SOCI

OLOGYOFCRI
MES,
ETHI
CSANDHUMANRELATI
ONS

By

Er
ickA.Gempesao
CRI
M.2:
CRI
MINALJUSTI
CESYSTEM

CRIMINALJSUTI CESYSTEM
-compri
seal lthemeansusedtoenforcet
hosest andar
dsofconductwhichar
edeemed
necessar
ytoprotectindiv
idual
sandtomaintai
ngeneralcommunit
ywell bei
ng.
-Thesum t otalofinstr
umentat
ionwhichasocietyusesi nt
hepr event
ionandcont
rolof
cri
meanddelinquency .

-Themachi
ner
yofthestat
eorgovernmentwhichenfor
cest
her
ulesofconductnecessar
y
t
oprot
ectl
i
feandpr
oper
tyandtomaint
ainpeaceandorder.

- Compr i
sesallmeansusedtoenfor
cethesestandar
dsofconduct
,whichar
edeemed
necessaryt
oprot
ectindi
vi
dual
sandtomaint
aingener
alwel
l
-bei
ngofthecommuni
ty.

FI
VESTAGESI NTHECRI
MINALJUSTI
CEPROCESS:
1. Arr
est
2. Charging
3. Adjudicati
on
4. Sentencing
5. Correcti
ons

FI
VEPI LLARSOFTHEPHI LI
PPI
NECRI
MINALJUSTI
CESYSTEM
1) LAW ENFORCEMENT
2) PROSECUTION
3) COURTS
4) CORRECTIONS
5) COMMUNI TY

THREEPI
LLARSOFTHEAMERICANCRI
MINALJUSTI
CESYSTEM
1) LAW ENFORCEMENT
2) COURTS
3) CORRECTIONS

CRIMINALLAW ANDTHECRI MI NALJUSTI CESYSTEM

BasisoftheCr iminalJusti
ceSy stem
Cri
mi nalLawi sthebasist hatt
akesplaceint
heCr i
minal
Just
iceSystem.
Onlyv iol
ationsofCr i
mi nalLaw arebei ngconsi
deredandprocessedint
heCri
minal
Justi
ceSy stem.Wher enov i
olationofCriminalLaw orwherenocommissionoft
hecr
ime,i
n
general
,CriminalJusti
ceasapr ocesswill
notoperate.

CRI
MINALLAW
Br
anchofpubl
i
c,whi
chdef
inescr
imes,t
reat
soft
hei
rnat
ure,andpr
ovi
desf
ort
hei
r
 puni
shment
.

TWOCLASSIFICATIONOFCRI MINALLAW
A. SUBSTANTI VE
Definestheelementsthatar
enecessar
yforanactt
oconsti
tuteasacri
meandt her
efore
punishable.
B. PROCEDURAL
Referstoast at
utethatprovi
desprocedur
esappropr
iat
ef ortheenf
orcementoft he
Substanti
v eCri
minalLaw.

TWO BASICPRI NCIPLESOFCRI MINALLAW I N THEADMI NISTRATION OFTHECRI MI NAL

JUSTI
CESYSTEM I NTHEPHI LI
PPI NES
A. Fi
rstisthe“ pr
esumpt i
onofi nnocence”
.Thi smeanst hatthosewhoar eaccusedof
cri
mesar econsi der
edinnocentunt ilpr
ov enguilt
y.Theaccusedi senti
tl
edt oal lthe
ri
ghtsoftheciti
zensuntiltheaccused’sguilthasbeendeterminedbythecourtoflawor
bytheaccused’sacknowl edgmentofhisgui l
tthatheorsheindeedcommi t
tedthecr i
me.
B. Thesecondpr incipl
eis“ theburdenofpr oof”whichincr i
minalcasesmeanst hatt he
governmentmustpr ovebey ond“ r
easonabl edoubt”thatthesuspectcommi ttedt he
cri
me

CONCEPTOFTHEPRI NCIPLEOFTHEPRESUMPTI ONOFI NNOCENCE

Nol essthant heConst it
uti
onoft hePhil
ippi
nespr ovi
desthatanaccusedshallbe
presumedinnocentuntilprovengui
lt
y.
CONCEPTOFPROOFBEYONDREASONABLEDOUBT
I
nor dertomakesur ethatonl yt
hosewhoareguilt
yofthecri
measpuni shed,
ourRul
es
onEv i
dencepr ovi
desthattheev idence,i
nordert
obesuf f
ici
entt
oconv i
ctanaccusedfora
cri
mi nalact,proofbeyondr easonabledoubtisnecessar
y.Unlesshisguil
tisshownbeyond
reasonabledoubt,heisenti
tl
edt oanacquittal
.

MEANI NGOFPROOFBEYONDREASONABLEDOUBT
Proofbey ondreasonabledoubtdoesnotmeansuchadegr eeofproofas,excludi
ngthe
possibi
l
ityofer
ror,producesabsolut
ecert
ainty
.Moralcer
tai
ntyisonl
yrequi
red,ort
hatdegr
ee
ofproofwhichproducesconvict
ioninanunprej
udi
cedmind.

CRI
MINALINRELATI
ONTOCRI MI
NALJUSTICESYSTEM
Thecr
imi
nali
sthemai
nchar
act
eroft
heCri
minalJust
iceSy
stem.

CRIMI
NALmaybedef i
nedinthreediff
erentviews:
1. InCr i
minologicalsense,apersonmaybeconsi deredasacr iminalfrom thet i
meheor
shecommi tt
edt hecri
mer egardl
esswhet herornotithasbeenreportedt othePolicefor
invest
igat
ion.
2. Inlegalsense,aper sonmay beconsi deredacrimi
nalonlyuponunder goingthejudicial
processandupondet erminati
onbyt heCour tt
hatheorshei sguilt
ybey ondr easonable
doubt.
3. InCr i
minalJust icesense,acr i
minalmaybedef inedasonewhohasunder gonet he
processandwentt hr
oughal l
thepill
arsoftheCriminalJust
iceSystem

THEDIFFERENT NOMENCLATURES GI VEN TO THEPERSON WHO I S BEI

NG PROCESSED
UNDERTHECRI MINALJUSTICESYSTEM:
1. Atthepol
icest
age,dur
inginvesti
gat
ion,
heisrefer
redt
oastheSUSPECT.
2. AttheProsecutor
soffice,duri
ngthedeterminat
ionofpr
obabl
ecauseordur i
ngthe
 Prel
iminaryI
nvesti
gati
on, heisref
err
edt oastheRESPONDENT.
3. Atthet r
ialofthecase,whenacasehasbeenf i
ledinCourt,heisrefer
redtoasthe
ACCUSED.
4. Oncet heCourthasdet erminedthattheaccusedisguil
tybeyondreasonabl
edoubtas
chargedandthejudgementhasbeenr ender
ed,heisr
efer
redtoastheCONVI CT.
5. Itisonlyuponunder goingalltheprocesswhent hepersonhasser vedthesent
ence
whenhecanr eall
ybeconsi deredasaCRI MINAL.

FOUR ELEMENTS OF JUSTI CE IN ORDER THAT JUSTI CE MAY BE DI

SPENSED OF
ABSOLUTELY
1. Theabsol
uteabi
l
ityt
oidenti
fythel
awv iol
ator
2. Theabsol
uteabi
l
ityt
oapprehendlawv i
olat
or
3. Theabsol
uteabi
l
ityt
opunishlawv i
olat
or
4. Theabsol
uteabi
l
ityt
oidenti
fythei
ntentofthelawv
iol
ator
.

FOURTYPESOFMI STAKESTHATCANHAPPENWHENSOCI ETYATTEMPTSTOADMI

NISTER
JUSTI
CE:
1. Thei
nnocenti
spunished
2. Thegui
l
tyescapespunishment
3. Thegui
l
tyarepuni
shedmor eseverel
ythannecessary
;
4. Thegui
l
tyarepuni
shedl essseverel
ythannecessary

THEFI
VEPI LLARSOFTHEPHI
LIPPI
NECRI
MINALJUSTI
CESYSTEM:
1. LawEnf or
cement
2. Prosecuti
on
3. Courts
4. Correct
ion
5. Communi ty

Thethreecomponent soft
heCr
imi
nalJust
iceSy
stem i
ntheUni
tedSt
ates:
1.LawEnf orcement
2.Courts
3.Corr
ections

PHILLI
PI NECRI MI NALJUSTI CESYSTEM SETTI NG:
1. TheLaw Enf orcement ,par t
icularl
yt hePhi l
ippi
neNat i
onalPol ice( PNP)i sundert he
Depar tmentoft heI nt
eriorandLocalGov ernment( DILG);whi l
et heNat ionalBur eauof
Investi
gat i
oni sanagencyat tachedt ot heDepar tmentofJust ice( DOJ) .
2. ThePr osecut i
onSer vi
cei sundert heDOJ,whi letheOMBUDSMANi saConst it
utional
bodyi ndependentf r
om ev ent hethreemaj orandcoequal branchoft hegov ernment ;
3. TheCour ts,meani ngther egularcivilcour ts,incl
udi
ngt heSANDI GANBAYANandSpeci al
CriminalCour ts,ar eundert heSuper visi
onandcont r
olofSupr emeCour ts.Although,
j
udgesoft heMuni cipalTrialCourts, Muni cipalCir
cuitTrialCourts, attimesar etaskedt o
perform execut i
vef uncti
onswhent heyar econduct i
ngPr eli
mi naryI nvest
igationwhi chis
primaril
yanExecut i
vefunct i
on.
4.TheCor recti
onal Instituti
onsar eeitherundert heDOJorDI LG.
-TheBur eauofPr i
sonort heNat i
onal Peni tenti
aryi
sundert heDOJ;
-Byv irt
ueofRA6975, t
heBur eauofJai lManagementandPenol ogy( BJMP)i sinchar ge
 oftheCityorMuni ci
palJai
lswhi
l
ethePr
ovi
nci
algov
ernmenti
sinchar
geoft
he
Pr
ovinci
alj
ail
s.Bot
hareundert
heDI
LG.

