Prepared)By:|Sajid)urj Rehman) Geib caweniteecomys Chapter, #13 UNIT # 13 ELECTROSTATICS fb.com/office.com.pk Qi. During the process of rubbing negative charge is transferred from . ‘one object to another object. What conclusions can be drawn from this-activity? Ans: Conclusions: From these activities we conciude 1% Ae Charge is a basic propery of a material. ooay due to, Which jit attracts or repels another object. : 2. Friction produces two different types of charge on/different materials (such as glass anc piastic) 3. Like charges always repei each other. 4. Unlike charges always attract each other. 5. _ Repulsion is the sure test of charge of a body: Comb rubbed with hair.attracts small pieces of paper 1. Do, you think amount of positive charge on the glass rod after rubbing with silk cloth. will be equal to the amount of negative charge on the silk? Explain. Solution: When an insulator like glass is rod rubbed against an insulator like silk, a charge transfer occurs between the two materials. Silk attracts the loose electrons from the surface of glass and becomes negatively charged. Because charge is conserved. the glass rod is left positively charged. Transfer of electrons is responsible for charging; the protons in atoms remain where they are.” Hence amount of positive charge on the, glass rod after rubbing with silk cloth will be equal to the amount of negative charge on the silk. OR (Second Answer) Law of conservation of charge: The overall charge on the system of two objects is the same after the charging process as it was before the charging process. Charge is neither createdPrepared) By: ubjec www.offi e.com.pk J (ar (yrs fb.com/office.com.pk Chapter #13 ELECTROSTATICS nor destroyed during this charging process. it s simpy transferred from one object to the other object in the form of electrons. 2... What would happen if a neutral. glass rod is brought near a positively charged glass rod? ° Solution: |. When. a natural glass roa is brought near’a positively charged rod. The electrons from the natural glass rod are attracted by the positively charged rod. It would be observed that a force ‘of attraction would deveiop between these rods. This phenomenon is known as electrostatic induction, \ RAE The rod a now less positively charged "Metal bay now bus positive charse Q2. Describe experiments to show electrostatic charging by induction. Ans: Electrostatic Induction: In the presence of a charged body. an insulated conductor develops positive charge at one end and negative charge at the other end. “This process is called the electrostatic induction. . Experiment: Charged pllatic ¢ www.office.com.pk www.facebook.com/office.com.pk rrrLite ere 8 [aet Ed fb.com/office.com.pk Chapter, #13 ELECTROSTATICS Consider a metallic sphere places on an insulated stand. The sphere is neutral as it carries equal number of positvé and negative charges. Now bring a negatively charged rubber rod near the conducting sphere. As shown in Fig. left part of the sphere that is clése to the rod becomes positively charged while the right part that is away from the rod becomes negatively chatged . Negative charge in the rod repel: ative charge of the sphere and shifts it to the opposite region of the spneré 1s away from the rod. Thus there is » excess of positive charge in the region of sphere close to the rod while there is Netural Metal is placed on insulating stand excess of negative charge in the region)ofithe sphere away from the rod. But as a whole the sphere is still neutral. since No charge has been added or subtracted. Now if we remove: tht ‘away from the sphere, the charge -again will spread uniformly on the cei ice of the sphere. Now earth the sp! rough a conducting wire in the presence of the rod. The negative charge will flow to the earth and leaves the sphere with net positive charge. Now if we'fit k the earth connection and then remove the rod from the sphere it will get positive charge permanently. This process is called the electrostatic oe we © O¢ Unlike charges attract Q3. Explain charging the electroscope by electrostatic induction. Ans: Charging the Electroscope by Electrostatic induction: Electroscope can be charged by the process of electrostatic induction. In order. to produce positive charge on the electroscope, bring a negatively charged body-near the disk of the electroscope. www.office.com.pk www.facebook.com/office.com.pk rereSubject: Physics (10th) fi Ik Conact: +92 345 5282625 fb.com/office.com.pk ELECTROSTATICS Charging the electroscope positively. Positive charge will appear on the disk’ of ‘the electroscope’ while negative charges will shift to the leaves. Now connect the disk of electroscope to the earthed aluminum foil by.a conducting wire. Charge of the leaves will flow to the earth through the wire. Now if we first break the