baseband ! Ø Twisted pair ! - Baseband
Ø 10Base5 („Yellow cable“, 10 Mbit/s) Ø 10BaseT (10 Mbit/s)
Ø 10Base2 (Cheapernet, 10 Mbit/s) Ø 100BaseTX (100 Mbit/s)
Ø 100BaseVG (100 Mbit/s)
ØFiber 100BaseXL (100 Mbit/s)
ØBroadband On Cable 10 Bas Broad 36
Note: Both the later: HISTORICAL ONLY
10Base5 10Base2 10BaseT 10Broad36 10BaseFP
Transmission Coaxial Cable Coaxial Cable Unshielded Coaxial Cable 850 nm –
medium (50 W) (50 W) Twisted Pair (75 W) optical fiber
pair
Signaling Baseband Baseband Baseband Broadband Manchester
technique (Manchester) (Manchester) (Manchester) (DPSK) (On-Off)
Topology Bus Bus Star Bus/Tree Star
Maximum 500 m 185 m 100 m 1800 m 500 m
segment length
Nodes per 100 30 - - 33
segment
Cable diameter 10 mm 5 mm 0.4 – 0.6 mm 0.4 – 1.0 mm 62.5/125 mm

Twisted Pair Ethernet (10BaseT) (1)
Example for twisted pair Ethernet connection:
Ø Why Twisted Pair?

Ø coax cable drawbacks:
Ø 10Base5: complicated and expensive cabling
Ø 10Base2: 200m per segment with 30 stations
Ø both: cable breaks, bad taps, and loose connectors are major
problems with repercussios on a whole segment

Twisted Pair Ethernet (10BaseT) Hub

Twisted Pair Ethernet (10BaseT) (2)
Ø Twisted Pair advantages:
Ø easy maintenance (finding cable breaks)
Ø using existing cabling (telephone, structured cabling)
Ø easy adding / removing of stations
Ø 10BaseT wiring scheme

Ø every station is connected directly to a central hub
Ø the function of a hub is to receive and retransmit (repeat with
amplification) electrical signals
Ø collision detection and handling is done by every station (DTE) as

with coax
Ø thus a hub forms a segment (collision domain)
Ø a cable from station to hub can be 100 m to 150 m long (cable cat 3
to 5)

Example Configuration - System with maximum signal path

Round-trip Delays – values in bit timesa
Segment Max Left End Midsegment Right End RT Delay
type Len. Base Base Base
Max. Max. Max.
10Base5 500 m 11.75 46.5 169.5 212.8 0.0866
55.05 89.8
10Base2 185 m 11.75 30.731 46.5 65.48 169.5 188.48 0.1026
FOIRL 1000 m 7.75 107.75 29 152 252 0.1

129
10BaseT 100 mb 15.25 26.55 42 165 176.3 0.113
53.3
10BaseFP 1000 m 11.25 111.25 61 183.5 284 0.1
161
10BaseFB 2000 m N/Ac N/A 24 N/A N/A 0.1
224
10BaseFL 2000 m 12.25 212.25 33.5 233.5 156.5 356.5 0.1
Excess AUI 48 m 0 0 0 4.88 0.1026

4.88 4.88
a. N/A = Not Applicable: 10BaseFB does not support end-connections

Ethernet Hubs & Switches
High-Speed backplane
Single collision domain (b) or interconnection fabric
(a) l l l l l l
l l l l
-Twisted Pair Cheap - Twisted Pair Cheap

- Easy to work with - Multi- port switches available
- Reliable - Separate collision domains
- Passive star - CSMA-CD - Full duplex operation possible
SINGLE COLLOSION DOMAIN (no collisions at all !)
- Also signal splitter do not scale - Different bit. Rates possible!
8will be used later!!)
Hub vs. Switch Collision Domain
Hub
Hub