PURPOSESORGOALSOFCRI MINALJUSTI CESYSTEM

1. Pri
marygoal s
a. Maintenanceofpeaceandor der
b. Prot
ectmember soft hesoci ety
2. Secondarygoal sorsub- goals
a. Preventi
onofcr i
me
b. Ther evi
ewoft helegali
tyofpr event
iveandsuppr essi
vemeasur es.
c. Thejudicialdeterminationofgui l
torinnocentofthoseapprehended.
d. Thepr operdisposi t
ionoft hosewhohav ebeenl egall
yfoundguilt
y.
e. Thecor recti
onbysoci all
yappr ovedmeansoft hebehav i
orofthosewhov
iol
ate
thecriminallaw.
f. The suppr ession ofcr i
mi nalconductbyappr ehending of
fendersf
orwhom
prev
ent i
oni sineffecti
ve.

THEPHILOSOPHI ESBEHI NDTHECRI MINALJUSTUCESYSTEM

1. TheAdv ersari
alAppr oach
Theadv ersari
alapproachassumesi nnocence.Thepr osecutorrepresenti
ngt heSt ate
mustpr ovethegui lt
.Theadv ersar
yappr oachr equi
rest hattheproperpr oceduresar e
fol
lowed, proceduresdesi gnedtoprotectther i
ghtsoftheaccused.
Theadv er
sarysy st
em embodi esthebasicconceptofequalpr ot
ecti
onandduepr ocess.
Theseconcept sarenecessar yinordertocr eateasy stem inwhicht heaccusedhasa
fai
rchanceagai nstthet r
emendouspower softheprosecut or
sandt her esourcesoft he
State.
2.TheI
nquisitori
alapproach:
Thei nquisit
ori
alsy st
em assumesgui lt
;theaccusedmustpr ovethatt heyareinnocent.
Thei nquisit
ori
alappr oachpl acesagr eateremphasisonconv i
cti
onr atherthanont he
processbywhi chtheconv i
cti
onissecured.

Thephi
losophyadopt
edi
nourCr
imi
nalJust
iceSy
stem i
stheAdv
ersar
ialAppr
oach.

CONCEPTOFDUEPROCESSOFLAW
Theconceptofduepr ocessmeanst hatthosewhoar eaccusedoft hecrimesandt hose
whoar eprocessedt hrought heCriminalJusticeSyst
em mustbegi vent hebasi
crights
guaranteedbyt heConst i
tut
ion.
Criminalduepr ocessrequir
est hattheaccusedbet r
iedbyani mparti
alandcompet ent
courtinaccor dancewit htheprocedurepr escri
bedbylawandwi thproperobserv
anceof
allt
her ightsaccor dedt ohim undertheConst it
uti
onandappli
cablestatute.
CONCEPTOFEQUALPROTECTI ON
Theequal prot ecti
onclauseinessencedecl ar
esthatt
hestatemaynotat t
empttocreate
orenf orcest at ut
esagainstaper sonsol elybecauseofspecif
iccharacteri
sti
cssuchas
race,ageorsex

I
.LAW ENFORCEMENT–TheFi
rstPi
l
lari
ntheadmi
nist
rat
ionoft
heCr
imi
nal
Just
iceSy
stem

LawEnf or
cementi
nr elat
iont oCJS
TheLawEnf or
cementast hefir
stpil
l
arisconsider
edtobet he“i
nit
iat
or”orthe“ pr
ime
mover”oftheCr
iminalJusticeSystem.I
tisconsi
deredas“thei
nit
iat
oroft
heact i
ons”thatother
pi
ll
arsmustactupont oattainit
sgoalorobj
ecti
ve.
 Exampl esofpol i
ceini
ti
ati
ngact
ion:
a.eff
ect i
nganar rest
b.surveil
lance
c.cri
mei nv est
igati
on

THE GENERAL FUNCTI ONS OF THE LAW ENFORCEMENT I

N RELATI
ON TO THE
ADMI
NISTRATI ONOFTHECJS
a.Topr eventcrimi
nal behavi
or.
b.Tor educecr i
me. 
c. Toapprehendandar r
estoffender
s.
d.Topr otecttheli
feandpr operty
.
e. Toregulat
enon-cri
mi nalconduct.

PHI
LIPPI
NENATIONALPOLICE
- organi
zedpur
suantt
oRA6975,
asamendedbyRA8551

PERTI NENTLAWSONPNP:
RA6975-“ DILGActof1990”-Appr ovedonDec13, 1990
RA8551-“ PNPRef or
m andReor ganizat
ionActof1998.
-ApprovedonFebr uary25, 1998.
RA9708-“ AnActext endi
ngfor5y earst hereglementar
yperiodforcomply
ingthemi
nimum
educationalquali
fi
cati
onf orappoint
mentt othePNP andadj ust
ingt hepromoti
onsyst
em
thereof”.Appr
ovedonAugust12, 2009

The Phil
i
ppine NationalPoli
ce isal aw enfor
cementagencyunderthe DI
LG.Itis under
admini
strat
ivecontr
olandoper at
ionalsuper
visi
onoftheNati
onalPol
i
ceCommi ssi
on.I
tisan
organi
zat
ionthatisnationali
nscopeandci v
il
ianinchar
act
er,aspr
ovi
dedbySecti
on6,Arti
cle
16ofthe1987Phi li
ppineConsti
tuti
on:

“Thestateshallest abl
ishandmaintainonepolicefor
cewhichshallbenati
onali
nscopeand
civi
li
anincharacter…”
-headedbytheChi ef,PNP,witht
her ankofDirectorGener
al,appoi
ntedbythePresi
dentand
whoshallserv
eat er m ofof
fi
ceoffour(4)year
s.

NATI ONALI NSCOPE

-meanst hatthePNPi sanat i
onwi
degov ernmentor
ganizati
onwhosej uri
sdi
cti
oncover
st he
enti
rebr eadthofthePhil
ippi
nearchi
pelago.
-alluniformedandnon- unif
ormedpersonneloft
hePNParenat i
onalgovernmentempl
oyees.
 
CIVILIANI NCHARACTER
-meanst hatthatthePNP i snotapar tofthemili
tar
y ,al
thoughitretai
nssomemi l
it
ary
att
ri
but essuchasdi sci
pli
ne.

POWERSANDFUNCTI ONSOFTHEPNP
-
Enfor cealll
awsandor dinancesr el
ativet
ot heprotect
ionofl
ivesandpr opert
ies;
-
Mai ntainpeaceandor derandt akeallnecessarystepstoensurepublicsafet
y;
-
Invest i
gateandpr ev entcr i
mes,ef f
ectthear restofcriminalof f
enders,bri
ngof fendersto
j
usticeandassi sti
nt heirprosecution;
-
Exer cisethegener alpower st o makear rest
,search and seizurein accordancewi ththe
Const i
tuti
onandper t
inentl aws;
-
Detai nanar rest
edper sonf oraper iodnotbey ondwhati spr escri
bedbyl aw,informingthe
personsodet ai
nedofal lhi
sright
sundertheConstit
uti
on;
-I
ssuel i
censesfort
hepossessi onoffi
rear
msandexpl osi
vesinaccor
dancewit
hlaw;
-Supervi
seandcont rolthetraini
ngandoper ati
onsofsecuri
tyagenci
esandissueli
censesto
operatesecurit
yagenciesandt osecur
ityguardsandpri
vatedet
ecti
ves,f
ort
hepurposeofthei
r
professi
ons.

NATI ONALBUREAUOFI NVESTI GATION

-TheNat i
onal BureauofI nvesti
gation(NBI)sawitsincept i
ononNov ember13, 1936upon
-approvalofCommonweal thActNo.181byt helegisl
ature
-Taskedwi thor gani zi
ngaDi vi
sionofI nvesti
gationorDIpat t
ernedaf tert heUnitedStates
FederalBur eauofI nvest
igati
onwer eThomasDugan,av eteranAmer icanpol i
cecaptai
nfrom
theNew Yor kPol iceDepar tmentandFl av i
anoC.Guer r
ero,t heonlyFi li
pinomemberoft he
UnitedStatesFeder al Bur
eauofI nvesti
gati
on.
-OnJune19,1947,byv ir
tueofRepubl icActNo.157,i twasr eorganizedi ntotheBureauof
Investi
gati
on.Lat er ,itwasamendedbyExecut iveOr derNo.94i ssuedonOct ober4,1947
renamingitt owhati ti
spresentl
yknown, theNationalBur eauofI nvesti
gation( NBI)
.
-TheNBIi sagov ernmentent it
yt hatiscivi
li
ani nchar acter,andnat i
onali nscope  whi
ch is 
 
undertheDepar tmentofJust i
ce.