earth connéction andithen remove the rod the’ electroscope will be left with positive charge. Similarly electroscope can be charged negatively with the help of a positively charged rod, Electroscope can also be charged by the proess of conduction. Touch a Negatively charged rod with the disk of a neutral electroscope. Negative charge from the rod will transfer to the electroscope and will cause its leaves to diverge. Q4. Describe how you would determine conductors and insulators by using electroscope. Ans: Identifying Conductors and Insulators: . Electroscope can also be used to “distinguish between insulators and conductor Touch the disk of a charged électroscope with material under test. If the leaves collapse from their diverged position the body would be a good conductor. If there is no change in the divergence of the leaves, it will show that the-body under test is an insulator. Why leaves of charged electroscope diverge if you touch its disk with a metalyrod but they do ‘not diverge if you touch the disk with a rubber rod? Ans: Electroscope can also be used to distinguish between insulators and conductor. : i Touch the disk of a charged electroscope with material under test. If the leaves collapse from their diverged position the body would be a good conductor (metal rod). If there is no change in the divergence of the leaves, it will show that the body under test is an'insulator (rubber rod) Q5. Give the introduction of Coulomb's Law of electrostatic. Ans: Coulomb's Law: : We know that a force of attraction or repulsion acts between two charged bodies. How is this force affected when the quantity of the charge on the two bodies or the distance between them is changed? in order to find the answers of these questions, a French scientist Charles Coulomb (1736-1808) in 1785 experimentally www.office.com.pk www.facebook.com/office.com.pk PerrLite ere 8 Contd www. office.com.pk J Em E fb.com/ Chapter, #13 ELECTROSTATICS established the fundamental law of electric force between two stationary charged particles. Example 13.1: Two bodies are oppositely charged with 500 uC and 100 pC. Find the force between the two charges if the distance between them in air is 0.5m. Solution: Given, q; = 500 zC 500 x 10°§ C. : qz = 100 wC = 100 x 10-8 C, Distance between charges r = 0.5m Substituting these values in equation of Coulomb's law, we have __ 9x 109 Nm? c~? x500 x 1076 € x100 x1076 A (0.5m)? F = 1800.N \ R\\ On a dry day if you walk in a carpeted ran hd then touch some conductor you will get a small electric shock! you tell why does it happen? : 7 eo ‘A 0; ‘Ans: When you touch a conductor/doorknob ( thing else made of metal), which has a positive charge with few ele ‘extra electrons want to jump from you to the knob. That tiny, shock yo! is a result of the quick movement of these electrons. OR sebow nswer) : It is caused by static elect ic ch arges accumulated on our body due to friction while walking on a carpetiand you will get a small electric shock. In SI, the unit of cl \N is coulomb (C). It is equal to the charge of 6.25 x 10"* electrons. This.j big-unit. Usually charge is measured in micro coulomb. One micro coulomb isjequal to 10°C.” ss you mean by electric field lines? Give their properties also. ‘ield Lines: direction of electric field intensity in an electric field can also be represented by drawing lines. These lines are known as electric lines of force These lines were introduced by Michael Faraday. “The field lines are imaginary lines around a field charge with an arrow head indicating the direction of force. Properties of Electric Field Lines: i. Field lines always move away from positive charge but toward negative charge. Field lines are related to the electric field intensity in any region of space. The electric field intensity is tangent to the electric field lines at each point (Fig-a), The number of lines per unit area through a surface perpendicular to the lines is proportional to the electric field strength in a given region (Fig-b). Q6. wi Ans: www.office.com.pk www.facebook.com/office.com.pk ere)Lacey ete 8 Corry tere retB Conac ‘fh:com/office.com.pk Chapter, #13 ELECTROSTATICS Electric field js strong when ‘he fieid lines are close together and weak when the lines are far apar. No two field lines cross each other. Electric field lines for an isolated positive and negative point charges are: shown below: charge : point ete ne forsale sive ob hc atdas at NGA . ee lectric field lines for twe Ay and WZ point charges. ZN IS field lines for two positive point charges. EN WY Re Zit Nil Electric field lines for two negative point (IS www.office.com.pk www.facebook.com/office.com.pk Pere)Lite ere 8 Contd pavement laip e fb:com/ Chapter. #13 Variation of. magnitude of Coulomb force _ different magnitudes If ble the distance between two