THE REAL EVE (MITOCHONDRIAL MOTHER OF HUMANITY)

According to Professor Rebecca L. Cann, mitochondrial contain their own DNA,

which they use to make certain proteins; the DNA in the nucleus oversees
production of the rest of the proteins necessary for life and its functions. First,
it is short and relatively simple in comparison to the DNA found within the
nucleus, containing only thirty-seven genes instead of the 70000+ genes
located in the nuclear DNA. This makes it relatively easy to analyse. Secondly,
unlike nuclear DNA, which each person inherits in a jumbled from both
parents, mitochondrial DNA was thought to be passed on only through the
mother’s line.

Theoretically, if scientists could look further and farther into the past, they
would find out that the number of women who contributed in the modern
varieties of mitochondrial DNA gets less and less unit, finally, we arrive at one
‘’original’’ mother. She, then, would be the only woman out of all the women
living in her day to have a daughter in every generation till the present. This
does not mean, of course, that we would look like this putative ancestral
mother; rather, it means only that we would have gotten our mitochondrial
DNA from her.

This scientific version of the Genesis of mankind according to the Assistant

Professor of the University of Hawaii Rebecca L. Cann; about the mother of
mankind-Genetic Eve, who we all have as an original mitochondrial DNA
Mother. She was linked to, from East Africa at about 150,000 years ago. Her
sons and daughters, and grandchildren populated the world.

According to the real Eve DVD Video about 150’000 years ago, the world was
said to be in a grip of an Ice Age and in North Africa was a vase deserts and
small islands.

This small islands was tiny groups of peoples; and this peoples where the first
modern humans, who were sheltering every where they can, at any place they
find.
 According to Professor Christopher Stringer, also, he researched that genetic
Eve families went through China and Middle East and not beyond because it
was a dead end. 80’000 years ago, the world was cooling down again and once
again the land was drying up, then was the genetic Eve families settled at the
seas becoming fishers to survive’ the survival has always been with the climate
change.

According to Professor Stephen Oppenheinner, he also researched that he

believed our ancestors came through one route from Africa to the rest of the
world. (The North of the Red Sea on the African side).

There is a simple observation that Australians, New Guanines, South East

Asians, Chinese, Native Americans, Europeans and Indians all come from the
same small genetic group. All this people have diversify into small groups or
populated groups in different part of the world according to the new
environment they find themselves and explore them (Climate Change) .

According to Professor Nina G. Jablonski the skin is made up of layers with

different physical and chemical properties. This laminar, or layered,
construction gives the skin its resistance to abrasions and punctures and allows
it to avoid absorbing most substances. The skin’s two major layers, the
epidermis and the dermis, differ remarkably in their composition and function.
The skin also includes special types of cells that insinuate themselves into the
skin during early embryonic development. These aptly named immigrant cells
play varied and important roles in protecting the skin.

The skin’s outermost layer, the epidermis, shields us from environmental

oxidants and heat, whiles it also resists water, abrasion, stains, microbes and
many chemicals- a list of qualities that makes the epidermis sound more like a
revolutionary new type of carpeting than a natural material. It is all the more
astonishing, then that these useful attributes are found in a self-renewing layer
only about millimetre thick, which continuously performs all its functions
despite being in a constant state of turnover, with its outermost cell being
shed as they are replaced from below. The epidermis is composed mostly of
specialized type of epithelium consisting of multiple layers, or strata, of
flattened cells. (An epithelium is a covering of any external or internal surface
of the body). Because these cells contain high concentrations of the protective
protein keratin, this epithelium is known scientifically as stratified keratinising
epithelium.

The very surface of the epidermis is its most remarkable layer, the stratum
corneum. The stratum corneum is sometimes called the epidermal horny layer
because it consists of a relatively thin sheet of dead, flattened cells with a
smooth, fairly tough and water- resistant surface. The only things that
interrupt its surface are hair follicles, the pores of sweat glands, and parts of
some so-called immigrant cells that help to form the complex mosaic of the
skin.

According to professor Nina G. Jablonski the skin’s effectiveness as a barrier

against environmental insult of all kinds, especially oxidative stress such as
ultra-violet radiation (UVR), ozone, air pollution, pathological micro-organism,
chemical oxidants, and topically applied drugs, depends primarily on the
integrity of the stratum corneum.

According to Professor Nina G. Jablonski one of the ways the skin defends itself
against some environmental stressors is to become thicker. When the skin is
repeatedly exposed to UVR, for instance, cell division increases in the deepest
layer of the epidermis, the stratum basale, which is the source of epidermal
cells; and, as a result, the stratum corneum thickens. If the stress, whether
external or internal, is extreme-too much UVR, too much heat, a corrosive
chemical such as acid, some diseases or genetic problems – the stratum
corneum can cease to be an effective barrier. This can have disastrous results if
a large area of the skin is affected.

ADOLF EBESUA ACKAH

B010908006

SOCIOLOGY OF TECHNOLOGY

EVENNING CLASS
LEVEL 200