Nature of Mathematics The emergence of digital technology has sparked a monumental rise in the rate at which we consume and produce data. Before the Internet, it could take hours to get several volumes of resources from the library for a research paper. Today, a few minutes (or seconds, depending on the speed of your connection) using your mobile device’s browser could get you the same information, or even more. A few decades ago, it took hours for photographs to be printed and shared. Now, it only takes a matter of seconds for your perfect selfie to be uploaded and viewed by your relatives and friends on the other side of the world. In this fast-paced society, how often have you stopped to appreciate the beauty of the things around you? Have you ever paused and pondered about the underlying principles that govern the universe? How about contemplating about the processes and mechanisms that make our lives easier, if not more comfortable? Most people do the same routine tasks every day and the fundamental concepts that make these activities possible are often overlooked. As rational creatures, we tend to identify and follow patterns, whether consciously or subconsciously. Recognizing patterns feels natural, like our brain is hardwired to recognize them. Early humans recognized the repeating interval of day and night, the cycle of the moon, the rising and falling of tides, and the changing of the seasons. ‘Awareness of these patterns allowed humans to survive. In a similar fashion, many flora and fauna also follow certain patterns such as the arrangement of leaves and stems in a plant, the shape of a snowflake, the flowers’ petals, or even the shape of a snail’s shell. Do you also notice patterns around you? What other examples can you think of? In this chapter, we will be looking at patterns and regularities in the world, and how mathematics comes into play, both in nature and in human endeavors. ovarmeu wit CamScPEBEREE carrer 1 | ature of mathematics 1.1. Patterns and Numbers in Nature and the Worty ted, oF recurring fo neal sense of the word, patterns are regula, repeal : ce ‘We see patterns every day—from the layout of floor tiles, designs, Of skyscray. 2 ’Pery tothe way we tie our shoelaces. Studying patterns help students in identifying reationshg and finding logical connections to form generalizations and make Predictions, Let's take a look at this pattern: What do you think willbe the next face in the sequence? It should be ©ASY eNOUEH t ny that the pattern is made up of two smiling faces—one without teeth and one with eet, Beginning with a toothless face, the two faces then alternate. Logically, the face tha should follow CEE what comes Next? ‘What isthe next figure in the pattern below’? Pisa > Solution Looking at the »j Biven figures, the ti COunterclock wise direct ene eS Seem to rotate : B could be the answer Chet atl toon se ofthe ao ae bag : he. ‘creasing end ot tr the length of the The ie the at pat » either A oy OF lines incr meat lines inside the box, wee ot 8 COUId be the answer, Finally, i - This means that eat seeding figure has the number 1t245 to option a, 28 the correct a he next figure Should have five lines ae aie OCAIMEU WILT Ud IOCSECTION 1.1 | Patterns and Numbers in Nature and the World Ea EE ‘What is the next figure in the given pattern? A B [EEEXULIGEIR What Number Comes Next? ‘What number comes next in 1, 3, 5, 7,9, _—_? Solution Looking at the given numbers, the sequence is increasing, with each term being two more thaa the previous term: 3 = 1 +2;5=3+2;7=5+2;9=7 +2. Therefore, the next term should be II = 9 + 2. ee ‘What number comes next in t, 4, 9, 16, 25, _? Patterns indicate a sense of structure and organization that it seems only humans are capable of producing these intricate, creative, and amazing formations. It is from this perspective that some people see an “intelligent design” in the way that nature forms, Snowflakes and Honeycombs Recall that symmetry indicates that you can draw an imaginary line across an object and the resulting parts aze mirror images of each other. ' ‘The figure above is symmetric about the axis indicated by the dotted line, Note that the left and right portions are exactly the same. This type of symmetry, known as line or bilateral symmetry, is evident in most animals, including humans. Look in a mirror and see how the left and right sides of your face closely match. Scanned with CamSc+ | srovwure or matnematics ‘Leonardo da Vinci's Vitruvian Mar There are other types of symme symmetrical. Take a look at thes. OGraceiBy TheL ighviStock/Thinkstock (©JanakaMaharageDharmasena/iStock/Thinkstock in showing the