Computational Particle Mechanics

Implementation of  the reflective boundary conditions in the Lagrangian particle

 simulation of  the three-dimensional fluid-structure interaction against solid walls
--Manuscript Draft--

Manuscript Number: JCPM-D-21-00080

Full Title: Implementation of  the reflective boundary conditions in the Lagrangian particle
 simulation of  the three-dimensional fluid-structure interaction against solid walls

Article Type: Original Research

Section/Category:

Funding Information:

Abstract: Fluid-structure interaction (FSI) occurs, for example, in wave collisions against
reservoir walls, in coastal structures - offshore platforms in the ocean, bridge piers,
breakwaters -, in the sloshing phenomenon, and in tsunamis and coastal flooding.
Three-dimensional (3D) simulation of the FSI can be made using Lagrangian particle
methods. Treating the collisions of the particles against walls using a reflective physical
approach is an alternative technique, replacing artificial computational techniques such
as those that employ fictitious particles (such as ghost, dynamic, dummy and other
types of particles) and repulsive intermolecular forces in the treatment of contours in
particle methods at the continuum domain. This work presents the improvement of the
simplest 3D-FSI study - dam-break flow over a dry bed presented in [1], with the
application of the continuum laws to the boundary regions. The benchmark study of a
3D dam-break flow over a dry bed generating a wave that impacts on a tall structure - a
rigid obstacle fixed inside the reservoir - has been implemented in this paper. The
simulation results showed good agreement with the literature data encouraging further
research and the implementation of the reflective boundary conditions (RBC) in particle
methods.

Corresponding Author: Carlos Alberto Dutra Fraga Filho, Ph.D.

Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Espírito Santo
BRAZIL

Corresponding Author Secondary

Information:

Corresponding Author's Institution: Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Espírito Santo

Corresponding Author's Secondary

Institution:

First Author: Carlos Alberto Dutra Fraga Filho

First Author Secondary Information:

Order of Authors: Carlos Alberto Dutra Fraga Filho

Order of Authors Secondary Information:

Author Comments: May 10, 2021.

Dear Mr. Editor,

I wish to submit the manuscript entitled “Implementation of the reflective boundary

conditions in the Lagrangian particle simulation of the three-dimensional fluid-structure
interaction against solid walls” for consideration by Computational Particle Mechanics.
Three-dimensional fluid-structure interaction problems (3D-FSI) are being simulated by
Lagrangian particle methods. In most numerical simulations, artificial boundary
conditions (ghost, dynamic and dummy particles, among others) are used, despite
confronting the continuum laws.
In this paper, the implementation of the reflective boundary conditions (RBC) in the
simulation of 3D-FSI employing the Lagrangian Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics
(SPH) method is presented. It results from previous studies performed in the research
group of the author between the last years. The contribution of this paper is to provide

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 incipient results for this problem, using a realistic and physical boundary treatment
technique (RBC) that respects the continuum laws with promising results and the
possibility of the application using more advanced computational processing
techniques shortly.

Thanks for your consideration,

Sincerely,

Suggested Reviewers: Cheng Yee, PhD

University of Sao Paulo: Universidade de Sao Paulo
cheng.yee@usp.br
Professor Yee is a senior professor with experience in particle method simulation.

Fabiano Petronetto
Federal University of Espirito Santo: Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo
fbipetro@gmail.com
Professor Petronetto works with mathematical modeling in the SPH particle method

Duarte Albuquerque, PhD

University of Lisbon: Universidade de Lisboa
DuarteAlbuquerque@ist.utl.pt
Dr Albuquerque is an Aerospace Engineer with a PhD in CFD, energy, electromagnetic
and chemical fields of study

Chong Peng, PhD

University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna: Universitat fur Bodenkultur
Wien
pengchong@boku.ac.at
Dr. Peng is a researcher and software developer employing particle methods in
engineering and Physics

Jose Domínguez, PhD

University of Vigo: Universidade de Vigo
jmdominguez@uvigo.es
Dr Domínguez is a researcher focused on computational fluid dynamics for coastal
engineering applications. He has been working for the last years with SPH (Smoothed
Particle Hydrodynamics) method.

