Designation: D 4695 – 03

Standard Guide for 

General Pavement Deflection Measurements1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4695; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of 
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision ! number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval !
superscript epsilon
epsilon "e# indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval

1. Scope ''  AAS$T% Standard!&

$$ This guide provides procedural
procedural information for
for measur%
ing pavement surface deflections, directly under, or at
locations radially outward "offset# from a &nown static,
steady%state, or impulse load Deflections are measured with
sensors that monitor the vertical movement of a pavement
surface due to the load This guide describes procedures for  3. Terminology
the deflection measurement using various deflection testing
devices and provides the general information that should be
obtained regardless of the type of testing device used  
$' This (uide is applicable for deflection measurements  
 performed on flexible asphalt concrete "!)#, rigid portland
cement concrete "*))#, or composite "!)+*))# pavements
igid pavements may be plain, -ointed, -ointed reinforced, or   placed at various radial offsets from the center of the load
continuously reinforced concrete  
$. The values stated in /0 units are to be regarded as  
standard 0nch%pound units given in parentheses are for infor%
mation purposes only  
$4 This standard may involve hazardous materials, opera-
tions, and equipment. This standard does not purport to
address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its
use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to
establish appropriate safety and health practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
'$  AST Standards! '  
D 461' 2ondestructive Testing
Testing of *avements 3sing
3sing  
)yclic% oading Dynamic Deflection uipment
D 4694 Deflections 7ith a 8alling%7eig
8alling%7eight%Type
ht%Type 0mpulse
oad Device
D 55 (uide for )alculating 0n /itu uivalent lastic
:oduli of *avement :aterials 3sing ayered lastic
Theory
$
This guide is under the -urisdiction of )ommittee D14 on oad and *aving
:aterials and is the direct responsibility
responsibility of /ubcommittee D14.9 on 2on%
Destructive Testing of *avement /tructures
)urrent edition approved Dec $, '11. *ublished anuary '114 <riginally
approved in $9= ast previous edition approved in $996 as D 4695 > 96
'
8or referenced !/T: standards, visit the !/T: website, ww wa ast
stm
mo
org
rg,, or 
contact !/T: )ustomer /ervice at service?astmo rg 8or8or Annual
 Annual "oo# of AST 
Standards volume information, refer to the standard@s Document /ummary page on
the !/T: website
T'56A/tandard :ethod of Test for *avement Deflection
:easurements
*DDB A*avement Deflection Data xchangeATechnical
Data (uide, Cersion $1, !pril $99
.$  'efinitions of Terms Specific to This Standard!
.$$ deflection basin,
basin, n AThe bowl shape of the deformed
pavement surface due to a specified load as depicted from the
pea& measurements of a series of deflection sensors placed at
radial offsets from the center of the load plate
.$' deflection basin test , n A! test with deflection sensors
plate The test is used to record the shape of the deflection
basin resulting from an applied load 0nformation from this
test can be used to estimate material properties for a given
pavement structure
structure
.$. deflection sensor , n Alectronic device"s# capable of 
measuring the relative vertical movement of a pavement
surface and mounted in such a manner as to minimie angular 
rotation with respect to its measuring plane at the expected
movement /uch devices may include seismometers, velocity
transducers, or accelerometers
.$4 load cell , n A)apable of accurately measuring the
load that is applied perpendicular to load plate and placed in a
position to minimie the mass between the load cell and the
pavement The load cell shall be positioned in such a way that
it does not restrict the ability to obtain deflection
measurements under the center of the load plate The load cell
shall be water resistant, and shall be resistant to mechanical
shoc&s from road impacts during testing or traveling
.$5 load plate,
plate, n A)apable of an even distribution of the
load over the pavement surface load plates may be circular in
shape "or rectangular in some cases#, one piece or segmented,
for measurements on conventional roads and airfields or 
similar stiff pavements The plate shall be suitably constructed
to allow pavement surface deflection measurements at the
center of the plate
.
!vailable from the !merican !ssociation of /tate Eighway and Transportation
<fficials, 444 2 )apitol /t, 27, 7ashington, D) '111$