proportions and symmetry ofthe human body ‘ty depending of the number of sides or faces that ae e images, i ry: Spiderwort with three-fold symmetry This starfish has a five-fold symmet scanned with TeSECTION 1.1 | Patterns and Numbers in Nature and the World eee Note that if you rotate the spiderwort and starfish above by several degrees, you can still achieve the same appearance as the original position. This is known as rotational symmetry. The smallest angle that a figure can be rotated while still preserving the original formation is called the angle of rotation. For the spiderwort, the angle of rotation is 120° while the angle of rotation for the baby starfish is 72°. ‘A more common way of describing rotational symmetry is by order of rotation. Order of Rotation A figure has a rotational symmetry of order n (n-fold rotational symmetry) if W/m of a complete turn leaves the figure unchanged. To compute for the angle of rotation, we use the following formula: Angle of rotation = *8 § 3 6 Itcan be observed that the patterns on a snowflake repeat six times, indicating that there is a six-fold symmetry. To determine the angle of rotation, we simply divide 360° by 6 to get 60°, Many combinations and complex shapes of snowflakes may occur, which lead some people to think that "no two are alike”. If you look closely, however, many snowflakes are not perfectly symmetric due to the effects of humidity and temperature on the ice crystal as it forms, OCdINeU WILT UdINloU‘Anexter marvel of nature’ design is the structure and shape of a Bave long wondered how bees, despite their very smi size. are « agement while humans wouk! generally need the use Of a rule Sxvmplish the sume teat, Wis hserved that such formation cha maximize their forage of honey using the smallest amount of wary Hexagonal Packing ocdlineu WILT vamScSECTION 1.1 | Patterns and Numbers in Nature and the World [7 | Translating this idea (0 three-dimensional space, we can conclude that hexagonal formations are more optimal in making use of the avallable space. These are referred to as packing problems, Packing problems involve finding the optimum method of filling up a given space such as a cubic or spherical container, ‘The bees have instinctively found the best solution, evident in the hexagonal construction of their hives. These geometric patterns are not only simple and beautiful, but also optimally functional. Let us illustrate this mathematically. Suppose you have circles of radius 1 cm, each of which will then have an area of r cm?, We are then going to fill a plane with these circles using square packing and hexagonal packing. For square packing, each square will have an area of 4 cm’, Noie from the figure that for each square, it can fit only one circle (4 quarters). The percentage of the square’s area covered by circles will be area of theciteles , iqq, = FE 109% = 78.54% s area of the square 4em’ For hexagonal packing, we can think of each hexagon as composed of six equilateral triangles with side equal to 2 em. ‘The area of each triangle is given by side? +3 Qemyey3 _ 4em’e3 4 4 A OCAINMEU WILT Ud IOC‘adins amp jo uiSts0 a o wor crake 22 s9urersqns ayy susored aduas Jo Ansuap ayy sayydare ey: aoueisqs 2 calls 2994 J0 wonewot0 axp aye pase sages a ae au SEAN SaaS Kuszantun purasmyy Aq epour Nau W '$3u0 feuoRHOY axe SAN 2 NS [WIKUaA Mord satsads awos Aym Jo uorsanb ay) passasppe sarpnys yuasa1 OP ‘Suoued yrmo8 asay) auruarap 5112 ane Plo, Burunp apoo eu M1 B 0} Surpsosay “suonenbs Mopues ASurutsas asaty, “siods Jo Riloue ‘seuakyy -saduns yep pue any 284210-MsIPr {We serrary aze ayy ‘sjousru jo soounswodde reusaxe ay) Ur paugiyxeospe ave ssautd syods seuady pue saduas 1061, paranoo osye axe ‘eaiyyy wioay so;epasd ‘sanenbs Butsn ways weep ware 2980 7 ues am ‘sadeusaiad om ayn Suuzedwo 7809 rum suodexay Sussm vexp 298 Aeayo UPD om ‘SaHeIHR a uoBexay au jo Pat wo 69 wosenay mE 82? _ 5001 * pans a 30 %69'06 = %001 X ~ ap ve tu + an 8Y 247 Jo afenuaasad aL? 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Yiwors fPauauodxe aM, soi st 2 yuauodxo 10} sme “PMO \stBoyo100s ‘L102 0 8V uoneindod PHOM syered aay uit samo daasonng pOISsTUN WO SOLOHE/sAdeuLaNdNO, [ob noizas SERRE 6107 248 pu 2urven ur s12quUNN Pa ‘aurstd puejeys ‘4ox5ueg Ur feansag 1294 may uesx6uos 342 Bune,qaja0 ajdoag e ? Ovameu wil ValiSC:“Y" should councide with he given rate. Le if the ‘time is in years, then the ‘Promth mic should also be. ‘a 3atly provth mac. hm CHAPTER 1 | ne of Mathematics Since our exponential growth model describes the population ¢ years af, ‘Sonsider 1995 as r= 0 and then solve for A, our population size, A= 300% A= WeDewwr 3c? A=30() @s1 | A=30 | ‘Therefore, the city population in 1995 was 30,000. 