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Implementation of the reflective boundary conditions in the Lagrangian

1
2
particle simulation of the three-dimensional fluid-structure interaction
3 against solid walls
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5
6 Carlos Alberto Dutra Fraga Filho
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10
Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Espírito Santo, Avenida Vitória,
11 1729, Jucutuquara, 29040-780, Vitória-ES, Brazil
12
13 Email: cadff1@gmail.com
14
15 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6299-3672
16
17
18 Abstract. Fluid-structure interaction (FSI) occurs, for example, in wave collisions against
19
20 reservoir walls, in coastal structures - offshore platforms in the ocean, bridge piers, breakwaters
21
22 -, in the sloshing phenomenon, and in tsunamis and coastal flooding. Three-dimensional (3D)
23
24 simulation of the FSI can be made using Lagrangian particle methods. Treating the collisions
25
26
of the particles against walls using a reflective physical approach is an alternative technique,
27 replacing artificial computational techniques such as those that employ fictitious particles (such
28
29 as ghost, dynamic, dummy and other types of particles) and repulsive intermolecular forces in
30
31 the treatment of contours in particle methods at the continuum domain. This work presents the
32
33 improvement of the simplest 3D-FSI study - dam-break flow over a dry bed presented in [1],
34
35 with the application of the continuum laws to the boundary regions. The benchmark study of a
36
37
3D dam-break flow over a dry bed generating a wave that impacts on a tall structure - a rigid
38 obstacle fixed inside the reservoir - has been implemented in this paper. The simulation results
39
40 showed good agreement with the literature data encouraging further research and the
41
42 implementation of the reflective boundary conditions (RBC) in particle methods.
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46 Key words: Fluid-structure interaction, FSI, particle method, reflective boundary conditions,
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48 SPH, three-dimensional domain.
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 1. Introduction
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3 Fluid-structure interaction is the interaction of a structure with a fluid flow. This
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phenomenon occurs in many situations in the environment. Currently, particle methods are
6 being used considerably in the simulation of various 3D-FSI problems such as wave impact on
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8 a tall structure [2,3]; dam-break flow [4-6]; sloshing [5,6], tsunami impact on bridge piers or in
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10 urban areas [7,8]; collisions between waves and offshore structures, coastal flooding and
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12 damage on structures, and design of breakwaters [9]; structures impacted by tailing debris
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14 flows [10]; impact of sea waves on breakwater and piers, and impact of water streams on rigid
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structures [11].
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18 Well-known and commonly used open-source codes, implemented using Lagrangian
19 particle modelling as DualSPHysics software - scientific cooperation between the University of
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21 Manchester, University of Vigo and Polytechnic University of Catalonia, among others - are
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23 being used in numerical simulations of FSI problems, employing artificial techniques in the
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25 boundary treatment [12].
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27 On the other hand, the implementation of the reflective boundary conditions in the
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29 Lagrangian particle modelling is a scientific attempt to avoid the use of fictitious particles/
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31 molecular forces, or dynamic particles ([13-15]) in the boundary treatment at the continuum
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33 domain, giving a realistic treatment of the contours and respecting the continuum mechanics
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laws. Theoretical fundamentals, validation tests and implementations of the RBC can be found
36 in the literature [1,15,16].