FUNCTI
ONSOFTHENBI
1. Invest i
gat ecr imesandot herof f
ensesagai nstt hel awsoft hePhi li
ppi nes,bothoni ts
owni niti
ativ
eandaspubl i
ci nt
erestmayr equire;
2. Assi st,whenof ficiallyrequest edi nt hei nvest i
gationordet ect i
onofcr imesandot her
offenses;
3. Actasnat i
onalcl ear i
nghouseofcr i
mi nalrecor dsand ot heri nformat ionf oruseofal l
prosecut i
ngandl awenf orcementent iti
esi nt hePhi l
ippines,ofi dentifi
cat ionrecordsof
i
dent i
fyingmar ks, char acter i
sti
csandowner shi porpossessi onofal lfirear ms and test 
bulletsf ir
ed t heref rom;
4. Gi vet echni calhel pt oal lpr osecutingandl aw enf orcementof fi
ces,agenci esoft he
gov ernment , andcour tswhi chmayaskf orit
sser vi
ces;
5. Extendi tsser v i
cesi nt hei nvestigati
onofcasesofadmi ni
st rati
veorci v
ilinnaturei n
whi cht hegov ernmenti si nterested;
6. Est ablishandmai nt ai
nanup- t
o-datesci enti
ficcr imel abor atoryandconductr esearches
i
nf ur t
her anceofsci entifi
cknowl edgei ncr i
mi nalinv estigati
on;
7. Coor dinat ewi thot hernat i
onal orlocal agenci esint hemai ntenanceofpeaceandor der;
8. Under taket hei nstruct i
onandt r
ainingofar epresent ativenumberofci tyandmuni cipal
peaceof fi
cer satt her equestoft hei
rr espect ivesuper iorsal ongef fect i
vemet hodsof
cri
mei nv estigationanddet ecti
oni nor dertoi nsur egr eateref fi
ciencyint hedischargeof
theirdut ies.

POLI
CERULESANDFUNCTIONSINTHESOCIETY
Basi
cal
l
y,t
her
oleoft
hepol
i
ceinsoci
etyi
scr
imeprev
ent
ionwhi
chi
sthemai
ngoal
oft
heCJS.

CRIMEDETECTIONINRELATIONTOTHEADMI NISTRATIONOFCJS
Throughcri
medet
ect
ion,t
hepol
icei
sty
pical
l
ythefi
rstcomponentoft
hej
ust
icesy
stem t
odeal
wit
ht hecommi
ssi
onofthecr
ime.

Howar
ecrimedetectionusuall
yhappens?
Thedetecti
onofcr imeusual
lyoccur
sint
hefol
l
owingmanner:
a.Themostt ypicalwaythatcr
imescometotheatt
enti
onofthepol
i
cei
sfort
hev
ict
imt
o
reporti
tsoccurrencet
othepoli
ce
 b.Al esstypi
calwayfort hepol i
cet obeadv i
sedofthecri
mei sthr
ought herepor
ti
ngof
someonewhohaswi t
nessedi tscommi ssi
onorhascomeuponev idenceindi
cati
ngthat
acri
mehasbeencommi t
ted;
c. Thepoli
cethemselves,throught heirr
outi
neoper
ationsdi
scovert
hatacr i
mehasbeen
committ
edorwitnessitscommi ssion

MEANINGOFARREST:
–Arr
estisthet
aki
ngofapersoni
ntocust
odyi
nor
dert
hathemaybeboundt
oanswer
f
orthecommissi
onofanof
fense.

IMPORTANCEOFARRESTI NTHEADMI NISTRATIONOFCJS

Arrestisimport
anti
nt headmini
strati
onofCriminalJust
iceSyst
em becausei
fthe
accusedisnotarrest
ed,t
hecourtwi
l
lnotacquirej
uri
sdi
cti
onoverhisper
sonunl
esstheper
son
vol
untari
l
ysur r
endershi
msel
ftotheaut
horit
ies.

PROBABALECAUSEI NEFFECTINGARREST
Probabl
ecausewithrespecttoar
resti
ssuchafactandcircumst
anceswhi
chwould
l
eadar easonabl
ydiscr
eetandprudentmantobel
i
evet
hatanoffensehasbeencommit
tedby
theper
sonsoughttobearrest
ed.

SEARCHWARRANT
Iti
sanor deri
nwr i
ti
ngissuedinthenameofthepeopl
eofthePhi
li
ppi
nessignedbythe
j
udgeanddirectedtothepeaceof f
icer
,commandi
nghimt osear
chforper
sonalproper
tyand
bri
ngi
tbefor
et hecour
t.

REQUI SITI
ESFORTHEI SSUANCEOFWARRANTOFARREST
Asearchwar rantshallbei
ssuedonlyupon( a)uponprobablecause(b)inconnect
ion
wit
honespeci f
icoffense(c)t obedeterminedpersonall
ybyt hejudge(d)af
terexaminat
ion
underoat horaf fi
rmationoft hecomplainantandt hewi t
nesseshemaypr oduceand( e)
part
icularl
ydescr
ibi
ngt heplacetobesear
chandt hethingtobeseized.

PERSONALPROPERTYTOBESEI ZED
a.Subjectoftheof
fense;
b.St ol
enorembezzledandot
herpr
oceeds,
frui
tsoft
heoff
ense;
or
c. Useorint
endedtobeusedasthemeansofthecommissi
onoftheof
fense.

GENERALRULEI NEFFECTI NGANARREST:

Thegener alrul
einef f
ect
inganar restissimplytomakeanar r
estwhent her
ei sa
warrant
.
Reason:
a.Fort heprotecti
onofthepersonmaki ngthearresti
nordernottobechar gedcr
iminal
l
y
forvi
olat
ionofArti
cle124oftheRevi
sedPenal Code,andotherr
elatedpenall
aws;
b.andal soforanycivi
landadminist
rat
ivecharges.

EXCEPTI ONTOTHEGENERALRULE:
Theexceptiontothegeneralrulei
sprov i
dedbytheRev
iseRulesonCr i
minalPr
ocedures
(Rule113,Secti
on5)
Arrestwithoutwar r
ant;whenlawf ul.– A peaceoffi
cerorapr i
vatepersonmay ,wit
houta
war r
ant,
arrestaperson:
(a)When, i
nhispresence,t
hepersont obear r
estedhascommitt
ed,isact
uall
ycommi t
ti
ng,oris
attempti
ngt ocommi tanoff
ense;
(b)Whenanof fensehasj ustbeencommi t
tedandhehaspr obabl
ecauset obeli
evebasedon
personalknowl
edgeoffact sorcircumstancesthatt
hepersontobear r
estedhascommi tt
edit;
and
(c)Whent hepersontobear rest
edi sapr i
sonerwhohasescapedfrom apenalestabl
ishment
orplacewherehei sser
vingf i
naljudgmentoristemporar
il
yconfi
nedwhi l
ehiscaseispending,
orhasescapedwhi l
ebeingt r
ansferredf
rom oneconfi
nementtoanother.

GENERALRULEI NEFFECTINGSEARCHANDSEI ZURE:

Justl
ikear
rest
,thegener
alrul
einef
fect
ingasearchandsei
zur
eisonl
ybyv
irt
ueofav
ali
dly
i
ssuedsear
chandwar r
ant
.

TheReason:
a.Fort hepr ot
ectionoft hesearchernottobechar gedofacr
imeoft
hef
t,r
obber
yandt
he
l
ike;
b.Andf oranycivilandadmi ni
strati
veli
abil
i
ties
 
  
EXCEPTI ONS:
a.War r
antl
esssear chi nci
dentaltoalawfularr
est
b.Sei zureofevidencei nplai
nv i
ew
c. Searchofamov i
ngv ehi
cle
d.Consent edwar rantlesssearch
e. Customssear ch
f. Stopandf ri
sksear ch,and
g.Exi gentandemer gencycir
cumst ances

EVIDENCEOBTAI NEDINVI OLATIONOFTHERULEONARRESTANDSEARCHANDSEI ZUREIS

NOTADMI SSI
BLEASEVI DENCEAGAINSTTHEACCUSED
Theevi
denceobt ai
nedisnotadmissibl
eagainsttheaccusedinanyproceedings.The
rul
enotadmitti
nganyunl awfull
yobtai
nedev i
denceagainsttheaccusedisreferr
edt o“the
excl
usi
onaryr
ule”becausethesameissaidtobe“thefrui
toft
hepoisonoust
ree”.

CRIMI
NALI NVESTIGATI ON
Isanart,whichdealswit
hident
it
yandl
ocat
ionoft
heof
fenderandpr
ovi
desev
idenceof
hi
sgui
ltincri
minalproceedi
ngs.

Import
anceofCriminalInv
esti
gati
onintheAdmi ni
strati
onofCJS
Cr
iminalI
nvesti
gati
onisimportantintheadmi ni
strat
ionoft heCJSbecauseoneofthe
pur
poseofcr imi
nalinvest
igat
ioni
stogat herandpreserveev i
dencethatwi
llbot
hjust
if
ythei
r
enf
orcementactioninparti
cul
arcaseaswel lasenabl ethef actfi
ndingpr
ocessofthecour
ts
andtheprosecut
ionofthecasesuccessful
lyandobtainconviction.