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C00, !e"t Con"hoho#$en, PA 1%&'()'%*%, +nite State"-

$$5
 D 4695 – 03
.$6 load transfer test , n A! test, usually on *)) pave%
ment, with deflection sensors on both sides of a brea& or -oint
in the pavement The test is used to determine the ability of the
 pavement to transfer load from one side of the brea& to the
other !lso, the load%deflection data can be used to predict the
existence of voids under the pavement
.$= test location, n AThe point at which the center of the
applied load or loads are located
4. Summary of Guide and Limitations
4$ This guide consists of standards for measuring pave%
ment surface deflections directly under and+or at appropriate
offset locations from the load center ach nondestructive
testing "2DT# device is operated according to the standard  
operating procedure applicable to the device
4' This guide includes general descriptions of the various
types of static and semicontinuous deflection testing devices,
and procedures for deflection measurement corresponding to
each testing device
4. The collection of general information described in this
guide, such as test setup, ambient temperature, pavement
temperature, euipment calibration, number of tests, and test
locations, pertain to all devices
5. Significance and Use
5$ 2DT measurement of pavement surface deflections
 provides information that can be used for the structural
evaluation of new or in%service pavements These deflection
measurements may be used to determine the following pave%
ment characteristicsF
5$$ :odulus of each layer
5$' <verall stiffness of the pavement system
5$. oad transfer efficiency of *)) pavement -oints
5$4 :odulus of subgrade reaction
5$5 ffective thic&ness, structural number, or soil support
value
5$6 Gearing capacity or load carrying capacity of a pave%
ment
5' These parameters may be used for the analysis and
design of reconstructed and rehabilitated flexible and rigid
 pavements, pavement structural adeuacy assessment includ%
ing -oint efficiency of *)) pavement, void detection in *))
 pavement, research and+or networ& structural inventory pur%
 poses
. !pparatus
6$ The apparatus used in this (uide shall be one of the
deflection measuring devices described in subsection 6' and
shall consist of some type of probe or surface contact sensor"s#  
to measure vertical pavement movements or deformations
when sub-ected to a given load
6'  'eflection easuring 'evicesF
6'$  (oncontinuous Static 'evice,4 that operates on a  
single lever%arm principle This device shall have a minimum
'5 m "' ft# long probe, and the extension of the probe shall
depress a dial gage or electronic sensor that measures maxi%
4
!n example of this instrument is the /oiltest Gen&elman Geam
mum pavement surface deflection with a resolution of 11'5
mm "111$ in# or better The vehicle used to impart the wheel
load to the pavement shall be a truc& capable of carrying a
minimum 1 &2 "$,111 lbf# test load on a single rear axle
The loading configuration, including axle loads, tire sies, and
inflation pressures, can be obtained using the manufacturer@s
specification; however, this information must be clearly indi%
cated in the engineering report
6'' Semicontinuous Static 'evice,5 that operates on a
double lever%arm principle The vehicle used to carry this
device shall be a truc& carrying a $.1 &2 "'9,111 lbf# single
axle test load The loading configuration including axle loads,
tire sies, and inflation pressures can be obtained using the
manufacturer@s specification; however, this information must
be clearly indicated in the engineering report The test vehicle
shall be euipped with a double lever arm with probes, the
geometry and sie of which ma&es it possible to measure the
maximum pavement surface deflection in both wheel paths
with a resolution of 11'5 mm "111$ in# or better The
extension of each lever arm holding the probe shall depress an
electronic sensor, which may be of any type provided the
sensor delivers an analog or digital signal The digital signal
shall be correlated with the movement of this extension and,
therefore, with the deflection of the pavement surface under 
the effect of the moving test load The truc& shall be able to lift
and move the probes from one measurement point to the next,
lower them onto the pavement surface, and ma&e another set
of measurements in a fully automated process at a constant
vehicle speed
6'. Steady State 'ynamic 'evice,6 that uses a dynamic
force generator to produce a dynamic load The force
generator may use, for example, a counter rotating mass or a
servo% controlled hydraulic actuator to produce the dynamic
load The device that uses a counter rotating mass operates at a
fixed freuency to produce a d ynamic load under a static
weight applied through a pair of rigid steel wheels Goth
loading freuency and the magnitude of the dynamic loads
may be varied by the operator of the devices that use a servo%
controlled hydraulic actuator Depending on the model, normal
operating freuencies range from  to 61 E and maximum
dynamic forces range from '' to .55 &2 "511 to 111 lbf#
applied through a single circular or dual rectangular plate, or 
dual steel wheels such as those used on the standard Dynaflect
device ! steady%state loading device may be mounted in a
van, on the front of a vehicle, or on a trailer Deflection
measurement devices should have five or more sensors to
satisfactorily measure the deflection basin with a resolution of 
111' mm "1111$ in# or better
6'4  Impulse 'evice,= that creates an impulse load on the
pavement by dropping a mass from a variable height onto a
rubber or spring buffer s ystem (enerically &nown as a 8alling
7eight Deflectometer "87D#, the force generating device
shall be capable of being raised to one or more
predetermined
5
6
!n example of this instrument is the acroix Decflectograph
xamples of this instrument are the (eolog Dynaflect and the 8oundation
:echanics oad ater
=
xamples of this instrument are the Dynatest 8alling 7eight Deflectometer 
"87D#, the H3!G 'm%87D, the )arl Gro 87D, and the ils 87D
 !"#$ 1 #oad %ell &re'uenc( of %ali)ration