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39 There is also the possibility of implementing RBC to simulate droplet-wall collisions
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41 [17-19] - which occur in important processes such as spray painting and coating, medical
42 inhalators, protective barriers and facial protectors - and nanoparticle-wall collisions. Many
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44 times nanoparticles are modelled as sets of molecules that define spherical particles (that can
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46 collide against barriers) [20,21]. Literature [22] presents fundamentals of the modelling of
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48 nanoparticles at the continuum domain.
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50 In droplet-wall and nanoparticle-wall collisions, RBC could predict the trajectory of the
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52 particles, however, taking into account other possible variables as the plastic deformation of
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54 the particles at the collisions and the dissipation of energy in heat forms that can lead to
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56 different angles (incidence and reflection), depending on the case studied.
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58 This paper incorporates the theoretical and simulation results of references [1,15,16],
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60 developed in research carried out by the author in recent years (2017-2019). In references
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 [15,16], the dam-break flow has been simulated in two-dimensional (2D) domains, using the
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2 SPH method and RBC. Normally, this is the first FSI problem simulated by a particle method,
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in which the wave created after the opening of a gate collides against the reservoir walls. In the
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5 literature [1], the 2D dam breaking SPH model was extended and validated for a 3D domain. In
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7 this work, a rigid structure was implemented inside the reservoir. The impact of the fluid
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9 particles against the rigid faces of the tall structure occurred sometime after opening the dam
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11 gate. A greater degree of complexity in the simulation, with an improvement in the collision
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13 detection and response algorithm (CDRA) presented in [1] - due to the need for detection of the
14 collisions of the fluid particles against the walls of the tall structure (and subsequent reflections
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16 within the domain) - was seen.
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19 The remainder of this scientific work is divided as follows. Section 2 is focused on the
20 physical-mathematical modelling implemented. Section 3 brings a brief presentation of the
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22 reflective boundary conditions. The case study is shown in Section 4. The results and
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24 discussions are in Section 5. Finally, conclusions and suggestions for future work are presented
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26 in Section 6.
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29 2. Physical-Mathematical Modelling
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32 The dammed water was treated as a Newtonian, incompressible, uniform, and isothermal
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34 fluid. The equations of conservation of mass and momentum in the continuum domain - Eqs.
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36 (1) and (2) - were solved using the SPH discretisation (Eqs. (3) and (4)), that were employed in
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38 simulations, combined with RBC implementation in the boundary treatment.
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d (1)
41   .v
42 dt
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45 dv P (2)
   2 v  g
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dt 
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d a (3)
  b1 mb ( v a  vb ).W  X a  Xb , h 
50 n
51 dt
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dv a  P P 
  b 1 mb  a2  b2  W  X a  Xb , h  
54 n