Mixed 802.3 with mixed PHY s

Switched 802.3

Patching the cables for phone and Ethernet
• The individual ports of a
switch can be managed
separately
- E.g. Allowing only a specific
MAC address on a given port

Switched Approach vs. Shared Medium
• On a shared medium the sender is aware of losses (by
detecting collisions) and starts retransmissions
• For a shared medium this means no losses (up to maximum
retransmission number!) - but variable delays (because of
retransmissions)
• In a switched topology, there is a need for buffering and
forwarding thus there can be losses (buffer overflow etc.)
without detection by the original sender of the packet
• Higher level protocols have to cope with this problem!!
• But this does not scale arbitrarily!!! /broadcasts!)

Ethernet Scalability – per collision domain!
CSMA-CD a = .01
a = .1
a = .2
30
Avg. Transfer Delay
25
20
15
10
5
0
0.06
0.12
0.18
0.24
0.36
0.42
0.48
0.54
0.66
0.72
0.78
0.84
0.96
0
0.3
0.6
0.9
Load
• CSMA-CD maximum throughput depends on normalized delay-

bandwidth product a=tprop/X
• x10 increase in bit rate = x10 decrease in X
• To keep a constant need to either: decrease tprop (distance) by x10; or
increase frame length x10
Physical Propagation Limits
• In the 10 Mbits/s case, the max end-to-end delay is not
achievable on a single piece of cable... The limits because of
signal shape.. So we use repeaters ...
• The total delay – (propagation + delay on all repeaters) on
the longest path must NOT exceed the limiting value...
• Higher bit-rate must be compensated by
- Either shorter distances (100 Mbits/s Ethernet), or
- Longer data packets (1 Gbit/s Ethernet)
• In well engineered system errors NOT resulting from
collisions are very rare...
• This does NOT hold in case of complex topologies: numerous
bus- segments interconnected via repeaters…
èThe star topology is the winner!!

Twisted Pair Cabling
• Category 1: Unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) cable that is suited for
voice but not data. Most telephone cable installed before 1983 is
Category 1 cable. Not widely used anymore.
• Category 2: UTP cable certified for data transmissions up to 4
Mbits/second. This cable has four twisted pairs.
• Category 3: UTP that supports 10-Mbits/sec transmission rates.
The cable must have four pairs and three twists per foot.
• Category 4: UTP certified for 16 Mbits/sec transmission rates The
cable has four pairs.
• Category 5: Defines 100-ohm, four-wire twisted-pair UTP
copper cable that can transmit data at 100 Mbits/sec The cable is
low-capacitance and exhibits low crosstalk.
• Category 5e: similar to above, with decreased crosstalk
• Category 6: Supporting speeds up to 250 Mbits/s, in the

version 6A up to 500 mibits/s

Twisted Pair Ethernet Connector
Ø The RJ 45 connector Standard wirings (one other option possible)
U
+
+
+
Ø Pin use for 10BaseT

+
U- the two paris used for 100 Base TX

(one paru per direction!)

Fast Ethernet
Table 6.4 IEEE 802.3 100 Mbps Ethernet medium alternatives
100baseT4 100baseT 100baseFX
Twisted pair Twisted pair Optical fiber
Medium category 3 category 5 multimode
UTP 4 pairs UTP two pairs Two strands
Max.
Segment 100 m 100 m 2 km
Length
Topology Star Star Star
To preserve compatibility with 10 Mbps Ethernet:

• Same frame format, same interfaces, same protocols
• Hub topology only with twisted pair & fiber
• Bus topology & coaxial cable abandoned
• Category 3 twisted pair (ordinary telephone grade) requires 4 pairs
• Category 5 twisted pair requires 2 pairs (one per direction). POPULAR
• Most prevalent LAN today
• NOTE: Auto-negotiations to allow for 100/10 Mbits/s end- systems!
Gigabit Ethernet
Table 6.3 IEEE 802.3 1 Gbps Fast Ethernet medium alternatives
1000baseSX 1000baseLX 1000baseCX 1000baseT