Devi#e Type .re/en#y o Calibration

Prior to te"ting
2on#ontino" an Se3i#ontino"
Stati# 4oaing Type"  At lea"t on#e a year "ing the 3ana#trer7"
Steay)State 4oaing Type" in"tr#tion" on "ing the pro#ere in
5"ee -'-' or evi#e"  Appenix A o SH8P 8eport SH8P)P)991
that o not have a loa #ell6  At lea"t on#e a year "ing the pro#ere in Appenix A o 
I3pl"e 4oaing Type" SH8P 8eport SH8P)P)991
5.alling !eight Dele#to3eter6

!"#$ * Deflection Sensor &re'uenc( of %ali)ration

Devi#e Type
2on#ontino" an Se3i#ontino"
Stati# 4oaing Type"
Steay)State 4oaing Type"
I3pl"e 4oaing Type"
5.alling !eight Dele#to3eter6
.re/en#y o Calibration Mini33 .r/en#y o Calibration Che#$
Daily ring operation Daily ring operation
At lea"t on#e a year On#e a 3onth ring operation
8eeren#e #alibration at lea"t on#e a year "ing 8elative #alibration on#e a 3onth ring operation "ing
the pro#ere in Appenix A o SH8P 8eport SH8P)P)991 the pro#ere in Appenix A o SH8P 8eport SH8P)P)991