'b We need to find for the year 2017. To find , we subtract 2017 and 1995 opera, | which we then plug in to our ekponential growth model. Aw 300 95, Replace with f= 0. A= 30¢002) Replace # with ¢= 22 A= 302" A=30(155271) es ssa A= 46.5813 Therefor, the city population would be about 46,581 in 2017. RERGROUMGTEERS 1 eponeaial grown model A = soa ‘describes the Popution of city in the Philippines in thousands, 1 yeare after 1997, &% Whatis the population after 20 years? ‘4. What isthe population in 20377 ocadlIneu WILT vaniScSECTION 1.2 | The Fbonacci Sequence [ERI A © Determine what comes next in the given patterns. 7. A= 1,240,000; r = 8% per year; t= 30 years 1 A,C,E,G,1,— 8. A= 786,000; P = 247,000; t= 17 years 2. 15 10 1410 13 10__ 9. A= 731,093; P = 525,600; r= 3% per year 3. 3612244896 __ = Answer completely. 42 17 30 33 36 39 10. Suppose the population of a certain bacteria in a 5. 4139373533__ laboratory sample is 100. If it doubles in population : . “ every 6 hours, what is the growth rate? How many ‘= Substitute the given values in the formula A = Pe" to bacteria will there be in two days? find the missing quantity. 6. P= 680,000; r= 12% per year; r= 8 years one 1 2 The Fibonacci Sequence ‘As we have seen in the previous section, the human mind is hardwired to recognize patterns. In mathematics, we can generate patterns by performing one or several mathematical operations repeatedly. Suppose we choose the number 3 as the first number in our pattern. We then choose to add 5 to our first number, resulting in 8, which is our second number. Repeating this process, we obtain 13, 18, 23, 28, ... as the succeeding numbers that form our pattern. In mathematics, we call these ordered lists of numbers a sequence. Sequence ‘A sequence is an ordered list of numbers, called terms, that may have repeated values. ‘The arrangement of these terms is set by a definite rule. KSTATTIIl Generating a Sequence ‘Analyze the given sequence for its rule and identify thie next three terms. a, 1, 10, 100, 1000 b. 2,5,9, 14, 20 Scanned with CamScican be observed that each {eM is & Powe, 000 = 10° Following this Tle, the ney" I .0010. and 10° = 3,000,000, three a 1, 1,2, 3, 5,8 %1,1,2,3,5,8, 13 - 0.1,1,2,3,5/8,13, a, ovarmeu win CamSc. SECTION 1.2 | The Fibonacci Sequence [iE 3=1.s000 41.6190 2 2 5 = 31617 3 34 $1,600 w 5 35 ‘The Golden Ratio can also be expressed as the ratio between two numbers, ifthe latter is also the ratio between the sum and the larger of the two numbers. Geometrically, it can also be visualized as a rectangle perfectly formed by a square and another rectangle, which can be repeated infinitely inside each section. i a g i z e Golden rectangle with the golden spiral Shapes and figures that bear this proportion are generally considered to be aesthetically pleasing. As such, this ratio is visible in many works of art and architecture such as in the Mona Lisa, the Notre Dame Cathedral, and the Parthenon. In fact, the human DNA molecule also contains Fibonacci numbers, being 34 Angstroms long by 21 Angstroms wide for each full cycle of the double helix spiral. As shown in the list above, this approximates the Golden Ratio at a value of about 1.619 (1 Angstrom = 10" meter or 0.1 nanometer). ocdlINeu WILT Ualliscmeee 1.2 = Let Fib(n) be the nth term of the Fibonacci sequence, ‘wath Fib(1) = 1, Fib(2) = 1, Fib(3) = 2, and so on, 1. Find Fib @. 2. Find Fib (19), 3. IEFib 22) = 17,711 and Fib(24) = 46,368, what is Fib3y? 4. Evaluate the following sums: @. Fib (1) + Fib(2)=__ ‘b. Fib (1) + Fib (2) + Fib (3) =___ ¢. Fib (1) + Fib (2) + Fib (3) + Fib (4) =__ ‘The Parthenon is said to exhibit the application of the Golden Ratio. 5. Determine the pattern in the successive sums fron the previous question. What will be the sum of Fib (1) + Fib(2) + ... + Fib(10)? ™ Answer completely. 6. If you have-a wooden board that is 0.75 meters ~ wide, how long should you cut it such that the Golden Ratio is observed? Use 1.618 as the valued the Golden Ratio, SCAINMEU WILT GalllSC1.3 SECTION 1.3 | Mathematics for our World Mathematics for our World We have seen in the preceding sections how evident mathematics is in the natural world, specifically in how the patterns that we observe in nature follow logical and mathematical structures. Itis, therefore, important that we learn mathematical concepts and apply them in solving societal problems. Mathematics for Organization A lot of events happen around us. In the blink of an eye, several children have already been born, liters of water have been consumed, or thousands of tweets have been