Republ
icActNo.7438,Apri
l27,
1992
AN ACTDEFI NING CERTAI
N RI
GHTSOFPERSON ARRESTED,DETAI
NED ORUNDER
CUSTODIALINVESTIGATIONASWELLASTHEDUTI ESOFTHEARRESTING,DETAI
NINGAND
I
NVESTIGATINGOFFICERS,ANDPROVIDI
NGPENALTIESFORVI
OLATI
ONSTHEREOF.

POLI
CEDISCRETI
ONINRELATIONTOTHEADMINISTRATI
ONOFCJS
Asdefi
nedbyKennet
hCulpDavi
s,di
scr
eti
onmeansthef
reedom t
omakeachoi
ce
amongpossi
blecoursesofacti
on.
Bytheverynatur
eoftheirwork,policeoff
icer
snormal
lymakecri
ti
caldeci
sionsi
nvol
vi
ng
thel
i
fe,
li
bert
y,honorandpropertyofci
tizens,andtheser
equi
resdi
scr
eti
onont hei
rpart
.

SOMEOFTHEEXAMPLESOFPOLI CEDI SCRETION:

a.Whetherornott
oenfor
ceaspeci f
icl
aw;
b.Whetherornott
oconductsearchofpeopleorbui
l
ding
c. Whet
herornott
oeff
ectanarrest;
d.Todetermi
newhatchargesaretobefil
ed

I
I.PROSECUTI
ON–ThesecondPi
l
laroft
heCr
imi
nal
Just
iceSy
stem

PROSECUTI ONASAPI LLAROFTHECJS

ThePr osecuti
onast hepill
aroftheCJSsi mplymeans“acriminalacti
on”.Apr
oceedi
ng
i
nsti
tut
edandcar ri
edonbyduecour seoflaw,befor
eacompet enttr
ibunal,f
orthepur
poseof
det
erminingtheguiltorinnocenceofapersonchargedwithacri
me.
I
tisalsousedt odesignat
et hegovernmentasthepart
yt otheproceedinginacri
minal
act
ion.

INPHI LIPPI NECJS, WHOCONDUCTSTHEPROSECUTI ON?

Int hePhi l
i
ppi nes,t hepr osecutorist hegovernmentof ficer,taskedtoconductt he
prosecutionofcr i
mi nalact i
onsi ncourt.TheRev i
sedRul esofCourtexpr esslypr
ovidesthatt
he
prosecutionhast hedi recti
onandcont rolofthecase.
Although int he Muni cipalTr i
alCour torMuni ci
palCircuitTr i
alCour t
s when the
prosecutori sabsent ,t heoffendedpar ty,anypeaceofficer,orpublicoffi
cerchargedwi t
hthe
enforcementoft hel awv i
olatedmaypr osecutethecase.Butsuchaut horit
yshallceaseupon
actualintervent
ionoft heprosecut orruponelevatedt
ot heRTC.

NATI ONALPROSECETI ONSERVI CE( NPS)

TheNPSi sundert hesupervi
sionandcont roloft
heDepar t
mentofJust i
ce(
DOJ)andistasked
asthepr osecutori
alarm ofthegov ernment.It
smostimpor t
antfunct
ionint
heCri
minalJusti
ce
System istomai ntai
nandr ecognizet heruleoflaw t
hroughthespeedydeli
veryofservi
ces
parti
cular
lyinthei nvesti
gati
onandpr osecuti
onofallcrimesundert heRevi
sedPenalCode,
President
ialDecreesandot herspecialpenall
aws.

SOMEROLESOFTHEPROSECUTOR:
a.ToconductPr eli
minaryI nvesti
gati
on
b.Tomakepr operr ecommendat iondur i
ngtheinquestofthecaser ef
erredtot hem bythe
poli
ceaf t
erthei nvesti
gat i
onoft hesuspect;
c. Tor epresentt hegov ernmentorst ateduri
ngt heprosecutionofthecaseagai nstthe
accused;
d.Toactasal egal of
ficeroft heprovi
nceorCi t
yintheabsenceofitslegal of
ficer;
e. To i nv
est i
gate admi nist
rati
ve cases f i
led against State Prosecutors,Pr ovi
ncial
Prosecutors,i
ncludingt hesuppor tstaf
foftheNationalProsecut
ionSer v
ice( NPS).

PRELIMINARYI NVESTIGATION:
Itisaninqui
ryorproceedingfort
hepurposeofdeter
mini
ngwhetherther
eissuffi
cient
groundt oengenderawel lfoundedbelieft
hatacr imehasbeencommi t
tedandt hatt he
respondenti
sprobablygui
l
tythereof,
andbeheldfort
ri
al(
Secti
on1,Rul
e112,RulesofCourt
) .

PURPOSES/
OBJECTI
VESOFPRELI
MINARYI
NVESTI
GATI
ON
 a.Todet erminewhetheracrimehasbeencommi t
tedandwhethert
herei
sprobabl
ecause
tobel
ievethattheaccusedisguilt
yther
eof;
b.Tosecur etheinnocentagainsthasty
,mali
ciousandoppressi
vepr
osecut
ion.
c. ToprotecttheStat
efrom uselessandexpensiv
et r
ial
s.

CANTHEREBEPRELI MINARYI NVESTIGATION?

Prel
i
mi nar
yInvesti
gati
onisrequir
edtobeconductedbefor
ethefil
ingoftheComplaint
orInf
ormationforanoffensewherethepenaltypr
escr
ibedbyl
awisatleastfour(
4)year
s,two
(2)monthsandone( 1)daywithoutr
egardtothefi
ne.

INSTANCE WHEN PRELI MI NARY I NVESTI GATI ON IS NOT REQUI RED TO BE CONDUCTED
EVENI FTHECRI MEISONETHATREQUI RESPRELI MINARYI NVESTI GATION
Whent heoffenderwasar restedwi thoutawar rant,anI nquesti nvesti
gati
onwi l
lbe
conduct edbyt heinquesti nvesti
gator.Ther ei snoneedt oconductPr el
i
mi naryInvest
igati
on,
unlesst hepersonarrest
edaskf orPreli
mi nar yInvesti
gat ion.Howev er,beforethesamecanbe
done, hemustsi gnawaiv erundert hepr ovisionofAr t.125oft heRev i
sedPenal Code.
AnI NQUESTshal lrefertoani nformalandsummar yi
nv esti
gationconduct edbyapubl ic
prosecut orincri
minalcasesi nv
olvingper sonsar restedanddet ainedwi t
houtt hebenefitofa
war r
anti ssuedbythecour tforthepur poseofdet ermi ningwhet herornotsai dperson should
remainundert hecustodyandcor r
espondi nglychar gedi ncour t
.

PERSONSAUTHORI ZEDTOCONDUCTPRELI MINARYI NVESTIGATI

ON:
a.Prov i
nci
alorCit
yPr osecut
orsandt heirassist
ants;
b.Judgesoft heMunicipalTr
ialCourtsandMuni ci
palCi
rcui
tTr
ial
Cour
ts;
c. Nati
onalandRegionalStat
ePr osecutors;and
d.Ot herof
fi
cersasmaybeaut hori
zedbyl aw.

OTHERSOFFICERSAUTHORI ZEDBYLAW TOCONDUCTPRELI MINARYI NVESTI

GATION:
a.The Ombudsman and speci alprosecut
orad pr osecutors dul
y aut
hori
zed by the
Ombudsmanwi t
hr espectt
ocasesunderi tsjuri
sdi
ction(ex.Anti
-gr
aftandcorrupt
pr
acti
cesact
.)
b.TheCOMELECwi t
hrespectt
ocasesi nvi
olat
ionoftheElecti
onLaw;
c. Pr
ivat
eLawyerswhendulydeputi
zedbyanyoft heabove.