heights and dropped The resulting force, transmitted to the tion of the deflection sensors should be chec&ed at least once a
 pavement through a circular load plate, shall not vary between month during production testing except noncontinuous and
repetitive drops by more than 6 .I The force pulse shall semicontinuous loading devices "see Table '#
approximate the shape of a haversine or half%sine wave and a =.'  (oncontinuous and Semicontinuous Static )oading 
 pea& force in the range of = to $15 &2 "$,511 to '4,111 lbf#  'evices A/tatic loading devices should be calibrated daily
shall be achievable The impulse loading device shall measure with feeler gages 7hen performing deflection sensor calibra%
 pavement surface deflections using seven or more sensors with tion, induced deflections should be similar in magnitude to the
a resolution of 111' mm "1111$ in# or better deflections encountered during normal testing
=.. Steady-State )oading 'evices A! routine calibration
". #ali$ration of Deflection %easuring De&ices chec& of the deflection sensors shall be conducted once a
=$ The deflection sensor"s# and load cell "if applicable# of  month 0f significant differences are noted for a sensor, it shall
the deflection device should be calibrated to ensure that all  be returned to the manufacturer for chec& or calibration under 
readings are accurate within specified limits 8or devices standard calibration oscillatory vibrations Deflection sensors
where the load is assumed to be constant and is not measured, shall be calibrated annually
the accuracy of the magnitude of load imparted should be =.4  Impulse )oading 'evices Aeference deflection sen%
chec&ed periodically using the manufacturer@s recommended sor calibration should be carried out in accordance with the
calibra% tion procedure /E* *rotocol "see !ppendix ! of /E* eport /E*%*%
='  )oad *ell F 66$ for impulse loading devices# ! relative calibration
='$ +eneral  AThe procedure for calibrating the load cell chec& should be conducted once a month using the /E*
"if the device uses a load cell# is dependent upon the type of  *rotocol "see !ppendix ! of /E* eport /E*%*%66$#
device used The calibration of load cell may be chec&ed =4 Temperature SensorsF
informally by observing the load cell readings and comparing *avement temperature sensor calibration should be carried
them against expected readings based on experience or shunt out using a calibrated reference thermometer and two
calibration values in the case of 8alling 7eight Deflectometer  reference surfaces such as a JcoolK and JhotK surface !ir 
or the oad ater oad cell reference "or absolute# calibration temperature sensor "if euipped# calibration should be carried
shall be performed at least once a year except the noncontinu% out using two reference temperatures, for example, carefully
ous and semicontinuous loading devices "see Table $# monitored ice water "1L)# and hot water "61L)# )alibration
=''  (oncontinuous and Semicontinuous Static )oading  of temperature sensors should be carried out at least once a
 'evices A0mmediately prior to testing, weigh the axle load of  year
the truc& if the ballast consists of a material that can absorb
moisture "sand or gravel, and so forth# or could have changed '. (ield Data #ollection and Testing )rocedures
for any reason Truc&s with steel or concrete bloc& loads only $ +eneral  AThe procedure to be followed is, to some
need to be weighed if the loads are changed or could have extent, dependent upon which type of device is used The
shifted following general information is suggested as the minimum
='.  Impulse )oading 'evice Aeference load cell calibra% data that needs to be collected, regardless of the type of device
tion should be carried out at least once per year !ppendix ! used
of /E* eport /E*%*%66$ contains an example outline for  $$  )oad 
 A8or impulse loading devices, record the pea& 
such a tas& load applied to the pavement surface by the deflection device
=.  'eflection SensorsF 8or steady%state loading devices, record the pea&%to%pea& load
=.$ +eneral  AThe procedure for calibrating the deflection and load configuration 8or static loading devices, record the
sensors is dependent upon the type of apparatus used )alibra% axle load, tire pressure, type and sie, and the load configura%
tion "dual spacing# of the test vehicle
 $'  )oad requency A 0f applicable, record the freuency
of calculated oscillatory load for vibratory loading devices  
 2<T $A8or some devices, the manufacturer generally presets the
cyclic loading freuency at a default value of  E
$. +eometry of )oaded Area and 'eflection Sensor 
 )ocations A8or proper modeling of the pavement structure
and+or bac&calculation of layer parameters, etc, it is necessary
that the locations of the load, deflection sensors, pavement
surface crac&s, and *)) -oints are &nown and recorded
ecord the location of crac&s and -oints between the load and
each sensor within ' m "65 ft# from the center of the load
toward the sensors ecord the location and orientation of all
sensors as measured radially outward from the center of the
load, for example, J.11 mm "$$ in# ahead of the applied
loadK 0n accordance with the selected method of evaluating
 -oint efficiency or load transfer, the load"s# and deflection
sensor"s# should be properly configured and noted, for example
tests may be conducted with one or more sensors on each side  
of the -oint, with the load plate positioned immediately
ad-acent to the leave "downstream# side of the -oint <ther  4$$ )alibrate the deflection sensor"s# and load cell "if
configurations may also be used 8ailure to note the presence
of -oints and crac&s within the one of influence of the load
could result in errors in the subseuent analysis of the
recorded deflections /imilarly, failure to properly note the
actual position of the deflection sensors could result in
serious analysis errors
$4 Time of Test  Aecord the time for each measurement
location
$5 Stationing or *hainage Aecord the station number  tion factors, the beginning and ending station or physical
or location of the test point for each deflection test conducted
$6  Air and avement Temperatures A!t a minimum,
record the ambient air temperature and pavement surface
temperature at specified intervals as recommended by the
engineer !dditional temperatures may be reuired for specific
 post%processing methods 8or example, pavement layer tem%
 peratures may be determined by drilling holes to one or more  
depths within the pavement layer and filling the bottom of   possible and all loose material shall be avoided or removed
these holes with $1 to $5 mm " $ M . to ' M . in# of a fluid that has
a low evaporation rate "to prevent cooling#, such as glycerin or  4'$ *osition the beam between the tires so that the probe
an oil%based product, and recording the temperature at the
 bottom of each hole after the temperature in the fluid has
stabilied 0f testing is conducted over an extended period of  used "or both in the case of two beams#
time, ta&e temperature measurements of the fluid every hour to
establish a direct correlation between the air, pavement
surface, and+or at%depth temperature measurements 0f this is
not possible, some procedures also exist for estimating the
 pave% ment temperature as a function of depth using the high
and low air temperatures for the previous '4%hour day and the
current pavement surface temperature
' Testing Interval  AThe spacing or interval of field test  
locations is dependent upon the testing level selected, as
discussed in /ection 9 of this standard
. Testing ethod   ADepending on the type of apparatus
used, different testing methods can be used /teady%state