Optical fiber Optical fiber Twisted pair
Shielded category 5
Medium multimode single mode
copper cable
Two strands Two strands UTP
Max.
Segment 550 m 5 km 25 m 100 m
Length
Topology Star Star Star Star
• Slot time increased to 512 bytes

• Small frames need to be extended to 512 B
• Frame bursting to allow stations to transmit burst of short frames
• Frame structure preserved but CSMA-CD essentially abandoned
• Extensive deployment in backbone of enterprise data networks and in server
farms

What Remains from the Ethernet MAC...
Further Improvement: Go duplex!

• For 100B – TX one pair of wires in each direction might be used
• For 1000 Base T-TX all four pairs are used for each direction in
duplex modus! (remember the principle of
hybrids in telephony!?)
• Auto-negotiation needed to set the speed and the modus

10 Gigabit Ethernet
Table 6.5 IEEE 802.3 10 Gbps Ethernet medium alternatives
10GbaseS
10GBaseLR 10GbaseER
R
Two optical Two optical Two optical
fibers fibers fibers
Multimode
Medium
at 850 nm Single-mode Single-mode at
at 1310 nm 1550 nm
64B66B SONET
Max. code 64B66B compatibility
Segment 300 m 10 km 40 km
Length
• Frame structure preserved

• CSMA-CD protocol officially abandoned
• LAN PHY for local network applications
• WAN PHY for wide area interconnection using SONET OC-192c

Typical Ethernet Deployment
Switches allow coupling Server farm
Of segments with different Server Server Server
Bit- rates!!!
Gigabit Ethernet links
Switch/router Switch/router
Gigabit Ethernet links
Server Ethernet Ethernet Server Ethernet

Server
switch switch switch
100 Mbps links 100 Mbps links 100 Mbps links
Hub Hub Hub
10 Mbps links 10 Mbps links

10 Mbps links
Department A Department B Department C

The IEEE 802.11
LOCAL AREA NETWORKS STANDARD FAMILY

IEEE 802.x Architecture
• Data Link Layer partitioned in two sublayers:
- LLC (Logical Link Control) LLC - MAC
Service
- MAC layers: Interface
LLC
nIEEE 802.3 (CSMA/CD) Data Link
n IEEE 802.4 (Token-Passing Bus)
Layer
MAC
n IEEE 802.5 (Token-Ring)
Physical
n IEEE 802.6 (DQDB) PHY Layer
n IEEE 802.9 (ISLAN)
Medium
n IEEE 802.11 (Wireless LAN)
- MAC general service

n connectionless data transfer service between peer LLC
entities
n means to exchange MAC service data units (m_sdu)

802.x Standards (first generation…of MAC!)
In between many, many more: Notably WLAN; Sensor Body Area Networks, …

Supplementary slides: MAC Service Primitives
• MA_DATA.request
MAC/Parameter f_c s_a d_a pr m_sdu s_c d_q

802.3 x x x
802.4 x x x
802.5 x x x x
802.6 x x x x x
- f_c frame control

- s_a source_address
- d_a destination_address
- pr priority
- m_sdu MAC service data unit
- s_cservice_class (mapped to a single class in 802.3)
- d_q desired quality (7 priorities + respond, with_respond &
without respond flag)
- Uni- or multicast data transfer
MAC Service Primitives (2)
• MA_DATA.confirm
MAC/Parameter transmission_status quality provided_service_class

802.3 x
802.4 x x
802.5 x x
802.6
- Parameter
- response to MA_DATA.request
- indication of success/failure with local significance for 802.3/4/5
- significance is point-to-point for 802.4 depending on response flags
- (if with_response was set in ma_data.request, it will be passed upon
delivery of the requested response frame, upon allowed retries number
has occured or local failure)
• MA_DATA.status
- Parameter: status (pass information about network, MAC or node
operation)
- indicate change in status
- only 802.6
MAC Service Primitives (3)
• MA_DATA.indication
MAC/Parameter f_c s_a d_a pr m_sdu r_s q