 a b 
55 dt
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n m
 ( X a  Xb )  (4)
58   b 1 b  2a . W  X  X , h   ( v a  vb )  g
59 b  ( X  X )
2 a b

60  a b

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63 3
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 where  is the density of the fluid; t is the time; d dt is the Lagrangian (or material)
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2 derivative; v is the fluid velocity;  is the vector differential mathematical operator; P is the
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4 absolute pressure acting on the fluid;  is the kinematic viscosity; g is the gravity, n is the
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6 number of neighbouring particles inside the domain of influence; a and b are subscripts that
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8 refer to the reference and neighbour particle, respectively; W is the smoothing function or
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kernel; X is the spatial position occupied by the particle and h is the smoothing length.
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12 The absolute pressure acting on each fluid particle is composed of the sum of two parcels:
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14 the hydrostatic (due to the weight of the water column above the reference particle)
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and the dynamic pressure - predicted by Tait’s state equation - Eq. (5).
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19      c 2 o
20 Pdyn ( a )  B   a   1 , _____ B  (5)
  o   
21  
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24 where Pdyn ( a ) is the prediction of the hydrodynamic pressure acting on the reference particle;
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26 B is a term related to the density fluctuations of the fluid;  o is the density of the fluid at rest;
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28 c is the velocity of sound in the fluid;  is a parameter in Tait's state equation generally equal
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30 to 7 in fluid simulation.
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32 In order to apply the the Tait equation to the prediction of the pressure field of the fluid,
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the maximum value of the Mach number ( Ma ) must be 0.10. Thus, c  10 vmax , where v max
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37 is the maximum velocity of the fluid in the simulation. The initial value of v max in the dam-
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39 break flow simulation is calculated as vmax  2gH , where g is the magnitude of gravity and
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41 H is the initial water height.
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45 A flowchart showing the numerical algorithm utilised in the simulations performed in this
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work is presented in Fig. 1.
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Figure 1.Flowchart of the numerical code employed in the simulations.
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3. Reflective Boundary Conditions
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35 Reflective boundary conditions are based on Newton's restitution law and the
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37 fundamentals of analytic geometry. After the detection of the particle collision against a real
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39 solid boundary (planes that define the reservoir walls or sides of the rigid obstacle), its
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41 velocity and position of the centre of mass must be corrected [15,16].
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43 In most cases, the mesh-free particle methods (among them, the SPH method) applied in
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45 fluid dynamics problems are one-particle models in which each element of mass moves
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47 through space without seeing the movement of another one. Thus, the collisions among
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49 particles in the fluid flow, which can occur after the solution of the equations of conservation
50 of mass and linear momentum (Eqs. (3) and (4)) and update of their positions in space (through
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52 the temporal integration), are not considered; even so, good results were achieved.
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55 In recent years, [23] has proposed a robust inter-particle model considering collisions
56 between particles in fluid flow - in which the SPH method in conjunction with fictitious
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58 particles in the boundary treatment have been implemented - with good results, however, with
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60 an increase in the computational cost. The artificial pressure [24] is a numerical correction used
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 in fluid flow simulations when the interpenetration of the particles is significant, causing the
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2 reduction of the fluid volume. On the other hand, particle contact algorithms are commonly
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implemented in mesh-free particle methods in solid mechanics problems [25,26].
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6 This paper focuses its attention on particle collisions against physical contours (solid
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8 walls), defined by rigid planes (which can create geometric shapes such as rectangles and
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triangles, for example). The traditional approach of the one-particle model - that is, without
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11 considering the interparticle collisions - has been used to obtain input data for the collision
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13 detection and response algorithm (CRDA): positions of the particles in the initial and final time
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15 instant of each numerical iteration and the correspondent velocities of the particles in those
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17 instants of time.
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19 The coefficient of restitution of kinetic energy (CR), related to the energy loss in the
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21 direction normal to the collision plane, and the coefficient of friction (CF), that measures the
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23 slowdown in the particle’s motion parallel to the collision plane, were used.
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25 After the detection of the particle's collision against the real boundaries (planes that define