8ederal Eighway !dministrationF JTemperature *redictions and !d-ustment
8actors for !sphalt *avements,K eport 2o 8E7!%D%9%15
loading devices capable of variable loads and freuencies can
be used to conduct Jfreuency sweepsK "multiple tests at
various freuencies, at the same test location and load#
0mpulse loading devices are t ypically capable of applying
various loads; some devices can control the shape and duration
of the load pulse oint efficiency measurements on -ointed
*)) pavements can be carried out with devices euipped with
multiple deflection sensors, by placing the load on one side of 
the -oint and positioning one or more sensors on each side of 
the -oint 3sing a Gen&elman Geam device, load transfer 
measurements can be conducted by using two devices, one on
each side of the -oint as the loaded truc& axle slowly crosses
the -oint
4  rocedure for 'eflection easurementsF
4$ +eneral   A*rocedures for conducting the specific de%
flection testing should be those furnished by the manufacturer 
of the device, as supplemented to reflect the general guidelines
provided in this standard The following steps shall be per%
formed irrespective of the device used
 
applicable# of the device, following the procedure discussed in
/ection =
4$' Transport the device to the test location over the
desired test point
4$. :easure the ambient air temperature and pavement
temperatures in accordance with the guidelines in $6
4$4 ecord the following information for each pavement
testedF pro-ect location, operator name, date and time, calibra%
location such as the Jct 0E 6.5 and Geltline oad,K location
of cut and fill, culvert locations, bridges and other vertical
control features, and the limits and extent of surface distresses,
weather conditions, and a description of the pavement type
4$5 The test location shall be free from all roc&s and
debris to ensure that the load plate "if applicable# will be
properly seated (ravel or soil surfaces shall be as smooth as
4'  (oncontinuous Static )oading 'eviceF
is $.= m "45 ft# forward of and perpendicular to the rear 
axle 2ote whether the right% or left%hand set of dual tires is
4'' !d-ust the dial gage to read 1111 mm "1111 in# or 
note the reading prior to starting the test seuence
4'. Drive the test vehicle approximately  m "'5 ft#
forward at creep speed and record the maximum dial reading
"Dm# with a resolution of 11'5 mm "111$ in# or better
4'4 !fter the dial needle has stabilied, record the final
dial reading "Df# with a resolution of 11'5 mm "111$ in# or 
better
4'5 )alculate the surface deflection using the manufac%
turer@s recommended formula, which is based on the configu%
ration of the pivot on the beam
4'6 epeat this process at the measurement intervals
specified in /ection 9 2ormally, both wheel trac&s are
measured using two instruments Eowever, when testing with
only one instrument, the testing can be either be in the outer 
wheel trac& "usually most critical#, or it can be alternated
 between wheel trac&s, for example by obtaining two measure%
ments in the outer wheel trac& for every one measurement in
the inner wheel trac& throughout the test section
4'= eport the individual measurements, along with the
average "mean# deflection for each wheel trac& and the
standard deviation of these measurements, for each uniform
test section
4. Semicontinuous Static )oading 'eviceF
4.$ <btain pavement surface deflection measurements
for both wheel trac&s as specified in /ection 9 on a continuous
chart
4.' ead the deflection measurements from the deflec%
tion traces with a resolution of 11'5 mm "111$ in# or better,
and tabulate using deflection data sheets along with any
accompanying notes
4.. 8or each uniform test section, calculate the average
"mean# deflection measurements for both wheel trac&s, and
report these data along with the tabulated data and accompa%
nying notes from 4.'
44 Steady-State )oading 'eviceF
44$ /et up the software for data collection if the device
is so euipped
44' ecord the information that identifies the exact
configuration of the deflection device at the time of testing
The device configuration data usually includes number and
spacing of deflection sensors and orientation of the deflection
sensors
44. ocate the device such that the center of load is at
the selected test location and the sensor bar is parallel to the
direction of travel "or across the -oint for longitudinal or  a general overview of a pavement@s bearing capacity with
s&ewed -oints#
 2<T 'A7hen testing longitudinal -oints with a steady%state device, a