802.3 x x x x
802.4 x x x x
802.5 x x x x x
802.6 x x x x
• Parameter
- see above
- r_s pass status information from MAC->LLC
-q quality (if (q==with respond) then receiver should respond
with a ma_data.request (d_q:=respond))
- indication of data reception

Logical Link Control (LLC) Sublayer
• the LLC layer operates on a peer basis; between LLC

sub-layer on the two communicating end-systems
• the LLC supports connectionless and connection-
oriented service
• for further details see chapter HDLC

LLC Frame Structure

Variations of HDLC – LLC (2)
• LLC supports the following service types :

- Type 1: Connectionless service (mostly used ! )
- Type 2: Connection-oriented service (very rare usage!)
- Type 3: Acknowledged connectionless service (rare!)
n Acknowledged datagrams
n Data collection service (obtain reply service)

Aspects of LLC protocol:

a) frame format
b) control field bit definitions
c) data link control function (type 2)

• LLC-Frames denote SAPs

• LLC does not include FCS, this is provided by MAC
sub-layer.
• The datagram service includes additional commands:
- UI (Unnumbered Information): Information Frame without
number
- XID (eXchange IDentification): If the FRAME uses a group
address (at the MAC level) than each group member is
requested to answer using the XID-Response; if the FRAME
uses a broadcast address (at the MAC Level) this frame has a
meaning of announcing the presence of the sending station
(to everybody!).
- TEST: Loopback-Test option

LLC user service primitives:

a) connectionless
b) connection oriented

Unit 13: IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet) : EECS 122: Introduction To Communication Networks

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EECS 122: Introduction to Communication

Unit 13: IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet)

AW: Unit 13 2 EE 122 Spring 2015

AW: Unit 13 3 EE 122 Spring 2015

• Truncated binary exponential backoff

AW: Unit 13 4 EE 122 Spring 2015

• BASIC ASSUMPTION: all collisions can always be

• Each x10 increase in bit rate, must be accompanied

AW: Unit 13 5 EE 122 Spring 2015

AW: Unit 13 6 EE 122 Spring 2015

802.3 MAC Frame

l Every frame transmission begins “from scratch”

802.3 MAC Frame

0 Single address • Destination address

802.3 MAC Frame

l Length: # bytes in information field

AW: Unit 13 9 EE 122 Spring 2015

n I/G = 0 ® individual address

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AW: Unit 13 12 EE 122 Spring 2015

n Note: Introduction of more delay in a special implementation is

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Table 6.2 IEEE 802.3 10 Mbps medium alternatives

Medium Thick coax Thin coax Twisted pair Optical fiber

Max. Segment Length 500 m 200 m 100 m 2 km

Hubs & Switches!

Thick Coax: Stiff, hard to work with

AW: Unit 13 19 EE 122 Spring 2015

Ø Why Twisted Pair?

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Ø 10BaseT wiring scheme

Ø collision detection and handling is done by every station (DTE) as

AW: Unit 13 22 EE 122 Spring 2015

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FOIRL 1000 m 7.75 107.75 29 152 252 0.1

Excess AUI 48 m 0 0 0 4.88 0.1026

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-Twisted Pair Cheap - Twisted Pair Cheap

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• CSMA-CD maximum throughput depends on normalized delay-

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• Category 6: Supporting speeds up to 250 Mbits/s, in the

AW: Unit 13 33 EE 122 Spring 2015

Ø Pin use for 10BaseT

U- the two paris used for 100 Base TX

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To preserve compatibility with 10 Mbps Ethernet:

1000baseSX 1000baseLX 1000baseCX 1000baseT

Topology Star Star Star Star

• Slot time increased to 512 bytes

AW: Unit 13 36 EE 122 Spring 2015

Further Improvement: Go duplex!

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• Frame structure preserved