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27 the reservoir walls or sides of the rigid obstacle), its velocity and position of the centre of
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29 mass must be corrected.
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31 The magnitude of the component of the velocity perpendicular to the collision plane,
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33 immediately after the impact, is given by Eq. (6):
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36 ( v col ) N  CR x ( v p ) N (6)
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39 where ( v col ) N is the magnitude of the component of the particle velocity normal to the
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41 collision plane, immediately after the collision; CR is the coefficient of restitution of kinetic
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43 energy and ( v p ) N is the magnitude of the component of the particle velocity normal to the
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45 collision plane, before the collision.
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48 In the Cartesian direction tangential to the collision plane we have, Eq. (7):
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50 ( v col )T  (1  CF) x ( v p )T (7)
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53 where ( vcol )T is the magnitude of the component of the particle velocity tangential to the
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55 collision plane, immediately after the collision; CF is the coefficient of friction and ( v p )T is
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58 the magnitude of the component of the particle velocity tangential to the collision plane, before
59 the collision.
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 The sense of the normal component of the velocity changes and the tangential
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2 component of the velocity remained unaltered in any situation.
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4 The coordinates of the centre of mass of the particle, normal to the plane, must be
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6 corrected as follows (Eq.(8)):
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8 (Cf ) N  (C1 ) N  (1.00  CR)(r  d) (8)
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11 where (Cf ) N is the coordinate of the centre of mass, normal to the collision plane, after
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13 the collision response; (C1 ) N is the coordinate of the centre of mass, normal to the
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15 collision plane, in a motion without obstacles, at the end of the numerical iteration; r is the
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17 particle radius and d is the distance between the centre of mass of the particle and a plane (or
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19 obstacle wall).
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21 The complete presentation and validation tests of the RBC for two and three-dimensional
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23 (2D and 3D) domains are in literature [16,1].
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26 The step-by-step implementation of the CDRA is presented in the algorithm below.
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29 Algorithm Physical reflective boundary conditions: collision detection and response
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31 Input: Geometry (geometric planes equations), rigid obstacle definition (position
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and geometric planes equations), initial and final positions of the centres of mass,
34 and velocities of the particle
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36 for each particle in the domain do
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38 1. Calculate the distances between the centres of mass of the particles (end of the
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40 trajectory at every numerical iteration) and each plane
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42 2. Check for possible collision planes (reservoir)
43 if particle collided against reservoir then
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45 Identify the plane of collision by the criterion of the smallest trajectory
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47 of the particle
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Reflect the centre of mass of the particle considering the collision plane identified
50 3. Check for possible solid collision planes (rigid obstacle)
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52 if particle collided against the rigid obstacle then
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54 Identify the plane of collision by the criterion of the smallest trajectory
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of the particle
57 Reflect the centre of mass of the particle considering the collision plane identified
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59 4. Verify that the particle returned to the interior of the domain after reflection
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61 if particle did not return to the domain then
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 Repeat steps 1 through 4 until the particle returns to the inside of the domain
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2 Output: positions of the centre of mass and velocities of the particles at the final
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4 instant of each iteration
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4. Case Study
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10 The geometry and initial conditions of the benchmark case simulated in this paper is
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12 presented in Fig. 2.
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14 The reservoir was 160 cm long, 61 cm wide and 75 cm high. The initial volume of water
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16 dammed was 40 cm long x 61cm wide x 30 cm high. The rigid obstacle inside the tank (tall
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18 structure) was defined by the faces obtained from the intersection of five geometric planes:
19 four vertical faces (lateral) and an upper one. It was 12 cm x 12 cm x 75 cm and was placed 50
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21 cm downstream from the gate (located at x = 40 cm) and 24 cm from the nearest sidewall of the
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23 tank.
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25 In the discretisation of the fluid, 18,050 Lagrangian particles (25, 19, 38, in the x, y and z
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27 directions, respectively) were used. The distance between the centres of mass of two adjacent
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29 particles (dx = dy = dz ) was 1.60 x 10-2 m. The initial smoothing length ( h ) was 2.00 x 10-2 m.