sensor can be mounted transversely to the load plate
444 ower the sensor bar to position the sensors and the
load plate "or plates#, or loading wheels 0nitiate force genera%
tion until stability is reached at the selected loading freuency
and load magnitude
 2<T .A7hen using a steady%state device, the first few vibrations are
unstable in terms of output because the sensors may not have fully
responded to the selected output freuency
445 ecord the freuency and magnitude of the pea&%to%
 pea& steady%state load
446 ecord the static preload, as this will influence the
magnitude of the deflection
44= ead and record the measured deflections for each
of the sensors, either manually on data sheets or directly if data
recording is automated
45  Impulse )oading 'eviceF
45$ /et up the software for data collection
45' 0nput the information that identifies the exact con%
figuration of the deflection device at the time of testing The
device configuration data are stored in the data output file and
are a direct input to data analysis This information usually
includes the sie of load plate, number and position of  the nearest -oint and positioned along the same line, generally
deflection sensors, and the orientation of deflection sensors
with respect to the load plate
 2<T 4A7hen testing longitudinal -oints with an impulse loading
device, a sensor can be mounted transversely to the load plate
interior slab test is covered; however, a minimum -oint cover%
age rate of '5 I is recommended <n airfield )* pavements,
 -oint efficiency measurements should be carried out on both
transverse and longitudinal -oints
45. /elect the appropriate data file format /everal file
formats are available, for example, 3/ )ustomary units, /0
units, and other options
454 ower the load plate and sensors to ensure that they
are resting on a firm and stable surface
455 aise the force generator to the desired height and
drop the JweightK *erform one or more test drop"s# at any
load level <ne or more JseatingK drops may also be used;
however record the data from the seating drops, which can
subseuently be used in the analysis to ascertain the amount of 
Jcondition% ingK the pavement itself experiences, if any
ecord the pea& surface deflections and pea& load "noting the
seating drops#, or record the full load response and deflection%
time history, as recommended by the engineer
456 To allow the engineer to determine the nonlinearity
of the pavement system, testing at multiple load levels can be
carried out The analyst may use basin averaging if random
error is of sufficient concern
*. Location and Sampling (re+uency
9$ The test location will vary with the intended application
of the data 8or the most part, the common approach is to test
 primarily in wheel paths, since the pavement response at these
locations to some extent reflects the effect of damage that has
 been accumulated Deflection testing between wheel paths on
!) pavement may be performed to compare testing in the
wheel paths to indicate differences that may be present, for 
example due to wheel path crac&ing
9'  (etwor# )evel Testing   AThis testing level provides for 
limited testing Deflection testing is typically performed at $11
m to 511 m "or '51 ft to $,111 ft# intervals, depending on the
specific pavement conditions and the length of the pavement
section ! minimum of = tests per uniform pavement section is
recommended to ensure a statistically significant sample !t a
minimum, the load for asphalt concrete "!)# and continuously
reinforced concrete pavements "))*# should be positioned
along the outer wheel path, or alternatively along the centerline
of ))* slabs 8or -ointed concrete pavements ")*#, the load
should first be positioned at the geometric center of the slab
8or networ& level testing, at least $1 I of the slabs covered
should be tested at the -oints as well, for deflection or load
transfer efficiency
9. +eneral roect )evel Testing   AThis testing level pro%
vides for a more detailed analysis of the pavement, for 
example for the purpose of overlay or rehabilitation design
Testing should be performed at 51 m to '11 m "or $11 ft to
511 ft# intervals, depending on the specific pavement
conditions and the length of the pavement section ! minimum
of $5 tests per uniform pavement section is recommended for 
general pro-ect level testing !t a minimum, the load for !)
or ))* pavements is generally positioned along the outer 
wheel path, or alternatively along the centerline of ))*
slabs 8or )* pavements, the load should first be positioned