PROSECUTOR’SDISCRETION:
a.Whetherornottofi
lethecaseincourt;
b.Whatchargestofi
le;
c. Whet
herornottodecli
netoprosecutethearr
est
edpar
ty;
d.Whetherornottoenteri
ntoplea-
bargai
ning

SOME OF THE REASONS FOR PROSECUTORI AL REJECTI ON OR DI SMI SSAL OF SOME

CRI
MINALCASES:
a.Insufficientev idencethatr esultsfrom af ai
lur
et ofi
ndsuf f
ici
entphysicalevi
dencethat
l
inksthedef endantt ot
heof f
ense.
b.Wi tnesspr obl em thatari
sef orexampl e, whenawi t
nessf ai
l
stoappear ,giv
esunclearor
i
nconsi stentst at
ement s,
isr eluctanttot esti
fy,i
sunsureofidenti
tyoftheoffender.
c. DuePr ocessPr oblemst hati nvolvest hev i
olati
onsoft heConstit
uti
onalr equi
rements
forsei
zi ngev i
denceandf ort hequestioni ngoftheaccused.
REMEDY AVAILABLE SHOULD THE PROSECUTOR WI THOUT JUST CAUSE DECLI
NE TO
PROSECUTEACRI ME:
a.Fil
eamot i
onforconsiderat
ion
b.Fil
eanadmi ni
str
ati
vecaseagai nsttheProsecut
or;
c. Fi
l
eaci
v i
lcaseagainsttheProsecutor;
d.Fil
eacri
minalcaseagainstthePr osecut
or

I
II
.COURT–Thet
hir
dpi
l
laroft
heCr
imi
nal
Just
iceSy
stem

Gener
alfunct ionsoft heCour tsinrelati
onoft heCJS:
1. Topr ot ectt her ight soft heaccused– t hecour tsareresponsi blef orr eviewi ngt he
actionsofl aw enf orcementagenci est oensur et hatthepol icehav enotv iolatedt he
ri
ght soft heaccused;
2. Todet erminebyal llegalmeanswhet heraper soni sguil
tyofacr ime–r eview al lthe
evidences pr esented byt he pol i
ce t o det ermine itsrelevance and admi ssi bil
ityin
accor dancewi ththeConst i
tuti
onandt her ulesofCour t
;
3. To di spose pr oper ly oft hose conv i
cted oft he crimes – t he Cour ts hav et he
responsi bil
i
tyt oexami nethebackgr oundoft heaccusedandt hecircumst ancesoft he
crime;
4. To pr ot ectt hesoci ety– af tertheaccused hasbeen f ound gui l
ty,thecour tmay
determi neift heof fendershoul dber emov edf rom societyandi ncarceratedi nor derto
protectt hesaf etyofl if
eandpr opert
yandt hisi sspeciall
yincaseofPr obation;
5. Topr ev entandr educecr i
mi nalbehav i
or–t hisist hetaskpr operlyimposi ngt hepr oper
penal tyandsanct ionst hatwi l
lservet odet erthef uturecri
mi nalact sbyt heof fenderan
alsoser v easanexampl eanddet er rentt oot her swhowoul dcommi tcrimi nalact sor
threatenpubl icsaf et y.

IMPORTANCEOFTHECOURTSI NTHEADMI NISTRATIONOFCJS:

Becauset
heCourtisthefi
nalarbi
terofalldi
sputesi
nvol
vi
ngviol
ati
onsofcri
minall
aw.
Basi
cist
hepr
incipl
einlawthatwear eagov ernmentoflawandthatnooneshoul
dput
thel
awintoone’
sownhand.Ot her
wise,ourSocietywil
lbeonewherechaosandanarchyrei
gn
supr
eme.

GENERALFUNCTI ONSOFTHECOURTSI NRELATI ONTOTHECJS

1.Topr otectther ightsoft heaccused. Thecour tsar er esponsibl
ef orther eviewingt he
actionsofl awenf orcementagenci estoensur et hatthepol i
cehav enotv i
olatedther i
ghtsoft he
accused.
2.Todet erminebyal llegalmeanswhet heraper soni sgui lt
yofacr i
me. Rev iew allthe
evidencespr esentedbyt hepol i
cet odet ermi nei t
sr elev anceandadmi ssibil
i
tyinaccor dance
withtheConst it
uti
onandt herulesofcour t.
3.Todi sposepr oper l
yoft hoseconv ictedoft hecr imes. TheCour tshavet heresponsibili
tyto
exami net hebackgr oundoft heaccusedandt heci r
cumst ancesoft hecrime.
4.Topr otectthesoci ety . Aftertheaccusedhasbeenf oundgui l
ty,t
hecour tmaydet er
mi neif
theof fendershoul dber emov edf rom soci etyandi ncar ceratedinordertopr otectthesaf etyof
l
ifeandpr opertyandt hisisspeci allyt
ruei ncaseofPr obation.
5.Topr eventandr educecr i
mi nalbehav i
or. Thi si sthet askpr operl
yi mposingt hepr oper
penaltyandsanct ionst hatwi l
lser vet odet ert hefut urecr iminalactsbyt heof f
enderandal so
serveasanexampl eanddet errenttoot herswhowoul dcommi tcri
minalactsort hreatenpubl i
c
safety.
JURI
SDICTION
Iti
st heauthor
it
yofthecour
ttohearandt
ryapar
ti
cul
arof
fenseandt
oimposet
he
puni
shmentprov
idedbylaw.

VENUE
Ref
erst
othepl
ace,
locat
ionorsi
tewher
ethecasei
stobehear
doni
tsmer
it
s.

DIFFERENTCOURTS
1. Muni cipalTr ialCour t
/Muni cipalCi rcuitTrialCour t
/Met ropoli
tanTr ialCour t
OriginalJur isdicti
on:(a)al lv iolati
onsofci tyandMuni cipalordinances,( b)al
lof f
enses
punishablewi thimpr isonmentnotex ceedi ngsi x(6)yearsi r
respectiveoft heamountoff i
ne,(c)
damaget opr oper tythroughcr iminal negligence;
2. Regi onalTr ialCour t(
RTC)
OriginalJur i
sdicti
on:( a)t hosewhi chcar ryt hepenal t
iesexceedi ngsix( 6)y earsof
i
mpr isonment ,(b)thosenotcov eredbyt hej ur
isdi
ctionoft heSandi ganbay an.
3. Sandi ganbay an
OriginalJur i
sdicti
on:Vi olationsofRA3019( Ant i
-graftandCor ruptPr acti
cesAct ),RA
1379, adChapt erI
I,Section2Ti tl
eVI I
,fBookI IoftheRPC.
1.of f
icialsoft heexecut ivebr anch oft hegov ernmentoccupy ing theposi ti
onsof
regional directorandhi gher ,ot herwi seclassifi
edasGr ade27andhi gher.
2.Phi l
lipineAr myandAi rf orcecol onel s,naval captai
nandal loffi
cersofhi gherrank.
3.Of ficerft he PNP ( pr ovincialdi rectorand t hose hol ding t he rank ofseni or
super i
nt endentorhi gher
4.Cour tofAppeal s.
Appel l
at ejurisdict
ion:Deci sionsorj udgement soft heRTC
5. Supr emeCour t
Appel l
at ejurisdict
ion:Deci sionsorj udgement soft heCAandt heSandi ganbayan.

COURT’
SEXERCI SEOFDI SCRETION:
a.Tosetbai lorsetcondit
ionsfortherel
easeoftheaccused;
b.Tor uleont heproceduralmattersasraisedbythedefendantort
hepr
osecut
ordur
ing
thet
ri
al;
c. Toimposesent enceornot;
d.Toconv ictortoacquittheaccused;
e. Torevokeprobationorsuspendedsentence.

ARRAI GNMENT
I
ti sthestagewher etheissuesar ej
oinedincriminalacti
onandwi t
houtwhichthe
proceedingscannotadvancefurt
her.
I
ti sthestageofthepr oceedingswher
ebyt heaccusedshal lbei
nfor
medofhi s/
her
constit
utionalr
ighttobe( off
ici
all
y)infor
medoft henatureandt hecauseoftheaccusat
ion
againsthim andtoaskhim ofhisplea.

JUDGEMENT
I
tistheadjudi
cati
onbyt hecourtthattheaccusedisguil
tyornotoftheof
fensecharged
andt heimposit
iononhi m oftheproperpenalt
yandcivill
i
abil
it
y,ifany
.Itmustbewrit
teninthe
off
iciall
anguage,personallyanddi r
ectl
ypreparedbyt hejudgeandsi gnedbyhim andshall
containclear
lyanddist
inctl
yast at
ementoft hefact
sandt hel
awuponwhi chi
sbased.

PROMULGATIONOFJUDGMENT
Thej
udgmenti
spr
omul
gatedbyr
eadi
ngi
tint
hepr
esenceoft
heaccusedandanyj
udge
ofthecourti
nwhi chitwasr ender
ed.Howev er
,iftheconv i
cti
oni sforal i
ghtoffense,the
j
udgmentmaybepr onouncedinthepresenceofhi scounselorrepr
esentat
ive.Whent hejudge
i
sabsentorout
sidetheprovi
nceorci
ty,thejudgmentmaybepr omulgat
edbyt hecl
erkofcour t
.

WEIGHTOFTHEEVI DENCEREQUIREDINORDERTOCONVI
CTTHEACCUSED
Theweightoftheev
idencerequi
redi
nor
dert
oconvi
ctanaccusedi
s“Pr
oofbey
ond
r
easonabl
edoubt”

ACQUITTAL
I
tisaf i
ndingofnotgui l
tybasedonthemerit
s.Meaning,t
heaccusedi
sacqui
tt
ed
becausetheev
idencedoesnotshowthathi
sgui
lti
sbey
ondreasonabl
edoubt
.

APPEAL
Appeali
sast atut
oryri
ghtgrant
edt otheaccusedorevent
hegovernmentinpr
oper
casestoseekremedybef or
eanAppel l
ateCourtfort
heannul
mentorr
eversalofanadv
erse
decisi
onorconv
ict
ionrender
edbytheTrialCour
t.

WHOHASTHERI GHTTOAPPEAL?
Asar ule,thi
sr i
ghti
sonl ygrant
edt
ot heconvi
ctedof
fender.However,t
heSupr
eme
Courtinoneofi tslandmarkdecisi
onheldt
hattheri
ghttoappealshallnotbedeni
edtothe
governmentprosecutorwhenproper
.