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31 The support radius ( kh ) was 4.00 x 10-2 m. A serial FORTRAN Language computational code
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33 was implemented and used in simulations.
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35 The physical properties of the water at 20oC were ρ = 1.00 x 103 kg/m3 and  = 1.00 x 10-6
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m2/s. The smoothing length ( h ) varied with time, according to the criterion presented in [1].
38 The pressure acting on the free surface is the atmospheric pressure (taken as reference). The
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40 particles defining the free surface at the initial time instant were marked, and their pressures
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42 were set to zero (Newman boundary conditions) and kept invariable throughout the numerical
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44 simulations. In Tait's state equation, the parameter B was equal to 0.85 x 105 Pa, the density of
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46 the fluid at rest ( o ) was 1.0 x 103 kg/m3 and  was 7.
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48 In the particles' physical properties update, the temporal integration was done using
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50 Euler's method. The Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy (CFL) stability criterion [27] was obeyed in the
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timestep setting to ensure convergence of results. The simulation timestep was 1.00 x 10-4 s.
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41 Figure 2. The geometry of the reservoir and the fixed obstacle. The initial volume of
42 dammed water discretised by particles is also presented.
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45 The restoration of the consistency in the SPH method [28] was performed through the
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47 density renormalisation (Shepard Filter) applied every 30 timesteps and the correction of the
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pressure gradient (CSPM) at each numerical iteration. A variable smoothing length and
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artificial viscosity (with coefficients   0.10 and   0.00 ) were used [28]. The term
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53 related to this last numerical correction was added to the conservation momentum equation
54 (Eq.(4)). The artificial pressure ([1], [28]) was not implemented. XSPH correction method [28]
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56 was used for a more ordered movement of the particles over time (using the parameter  equal
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58 to 0.40). A model to capture the turbulence effects was not used in simulations. Cubic spline
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60 kernel, presented in Eq. (9), was used in this paper.
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  2 1 3
 3  q  2 q  , _ 0  q  h
2
1
2  
3 3  1 3
4 W  X a  Xb , h   3  
2  q   , __ h  q  2h (09)
5 2 h   6 
6  ______ 0, ___ in other case
7 
8 
9
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11 where W (Xa  Xb , h) is the kernel interpolation function evaluated at the point  Xa  Xb 
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 X a  Xb 
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15 and q  .
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h
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18 The coefficients of restitution of kinetic energy (CR) and friction (CF) defined in CDRA
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20 (for the treatment of the particle collisions against the reservoir and obstacle walls) were 1.00
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22 and 0.00, respectively.
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26 5. Results and Discussion
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29 In the simulation performed, the gate of the dam was suddenly opened. The flow of the
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31 water started immediately after that initial time instant. Simulation results (the evolution of the
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centres of mass of the Lagrangian particles in some instants of time) are graphically presented
34 in Figs. 3 and 4. In this work, a non-symmetric water flow can be seen because the obstacle
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36 was not defined exactly in the middle of the tank width (as shown in Fig. 2).
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Previous simulation results for this problem, validated from experiments, were presented
40 by [2,3]. The researchers used a type of fictitious particles called dynamic particles. In this
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42 boundary treatment technique, the Navier-Stokes equations are also solved for the contour
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44 particles that are kept immobile, however, throughout the entire numerical simulation.
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46 Figure 5 shows the xz lateral cross-section evolution of the particles in the simulation
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48 performed in this work and in figures provided by the literature [2] in some instants of time.
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47 Figure 3. 3D SPH simulation results. Evolution of the centres of mass of the particles
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48 Figure 3. Continuation.
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57 Figure 4. Upper view of the SPH simulation results. Evolution of the centres of mass of the particles
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Figure 5. Lateral xz cross-section showing the evolution of the particles in the simulation of
28 this work at the first line. It is seen a good agreement with the literature results (validated from
29 experiments) provided by the literature [2], at the second line. With permission from ASCE.
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33 The first collision of particles against the tall structure achieved in this work is shown in
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35 Fig. 6. The time instant of 0.300 s is in concordance with literature data [2].
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53 Figure 6. Lateral xz cross-section showing the initial collision of the particles against the tall
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 6. Conclusions and Future Work
1
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3 Graphical results provided by SPH method and RBC have been compared with previous
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5 validated results provided by the literature [2,3] - achieved with the implementation of
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7 fictitious particles in the boundary treatment - and both are in good agreement. The water wave