at or near the geometric center of the slab, and then moved to
on the leave side of the -oint <n roads, streets and highways,
 -oint tests are often conducted along the outer wheel path 8or 
general pro-ect level testing, as a rule not every -oint
associated with each
94  'etailed roect )evel Testing   AThis test level provides
for a highly detailed and specific analysis of the pavement, for 
 purposes such as identifying localied areas of high deflection
 or detecting subsurface voids on *)) pavements, etc 8or !)
or ))* pavements, testing is typically performed at $1 m to
$11 m "or '5 ft to '51 ft# intervals as recommended by the
engineer <n roads, streets and highways, testing is often
carried out in both wheel paths 8or )* pavements, the load
should first be positioned at or near the geometric center of   program to acuire load and deflection data Traditionally,
every slab along the length of the test section, and then moved
to the nearest -oint or crac& on each slab, either along the outer  using !/)00 formats that are very device dependent !lthough
wheel path or at the corner of the slab, or both <n airfield )*
 pavements, -oint efficiency measurements should be carried
out on both transverse and longitudinal -oints
1,. -ter Data /eeded for Deflection !nalysis
$1$ The following pavement system data may be needed to
facilitate the load%deflection analysisF
$1$$ *avement layer material types and thic&nesses
$1$' Depth to bedroc& or stiff layer
11. Deflection Testing Report
8ield reports "both electronic and hard copy# for each
deflection testing evaluation pro-ect should contain informa%
tion on the following items as a minimum
$$$ Date and time of testing
$$' <perator identification
$$. Cehicle information
$$4 7eather conditions
$$5 !ir and pavement temperatures
$$6 /ection 0nformation> this is usually agency%specified,
 but the section information generally includes the followingF
$$6$ oadway and county or district in which it is located
$$6' Type of pavement being tested
$$6. Direction of travel
$$64 ane being tested "for example, driving or passing
lane#, and the position within the lane "inner wheel path,
mid%lane, outer wheel path, and so forth#
$$= oad and deflection data
$$=$ Type of deflection device
$$=' Type of deflection test, such as deflection basin or  veys; falling%weight deflectometer "87D#; impulse deflection
load transfer
$$=. ocation of sensors
$$=4 !pplied load and load freuency
$$=5 :easured deflections under load
12. Data !c+uisition Soft0are
$'$ /ome deflection testing devices use their own field
 pavement surface deflection data files have been structured
!/)00 format allows users and agencies to easily access the
data output files, a separate program is needed to access the
output file for each type of testing device To mitigate this
 problem, !!/ET< has developed a universal pavement sur%
face deflection data exchange "*DDB# format specification !
description of this specification can be found in the last
reference in '' of this standard
13. Data )rocessing Soft0are for Reference
$.$ /everal bac&calculation software programs have been
developed for deflection data processing and analysis !/T:
D 55 provides a discussion of some of the ma-or differences
 between the most commonly used bac&calculation programs
0f bac&calculation techniues are employed, use the latest pro%
gram version for bac&calculation of pavement layer moduli
14. )recision and ias
$4$ /ince this /tandard (uide covers the use of various
 2DT devices used on any type of bound pavement surface, the
 precision and bias of the measured load and deflection data
will be a function of both the characteristics of the pavement
tested and the device used 0nformation on reliability,
accuracy, and repeatability of various vibratory and impulse
loading devices can be found in a report that describes the
experiment performed at the 7aterways xperiment /tation
"7/#9 in Cic&sburg, :ississippi
15. ey0ords
$5$ Gen&elman beam; deflection sensor; deflection sur%
testing device; load cell; load+deflection testing;
nondestructive testing "2DT#; pavement surface deflection;
 pavement testing; sampling freuency; static deflection testing
device; steady% state dynamic deflection testing device

9
Gentsen, 2aarian, and Earrison, Jeliability Testing of /even 2ondestructive
*avement Testing Devices,K 2ondestructive Testing of *avements and Gac&calcu%
lation of :oduli, !/T: /T* $1'6, !  Gush, 000 and ( N Galadi, ds,
!merican /ociety of Testing and :aterials, *hiladelphia, $99, pp 4$%5

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