IV.CORRECTI ONS–Thef ourthpil

laroftheCJS
Correcti
ons–deal swi t
hpuni shment,
treatmentandi ncarcerat
ionofoffenders.
Correcti
onsast hefourthpill
artakesoverthecriminaltreatmentoncet heaccused,af
ter
havingbeenf oundguil
ty,i
smet edoutt hepenaltyforthecr i
mehecommi tt
ed.Hecanappl yfor
probati
onorhecoul dbet urnedovert oanon–i nstit
utionalorinsti
tut
ionalagencyorfacil
i
tyfor
custodi
altr
eat mentandrehabili
tat
ion.

GENERALFUNCTI ONSOFCORRECTI ONSI NRELATI ONTOTHEADMI NISTRATIONOFCJS

1. Tomai ntai nt hei nsti
tutions–t hecor r
ecti
onal componenti sr esponsi bl
eformaint aining
pri
sons,j ai l
sandot herinst i
tutionalf aci
li
ti
est or eceiv econvictedof fenderssentencet o
periodsofi ncar ceration.
2. Topr ot ectl awabi dingmember sofsoci ety–Cor r ecti
onscust odyandsecur it
yinor der
tokeepsent encedof fendersr emov edf r
om t hef reewor l
dsot hattheycannotcommi t
fur
thercr imesonsoci et
y .
3. Tor efor m of fender s–I tisr esponsi blefordev elopingandpr ovidi
ngser vi
cestoassi st
i
ncar cerat edof f
ender stor efor m andassi stthem i nr etur
ningt osociet yandinleadinga
non-cr i
mi nal li
feaf terhis/herr elease.
4. Todet ercr i
mes–I tisresponsi bl
ef orencour agingi ncarceratedandpot enti
aloffender s
toleadl aw- abi dingl i
vest heexper i
enceofi ncarcer ationandt hedeni aloffreedom t olive
i
naf reesoci ety.

TIMEWHENCORRECTI ONSENTERI NTOTHEPI CTUREI NTHEADMI NISTRATIONOFCJS

Correct
ionalInsti
tutionsenterintot hepict
ure,asar ule,whent heconv i
cti
onoft he
accused has become f inaland execut ory.Thati s,when the judi
cialprocess has been
compl etedandt hecourtissuesMI TTIMUSf ortheenfor
cementofi t
sdecisi
on.
Alt
hough,Cor rectionalInsti
tut
ions,Jailsin part
icul
ar,mayr eceiv
e an accused for
custodyordet enti
ononly, inwhichcasethecour ti
ssuesaCOMMI TMENTORDER.
MITTI
MUS
Iti
sawar r
antissuedbyacour
tbear
ingi
tssealandthesignatur
eofthejudgedi
rect
ing
t
hejai
lorpri
sonauthor
iti
estor
ecei
vet
heconvi
ctedof
fenderforser
viceofsent
ence.

COMMI TMENTORDER
Iti
sawrit
tenor
derofacour
toraut
hor
it
yconsi
gni
ngaper
sont
ojai
lorpr
isonf
or
det
ent
ion.

PURPOSESOFCORRECTI ON
1.
  
  
 Deterrence.
2.
  
  
 Rehabi l
i
tati
on.
3.
  
  
 Reintegrat
ion
4.
  
  
 Isol
ationandIncapacit
ati
on.
5.
  
  
 Punishment .

DI
FFERENTCORRECTI ONALI NSTI TUTI ONSI NTHEPHI LIPPI NES:
1. Sabl ayan Pr i
son and PenalFar m –l ocat ed inOcci dentalMi ndor o.Est abl
ished on
Sept ember26, 1954byv i
rtueofPr esidentialPr oclamat i
onNo.72.
I
tist hey oungestcol onyoft hebur eau.
2. Ley t
eRegi onalPr i
son–si tuat edi nAbuy og,Sout hernLey t
e,est abli
sheday earaf t
er
declarationofMar ti
al lawi n1972.
3. NewBi libidPr i
son–l ocatedi nMunt inl
upa, i
twasof f
iciall
ynamedNewBi l
ibidPr isonon
Januar y22, 141.
4. Cor rectionalI nstitution f orWomen – l ocat ed atMandal uy ong Ci t
y.Phi lippine
Legislatur epassedRepubl i
cAct3579i nNov ember1929whi chaut horizet hetr
ansf erof
allwomeni nmat esf rom Ol dBi libidPr i
sont oCI W.OnFebr uary14,1931,t hewomen
prisoner swer et ransf err
edf rom Ol dBi li
bidPr i
sont othebui l
dingespeci allyconst ructed
tot hem.I tsol dname“ Women’ sPr i
son”waschangedt o“Cor r
ect i
onalI nsti
tutionf or
Women” .
5. Iwahi g PenalCol ony– l ocat edatPal awan,est ablishedonNov ember16,1904by
Gov ernorLukeWr i
ght .
6. SanRamonPr i
sonandPenalFar m –est ablishedi nSout hernZamboangaonAugust21,
1870t hr oughar oy aldecr eepr omul gatedi n1869.Consi deredt heol destpenalf acili
tyin
thecount ry.Or iginallyestabl ishedf orper sonsconv i
ctedofpol iti
calcr imes.Itwasher e
i
nDapi tanZamboangawher eDr .JoseRi zal wasi ncar cerated.
7. Dav aoPenalCol ony–l ocat edi nDav aoDelNor te,thef i
rstpenalset tlementf ounded
andor ganizedunderFi l
i
pinoadmi nistr
ation.I twasf or mallyest ablishedonJanuar y21,
1932byv irtueofActNo.3732.

CORRECTIONALAGENCI ESINTHEPHI LIPPINES

1. Inst
itut
ionalCorr
ecti
onsAgenci es
a.BureauofCor r
ecti
ons– anagencyunder t heDepartmentofJust ice( DOJ)thatis
chargedwithcustodyandrehabili
tat
ionofnat
ionalof
fenders,t
hatis,t
hosesent encedto
serveat erm ofimpri
sonmentofmor ethant hr
ee(3)years.Itexercisescontroland
supervi
sionofallt
hecorr
ections/pri
sonsfaci
l
iti
esnati
onwide.

b.Prov
incialJail
s–aj ailf
orthesaf
ekeepi
ngofpr isonersatthecapi
talofeachprovi
nce,
andintheabsenceofspecialpr
ovisi
onallexpensesinci
denttothemaintenancet
hereof
andofmai ntai
ningpr
isoner
sarebornebytheprov i
nce.
 c. BureauofJailManagementandPenol ogy(BJMP)–createdbyvi
rt
ueofRepubl i
cAct
6975,exer
cisesuperv
isi
onandcontr
oloveral
ldi
str
ict
,ci
tyandmuni
cipalj
ailnat
ionwide.
Formall
yestabl
ishedonJanuar
y2,1991.

CLASSIFICATI ONOFPRI SONERS

1. Det ent ionPr isoner s
a.Per sonshel df orsecur i
tyr easons
b.Per sonshel df ori nvest igat ion
c. Per sonswai tingf orf i
nal judgment
d.Per sonswai tingf ort rial
2.Sent
encedPr isoner s–pr i
soner swhoconv i
ct edbyj udgmentbycompet entcour t
.
2.
1 Muni cipalJai lPr isoner–sent encedt oser veapr isont ermf or1dayt o6mont hs.
2.
2 Ci tyJai lPr isoner–sent encedt oser vei mpr isonmentf or1dayt o3y ears
2.
3 Pr ov inci alJai l–sent encedt o6mont hs onedayt o3y ear s
2.
4 Nat ionalori nsul arPr isoner s–Sent encedt o3y ear s1dayt oRecl usi
onPer petua
orLi feI mpr isonment .
2.Non–I nst i
tutionalCor rect ionalAgenci es
a.Par oleandPr obat i
onAdmi nistrat ion–anat tachedagencyoft heDOJwhi chpr ov i
desa
l
esscost lyal t
er nat ivet oi mpr isonmentofof fender swho ar el ikel yt or espond t o
i
ndividual izedcommuni tybasedt reatmentpr ogr ams.HeadedbyanAdmi ni
strator
-Handl est hei nv est i
gat ionofpet it
ioner sf orpr obat i
on,andt hesuper vi
sionof
probationer s, par oleesandcondi t i
onal par donees.
b.Boar dofPar donsandPar ol e–t headmi nistrativear m oft hePr esidentoft hePhi l
ippines
i
nt heexer ciseofhi sconst it
ut ionalpowert ogr ant ,excepti ncasesofi mpeachment ,
pardon, repr iev eandamnest yaf t erconv i
ct i
onbyf i
nal j
udgment .
History:
Act4103,ot her wi seknownasI ndet er minat eSent enceLaw,t ookef f
ect
onDecember4, 1933, cr eat edt heBoar dofI ndet ermi nateSent ence.
AmendedbyExecut iveOr derNo.83,Ser i
esof1937,r enamedt heBoar d
ofI ndet er mi nat eSent encet oBoar dofPar dons.
AmendedbyExecut iv
eOr derNo.94, abol ishedt heBoar dofPar donsand
cr eat edt heBoar dofPar donsandPar ole.
c. Depar t
mentofSoci alWel fareandDev elopment( DSWD)–r ender sser v i
cesf orChi l
dren
i
nConf lictwi tht heLaw ( CI CL)( RA9344,Juv eni l
eJust i
ceandWel f areActof2006,
April28, 2006) .
SEC.6.  Mi nimum AgeofCr imi nalResponsi bili
ty. 
-Achi l
df ifteen( 15)y ear sof
ageorunderatt het imeoft hecommi ssionoft heof f
enseshal lbeexemptf r
om
cr imi nall iabi l
ity.Howev er ,thechi l
dshal lbesubj ect edtoani nter v
entionpr ogram
pur suantt oSect ion20oft hisAct .
A chi ldabov ef ifteen( 15)y ear sbutbel ow ei ght een( 18)y ear sofageshal l
li
kewi sebeexemptf rom cr imi nall i
abi li
tyandbesubj ect edt oani ntervent i
on
pr ogr am,unl esshe/ shehasact edwi thdi scer nment ,inwhi chcase,suchchi l
d
shal lbesubj ect edt ot heappr opr iatepr oceedi ngsi naccor dancewi t
hthisAct .
The exempt i
on f r
om cr iminall iabili
ty her ein est abli
shed does noti nclude
exempt ionf r om ci vi
ll i
abi lity,whi chshal lbeenf orcedi naccor dancewi thexi sti
ng
laws.