posted, For us to make sense of all available information, we need mathematical tools to help us ‘make sound analysis and better decisions. For instance, a particular store can gather data fn the shopping habits of its customers and make necessary adjustments to help drive sales. Scientists can plot bird migration routes to help conserve endangered animal populations. Social media analysts can crunch all online postings using software to gauge the netizens’ sentiments on particular issues or personalities. * iA smut =z. SUMED a 2 6 the Software can generate a map of words that are most talked about in social media. The bigger font, the more netizens are talking about the concept or topic. Mathematics for Prediction : It is sometimes said that history repeats itself. As much as we can use mathematical models using existing data to generate analysis and interpretations, we can also use them to make predictions. Applying the concept of probability, experts can calculate the chance of an event occurring. The weather is a prime example, Based on historical patterns, ‘meteorologists can make forecasts to help us prepare for our day-to-day activities. They Scanned with CamScct our activities for yo 1s of weather disturbances that can affect our bar meteor geet o ise ingore, einents were made about heavenly phenomena such eclipses, In 2017, announcement clips.” They were able to, kevand Meteor Shower and “The Great American Eelips thes presse would oveur and where would be the best places to view them, A total solar eclipse Mathematics for Control ly described by means of mathematical equations Greene, “With a few symbols on a page, you cit describe a wealth of physical phenomena ® Itis interesting then to ponder on how OCAIINIEU WILT ValoSECTION 1.3 | Mathematics for our wl «ays so but no hard evidence have been found to suppor its existence, Such phenomete wwere proven to exist only when advancements in technology have allowed us to expa our horizons, For example, in 1916, Albert Einstein hypothesized the existence of theory of general relativity. This is when ripples” are ine due to large and violent cosmic events, very much wl, About a hundred years later, the Laser (LIGO) announced that it found evidence gravitational waves based 00 hi formed in the fabric of spac like when a pebble is thrown on a stagnant pon Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory of this phenomenon. z 4 § [large cosmic disturbance could cause ripples in space-time, like a pebble thrown in & pond ‘Though the use of mathematics, man is also able to exert control over himself and the effects of nature. The threat of climate change and global warming has been the subject ‘of much debate over the years. It is believed that unless man changes his behavior, patterns are said to indicate that sea levels could rise to catastrophic levels as the polar caps melt due to the increase in global temperatures. To ensure that greenhouse gas ‘concentrations in the atmosphere are kept at levels that would not interfere with the climate system, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was signed in 1992 and has 197 parties as of December 2015, OcadlINeU WILT UdIllovSO SETERY | Nature of Mathematics Mathematics is Indispensable How is it possible that mathematics, a product of human thought thas is ndepeny ewpertence. fits so excellently the objects of reality en “Alber, qn thi» chapter. it was highlighted! how mathematics Dlays a huge role inthe undey 7 see rd. We have seen it in living ercattes and hatioal phenomena, We have ay Peceemnles of how mathematical concepts could be applica Whether you are ony ROPMIRE A doctor, an engincer. an entroproneus oes chef, a knowledge of mat : MR RelPhUL At the most basic lve, logical reasoning and critical thinking are crucigh that are necded in any end the study of mathematics should be gf! ‘ ature 2 fOr more educated decisions and in a vay. brings us closer to dersnig “Answer the following questions. 1 Via bad 2 summer job packing sweets Each pack 2. A certain study found that the ‘elationship betieg the students’ exam scores (3) and the number of hours they spent studying (x) is given by the equation ) Using this information, viy Will be the estimated score of a student whe spect —— 4 hours studying? 712 205-203 206 199 3. The dstance traveled by an object ven its iit 196 197 19720996 Yelocity and acceleration over a period of tine *s Biven by the equation d = vot + Year, Find the 8 191 196206297 distance traveled by an airplane before it takes nwa) What is the most frequent data? itt starts from rest and accelerates down a at 3.50 mis? for 34.5 s, Ocal Ineu WILT cathe