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9 generated due to the dam break over the dry bed reached the rigid obstacle approximately at the
10 instant of time 0.300 s.
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13 In the simulation performed in this work, 18,050 fluid particles were used and the
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15 boundaries (of the reservoir and rigid obstacle) were defined by geometric planes. A collision
16 detection and response algorithm was used to avoid the penetration of the particles inside the
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18 tall structure or from escaping the tank. In the literature [2], 15,000 water particles moved in
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20 the fluid flow, and 19,000 others were used in the definition of layers of fixed boundary
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22 particles (for the tank and rigid obstacle). A model based on repulsive forces were employed in
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24 order to avoid the penetration of the water inside the obstacle or from escaping the reservoir. In
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26 [3], 300,000 fluid particles were employed and dynamic boundary conditions were used in the
27 treatment of the contours.
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30 The replacement of fictitious or dynamic boundary particles by the physical reflective
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32 boundary conditions (according to the physical laws in the continuum domain) is an important
33 advance in the current search of the scientific community for a realistic treatment of contours
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35 in continuum particle methods.
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38 The considerable computational cost of the simulation (verified in this work using a CPU
39 serial code) could be minimised using GPU/CUDA (Graphics Processing Unit/Compute
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41 Unified Device Architecture) in the reflective boundary conditions programming (integrated
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43 into the code that solves the conservation equations using the SPH method). [29] presents a
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45 GPU implementation of a particle collision detection method with much better performance
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47 than CPU (Central Process Unit). An improvement in numerical results (mainly at the height of
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49 the water after the collision with the left obstacle wall and the right tank wall) is expected from
50 the definition of a larger number of particles in the fluid discretisation (which, in a serial code,
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52 becomes impractical to perform).
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55 Good agreement between SPH numerical results and literature data encourages further FSI
56 research with RBC implementation - encompassing the use of a larger number of particles in
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58 the simulations, implementation of a more accurate method for free surface particle tracking,
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60 dynamic study of the water impact against the structure (with prediction of the forces involved)
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 and reduction of the computational cost (GPU/CUDA processing).
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2 In addition, as a final suggestion for future work, the improvement of the reflective
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4 boundary conditions presented in [1,15,16], for 2D and 3D continuum problems, could be done
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6 taking into account the plastic deformation of the particles at the collisions against the surface,
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8 the dissipation of energy in heat forms, and the possible occurrence of different angles in the
9
incidence and reflection of each particle. Thus, the realistic RBC can be extended for studies of
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11 droplet-wall and nanoparticle-wall collisions and the results achieved analysed aiming to
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13 conclude about their applicability to those problems.
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15
16 Supplementary material
17
18 The supplementary material brings fluid flow animations of the SPH simulation presented in
19
20 Figs. 3 and 4.
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22
23 Acknowledgements
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25 A sincere thank you to Ana Carolina Vargas do Vale Amaro for her diligent English
26
27 proofreading of this paper.
28
29
30 Declarations
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32
33 Funding
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35 Not applicable.
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37
38 Competing interests
39
40 The author declares that he has no competing interests.
41
42
43
Availability of data and material
44 All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article.
45
46
47
48
Code availability
49
50 The code used in the simulation presented in this article may be made available by contacting
51
52 the author.
53
54 Author's information
55
56 Carlos Alberto Dutra Fraga Filho was born in Vitória, ES, Brazil. He has a PhD in
57
58 Environmental Engineering and Master's Degree in Mechanical Engineering at Federal
59
60 University of Espírito Santo, Brazil. His research interests include fluid mechanics and
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 transport phenomena, Lagrangian particle modelling and numerical simulation. Professor Fraga
1
2 Filho teaches at Federal Institute of Espírito Santo, Brazil, where he develops computational
3
tools for application in solving engineering problems.
4
5
6
7 References
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Figure 1 Click here to access/download;Figure;FIGURE_1_SEM_CAPTION.tif
Figure 2 Click here to
access/download;Figure;FIGURE_2_SEM_CAPTION.tif
Figure 3A Click here to
access/download;Figure;FIGURE_3_SEM_CAPTION_PARTE_1.
Figure 3B Click here to
access/download;Figure;FIGURE_3_SEM_CAPTION_PARTE_2.
Figure 4A Click here to
access/download;Figure;FIGURE_4_SEM_CAPTION_PARTE_1.
Figure 4B Click here to
access/download;Figure;FIGURE_4_SEM_CAPTION_PARTE_2.
Figure 4C Click here to access/download;Figure;FIGURE_4_SEM_CAPTION_PARTE_3.tif
Figure 5 Click here to access/download;Figure;FIGURE_5_SEM_CAPTION_FINAL.tif
Figure 6 Click here to access/download;Figure;FIGURE_6_SEM_CAPTION_FINAL_.tif
Animation of the 3D fluid-structure interaction simulation

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Supplementary Material
3D_ANIMATION.mp4
Upper view animation of the fluid-structure interaction simulation

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Supplementary Material
UPPER_VIEW.mp4