Juv
eni
leJust
iceandWelfareCouncil(JJWC)  
-AJuveni
leJusti
ceandWel far
eCouncil(JJWC)
isher
ebycreatedandattachedtotheDepartmentofJust
iceandpl
acedunderi t
s
admini
str
ati
vesupervi
sion.TheJJWCshal lbechair
edbyanunder secretar
yof
theDepar
tmentofSocial Welf
areandDevel
opment
DutiesDur ingI nit
ialInv est
igat i
on. -Thel awenf orcementof f
icershal l
,inhi s/heri nvesti
gat i
on,
determi newher et hecasei nvolvingt hechi l
di nconf li
ctwi tht hel aw shoul dbe
referr
ed.
Thet akingoft hest atementoft hechi l
dshal lbeconduct edi nt hepr esenceoft he
foll
owing:( 1)chi ld'
scounselofchoi ceori nt heabsencet her eof ,alawy erf rom t hePubl i
c
Attorney'sOffice;(2)thechi ld'sparents, guar di
an, ornear estr elative,asthecasemaybe; and( 3)
thelocalsocialwel f
areanddev elopmentof fi
cer.Int heabsenceoft hechi ld'
spar ents,guar di
an,
ornear estrelativ
e,andt hel ocalsocialwel fareanddev elopmentof f
icer
,thei nv estigati
onshal l
beconduct edi nthepr esenceofar epr esent ati
v eofanNGO,r eligiousgr oup,ormemberoft he
BCPC.
Afterthei nit
ialinvestigati
on, thel ocalsoci alwor kerconduct i
ngthesamemaydoei t
her
ofthef oll
owing:
(a)Proceedi naccor dancewi thSect i
on20i fthechi ldi sfifteen( 15)y earsorbel ow or
abov efif
teen( 15)butbel owei ghteen( 18)y ear
sol d,whoact edwi t
houtdi scer nment ;and
(b)Ifthechi l
di sabov efif
teen( 15)y earsoldbutbel owei ght een(18)andwhoact edwi th
discernment ,proceedt odi versionundert hef ollowingchapt er.

ProbationasanAl t
ernat
ivet
oImpr i
sonment
Thecourtmay ,af
teri
tshal
lhaveconvictedandsentencedachil
dinconfl
ictwit
hthel
aw,
anduponappl icati
onatanyt ime,placethechi l
donpr obationinli
euofserv i
ceofhis/
her
sentencet aki
ngi ntoaccountthebesti nt
erestofthechi l
d.Fort hi
spurpose,Secti
on4of
Presidenti
alDecr eeNo.968,ot herwiseknownast he" Probat
ionLaw of1976" ,i
shereby
amendedaccor dingly.

PROBATION
- Isadi sposi
ti
onunderwhi chadef endantaft
erconv i
cti
onandsent ence,i
sr el
eased
subjecttoconditi
onsimposedbyt hecourtandundert hesuper
visi
onofapr obat
ion
offi
cer.
- Isapr i
vi
legegrantedbythecourtt
oaper sonconvi
ctedofacri
minaloffensetoremain
i
nt hecommuni tyi
nsteadofact
uall
ygoingtopri
son.

PARDON
Isanactofgraceproceedi
ngfr
om t
hepowerentr
ust
edwiththeexecut
ionofthelawswhi
ch
exemptstheindi
vi
dualonwhom iti
sbest
owedf r
om thepuni
shmentthelaw i
nfl
i
ctsfort
he
cri
mehehascommi tt
ed.Itist
hepowerr
eposedbytheConsti
tut
iontothePresi
dentoft
he
Phil
ippi
nes.

KI
NDSOFPARDON
a.AbsolutePardon–whent heconvictisrel
easewi thoutanyconditi
on;
b.Conditi
onalPardon–whent her eleaseoft heconvictissubjecttocert
aincondit
ions
thatthepardoneemustcompl ywi thstr
ictl
y.Otherwise,suchpardonwi l
lber ev
oked,
becausepardonisacontr
actwi t
ht heconv i
ctmayormaynotaccept ,butonceaccepted,
hehast oabi
dewi t
hthecondi
tionspr escr
ibed.

PAROLE
Isaprocedurebywhichpri
sonersar
eselect
edf orrel
easeont hebasisoftheindiv
idual
responsetothecorr
ecti
onali
nst
it
uti
onandt heser
viceprogressandbywhi chtheyareprovi
ded
withthenecessar
ycontrol
sandguidanceastheyservetheremainderofthei
rsentenceswithi
n
t
hef
reecommuni
ty.

ELEMENTSOFPAROLE
a.Thatt heof
fenderi
sconvicted;
b.Thatheser vespar
tofhissentencei npri
son;
c. Thatheisrel
easedbef
orethef ullexpi
rat
ionofhi
ssent
ence;
d.Thatsai dr
eleasei
sconditi
onal,and
e. Thatheremainsonparol
eunt i
ltheexpirati
onofhi
smaximum sent
ence.

DI
SQUALIFICATI ONS:
a.Thei roffensesar epunishedwithdeathpenal t
y,reclusionper
petuaorli
feimprisonment ;
b.Theywer econv i
ctedoft r
eason,conspiracy,orpr oposaltocommi ttr
eason,mi spr
ision
oftreason,rebel l
i
on,sediti
onorcoupd’et atandpi r
acyormut i
nyont hehighseasor
Phil
ippi
newat er
s;
c. Theyarehabi tualdeli
nquents;
d.Theyescapedf rom confi
nementorev adedsent ence;
e. Theyhav ebeenoncondi ti
onalpardonandhadv iolatedanyoftheconditi
onsi mposed
bytheBoar d
f. Theirsentencedonotexceedone( 1)year;
g.Theyar esuf feri
ngf r
om anyment aldi
sorderaspr ov enbythegovernmentpsychiatr
istor
psychologistaccredit
edbyt heDepar t
mentofHeal th;
h.Theyhav ependi ngcriminalcases.

AMNESTY
Isagener
alpardonext
endedtoagr oupofpr i
sonersandexer
cisedbythePr esi
dentof
thePhi
l
ippi
neswi
ththeconcur
renceofCongress.Thereci
pient
sar
eusuallypol
i
tical
of f
enders.

V.COMMUNI TY–Thefift
hpill
aroft heCJS
RoleoftheCommuni tyast hefif
thpill
aroft
heCri
minalJust
iceSystem.
- thecommunityi
sunder stoodtomeanas“el ement
sthataremobil
izedandenergi
zedt
o
helpaut
hori
ti
esi
nef f
ect i
velyaddressi
ngthel
awandorderconcer
noft heci
ti
zenr
y.”

Ther
esponsi
bil
it
iesofthecommunityi
nr elat
iontoLawEnf orcement
Asoneoft hepi
llar
sorcomponentoft heCriminalJusti
cesyst
em,t
hecommuni
tywi
th
i
tsmassi
vemember shi
phasv i
tal
responsibil
i
tiesi
nlawenforcement.

Theciti
zenscanachi evetheser ol
es:
a.identif
yingoffenders;
b.gi v
ingdat aabouttheill
egalact i
vit
iesandcohort
softhecr i
minals,andtheprol
ifer
ati
on
oforganizedcrimesandsy ndicates;
c. vol
unteeringaswitnesses;
d.adopt i
ngpr ecauti
onaryandremedi almeasurestodi
minishcrime.
Ashadbeenpoi ntedout,crimepr eventi
onisnotthesol
er esponsi
bili
tyofthepoli
cebutis
equal
lytheconcer nofeverycit
izeninordertohaveapeacefulplacetol
ivein.[

Exampl
esofCommuni typarti
cipati
oni
ntheAdmi ni
str
ati
onofCri
minalJust
icei
noursett
ing
 
a. 
Theyaret
hefoll
owing:
1. 
The gr
owing int
eresti nthe r
ight
s and welf
are oft
he vi
cti
m as shown bythe
 governmentwit
hthecooper at
ionofcommuni t
yl eaders.Accordi
ngly
,R.A.No.
6981,otherwi
se known as the “Witness pr
otection and Securi
tyAct”was
passedandapprovedonApril24,1991.
Thisi
stoencouragethecit
izenr
ytoparti
cipat
eintheCriminalJusti
ceSy st
em byhelpi
ng
t
hegov
ernmentandThecommuni tyindeal
i
ngwi thcri
meandcr iminals.

TheCreat
ionofPol i
ce-Communi tyRelat i
ons
 
R.A.6975,createdt hisuniti nor dert oi mpl ementpl ansandpr ogramst hatwillpromot e
communi tyandci t
izens’part i
cipati
oninthemai ntenanceofpeaceandor derand
publ i
csafety.[
2]Itwascr eatedt oestabli
shhar moniousr elat
ionshi
pbet weent he
policeandt heciti
zen.Thecommuni tyinvolvementint hecr i
minalj
usti
cesy stem
isnecessar ytoshowi tsproblemsandencour ageactionf orthesolut
ionthereof.
Itiscl earthatt hepol ice andt heciti
zensneedeachot hertocombatand
eradicatecriminali
ty.

HOW CANPOLI CE-COMMUNI TYRELATI ONSBEACHI EVED?

Thi
scanbedonet hrough:
a.Const antdi
alogues betweensemi narstoacquaintt
hebarangaytanodsandthepoli
ce
ai
desoft heirduti
esandr esponsi
bil
it
iesi
nt heperfor
manceoft heirf
uncti
onsinthe
communi t
y;
b.Thepol icemustf ol
low t
her ul
eoflaw ondealingwi
ththeciti
zensbyperfor
mingthei
r
dut
iesinahumbl eandef f
icientmannerandbyshowingthepubli
cgoodwill

KATARUNGANGPAMBARANGAY( VI
LLAGEJUSTI
CE)
BRI
EFHISTORYOFTHEKATARUNGANGPAMBARANGAY
PD1293–t helaw “
CREATINGAKATARUNGANGPAMBARANGAYCOMMI
SSI
ON TO STUDY
THEFEASIBI
LITYOFRESOLVINGDI
SPUTESATTHEBARANGAYLEVEL
- pr
omulgat
edon27January1978

PD1508–t hel aw “ESTABLI SHI NG ASYSTEM OFAMI CABLYSETTLI NG DISPUTESATTHE

BARANGAYLEVEL
RA7160–ot herwiseknownast he“LOCALGOVERNMENTCODEOF1991
- prov i
desf ort heREVI SEDKATARUNGANGPAMBARANGAYLAW
- enact edon10Oct ober1991
Q&A:
1) Whati sLUPONGTAGAPAMAYAPA?
I
tisabodyofmencr eat edt osettl
edi sputeswi thi
nt hebarangaylevel
.Iti
salsoref
erred
toast heLUPON.
2) Whatshal lbethecomposi ti
onoft heLupon?
TheLuponshal lbecomposedoft heBar angayChai rmanasChai rmanoft heLuponand
theBar angaySecr etaryast heSecr etaryoftheLupon, pl
usothermember swhoshal lbe
notlesst hant en( 10)butnotmor et hantwent y(20).
3) Whoar equal i
fiedt obecomemember soft heLupon?
Anyr esidentoft hebar angayofr eput ablecharactermaybeappoi nt
edasmemberoft he
Lupon.Member soft heLuponshal lbeappoi ntedbyt heBarangayChairman.
4) Whenshal l
theLuponbeconst i
tuted?
TheLuponshal lbeconst it
utedev eryt hr
eey ears.
5) Whati st heterm ofof f
iceofaLuponmember ?
ALuponmembershal lser veforaper iodofthreey ears.
6) Whati st hebasi cfunct ionoft heLupon?
Essent i
ally,theLupon mustpr ov i
dea f orum format t
ersr el
evanttot heamicable
 settl
ementofdi sputesforthespeedyr esolut
ionofdisputes.
7) Whati sPANGKATTAGAPAGKASUNDO?
Itshal
l actast heconcili
ati
onpanel .I
tisalsor efer
redtoast hePANGKAT.
8) Whatshal l bethecomposi ti
onofthePangkat ?
Itshallbecomposedoft hree(3)member schosenf r
om t hemember softheLupon.
Theyshal lchoosef rom amongt het hreeoft hem thePangkatChai rmanandPangkat
Secretary.
9) Whenshal lthePangkatbeconst i
tuted?
ThePangkatshal lbeconstitut
edwhenev eradisputeisbroughtbefor
et heLupon.
10) Whoshal lappointthemember soft hePangkat ?
Themember soft hePangkatshal lbechosenbyt hepartiesofthedisputefr
om among
theLuponmember s.Incaseofdisagreement ,theBarangayChairmanshalldrawlot
s.

11) Whatmat tersf allunderthej uri

sdi cti
onoft heLupon?
a) thosei nvolvi
ngof f
ensest hatarepuni shabl ebyt heimprisonmentofoney ear
andbel ow, oraf ineint heamountoff ivet housandpesosandbel ow;
b) thosei nvolvi
ngpar t
iest hatactual l
yr esideorwor kinthesamebar angay;
c) thosei nvolvi
ngmar italandf amilydi sput es;
d) thosei nvolvi
ngmi nordi sputesbet weennei ghbor s;
e) thosei nvolvi
ngr ealpr operti
eslocat edi nt hebar angay;
12) Whereshal lbet hev enueforami cablesettl
ement ?
a) disput es between per sons act uall
yr esidi ng i nt he same bar angayshallbe
broughtf orami cableset tl
ementbef oret heLuponofsai dbarangay;
b) thosei nvolvi
ngact ualr esident sofdi fferentbar angay swit
hint hesameci tyor
muni cipalit
yshal lbebr oughti nt hebar angaywher ether espondentactuall
y
resides;
c) alldi sputes involvi
ng r ealpr opertyoranyi nterestshallbe br oughtint he
barangaywher ether eal propertyort hel argerpor ti
oni ssi
tuated;
d) thosear i
singatt hewor kpl acewher et hecont endingpar ti
esar eempl oyedorat
thei nstit
utionwher esuchpar ti
esar eenr olledf orst udyshallbebr oughtinthe
barangaywher esuchwor kplaceorinst i
t utioni slocat ed.

PROCEDUREFORAMI CABLESETTLEMENT
1) Whomayi nit
iatepr
oceedi
ngs?
Anyindi
vi
dualwhohasacauseofactionagainstanot
herindiv
iduali
nvol
vi
nganymat
ter
wit
hint
heauthor
it
yoft heLuponmaycompl
ain,
oral
lyorinwri
ting,t
otheLupon.

COMPLAI
NANT–t
heper
sonwhof
il
edt
hecompl
aintagai
nstt
her
espondent

RESPONDENT–t
heper
sonwhoi
sbei
ngcompl
ainedof

CAUSEOFACTION–anactoromissi
onofonepart
yinviol
ati
onofthelegalrightsofanot
her
forwhi
cht
hel
att
ersuf
fer
sdamagewhi
chaff
ordsapart
ytoarightt
ojudi
ciali
ntervent
ion

2) Whatshall
theChai
rmandouponrecei
ptofthecomplai
nt?
TheChair
manshallmeetwi
ththerespondentandcomplai
nantandmediate.Ifhefail
s
i
nhismedi at
ionwi
thi
nfi
ft
een(15)days,heshallsetadatefortheconst
itut
ionofthe
Pangkat
.

MEDIATI
ONORCONCI LI
ATI
ON–t heprocesswher
ebydi
sput
ant
sar
eper
suadedbyt
hePunong
Bar
angayorPangkatt
oamicabl
yset
tl
et hei
rdi
sput
es
3) Whatshal lthePangkatdoaf teritsconst it
ution?
ThePangkatshal lmeetnotl aterthant hree( 3)day saftertheirconst it
ution,ont hedat e
setbyt heChairman, tohearbot hparti
es.
4) Withinhowmayday sshoul dt hePangkatset tlethedispute?
ThePangkatshal larriv
eataset tl
ementoft hedi sputewi thinfift
een( 15)day sfrom its
meet i
ng.Thi sper i
odmaybeext endedf oranot herfift
een( 15)day s,atthediscr eti
onof
thePangkat .
5) Howshal lt
hesettlementbemadeof fi
cial?
Allamicablesettl
ementshal lbei nwr i
ti
ng.
6) Whyshoul dparti
esr esorttoami cableset tl
ementbef oregoingt ot hepolice?
Becausei tisapre-conditiontof i
lingofcompl aintincour t
:
“Nocompl aintinvolvi
nganymat terwi t
hintheaut horityoftheLuponshal lbef i
l
ed
dir
ectlyincour tunlesst herehasbeenaconf r
ontati
onbet weent hepar ti
esbef or et
he
Chairmanort hePangkat ,andt hatnoconci l
iati
onorset tl
ementhasbeenr eachedas
certi
fi
edbyt heSecr etary,orunlesst heset t
lementhasbeenr epudiatedbyt hepar t
ies.
”
7) Whatshal lbetheef fectoftheami cableset t
lement ?
Theami cablesettl
ementshal lhav ethef orceandef fectofaf inaljudgmentofacour t
upont
he expir
ati
onoft en(10)day sf r
om t hedat eofset t
lement .