charges, w what will be the change it ce between the charges? Ans: mb's force F at a distance say ris MN oa By the given condition of the question the newdistance is 2r so. new Force F comes outto be a 1 Ky _ Ky Ky www.office.com.pk www.facebook.com/office.com.pk ree)Lite ere 8 fi Ik Email Ete fb.com/office.com.pk Chapter, #13 ELECTROSTATICS So force F' reduces to sth in case the distance between the two charges is ee | The electrostatic force acting on two charges each of 1 C Separated by 1m is about 9 x 10° N. This force is equal to the gravitational force that the Earth exerts on a billion- kilogram object at sea level. For Your Information \ example, the A tremendous range of field strengths exist in nature. oe doubled. electric field 30 cm away from a light bulb is roughly 5 NC”, whi a hydrogen atom experiences an électric field in the order atom's nucleus. the electron in NC" from the the’ pictorial represerita Electric field mapper are not physical entities. They are just used for of another physical quantity i.e. electric field at various Positions. ‘) e ws .A strong electric field exists in the vicinity of this “Faraday cage”. Yet the person inside the cage is not affected. Can you tell why? Ans: A Faraday cage operates because ain external static electrical field causes the electric charges within the cage’s conducting material to be distributed www.office.com.pk www.facebook.com/office.com.pk rereLite ere 8 Subject: www.offi ice.com.pk J Email EB fb:com/office.com.pk Chapter,#.13 such that they f tect cage’s :nterior {Electric field becomes zero inside the ‘nterior of Faraday’s cage’ This phenomenon is used, for era nic. equipment ‘rom lightning strikes and electrostatic discharges That. s wiy the ersor inside the cage 1s not affected : A Faraday cage is a t ure Thal prevents the entry or escape of. an electromagnetic (EV) . . Peete bats “Electric potential is a characteristic of the field of source and is independent of a test charge that may be placed in the field. But, potential energy is a characteristic of both the field and test charge. It is produced ae interaction of the field and the test "i placed in the field. _ Avoltage across a =r) such as capacitor, raha e v". meaning as the potential difference across the device! For instance suppose that the voltage across a capacitor is 12 V. it also means that t ‘ential difference between its plates is 12 V. 1 micro 1pF = 1x 10°F J nano inf = 1x 10 ow 1pF F Q7. « Whatis vice condenser), how does it store charge? Ans: Capacitor In order of Construction 9 It col Gps thin metal piates. paratie! to each other separated by a very smali gains am ce ur, between the :wo dlates is air or a sheet of some insulator. This medium is know? as dieie: . www.office.com.pk www.facebook.com/office.com.pk rereLite ere 8 Email Chapter,#.13 Storage of charge in capacitor: 4 od {£+Q. amount of charge is piate A of a paraile! plate capacitor, due to" X X arge on the inner surface of the plate. B and +Q on its outer surface. betiveen the olates have been shown, in ‘ * There exists a force of atiraction ihe charge +Q stored on the plate A and the charge -Q induced on thé inner surface of piate B. Due to this force of: attraction. the charges'are bound within the plates and remained stored for a long periods. . Due to presence of the charges on the plates, a potential ice Vis developed across them which are directly proportional to the charge. ited on the plate A. i Q«V “Xe Q=c0v \ Where C is the constant of proportionality called the capacitance of the capacitor Three factors affect the abiiity-of a iL Area of the plates A « C 2. Distance between the plates A 3. Type of insulator used between the piates. Example 13.2: The capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor is 100 uF. If the potential differen wee: its plates is 50 volts, find the quantity of - charge that capaci store. What will be the charge on each plate? Solution: Given that: Potentia! difference between the plates V = SOV Capacitance C = 70( 00 x 10°F Charge ea Using the, Q@=cv “AW Q = 100.x 10-8 F x SOV ; ‘arge on each plate will be 5 mC. vecause each plate has equal amount of charge. Capac Capacitors are manufactured -with different standard capacitances, and by combining them in series or in paralie!, we can get any desired value of the capacitance Example 13.3: Three capacitors with capacitances of 3. 0 HF, 4.0 uF, and 5.0 pF are arranged in parallel combination with a baitery of 6V. (1 uF = 10-¢ F). A. The total capacitance B. The voltage across the capacitors c The quantity of charge on each piate of the cee Solution: — Diagram is shown’on right www.office.com.pk www.facebook.com/office.com.pk Pree)Lite ere 8 Email Chapter,#.13 Total capacitance is given by Cog = C1 +0, + Cs Coq = 3.0 X'107 F + 4.0x 107 «fhe Bor Cog = B+ 445)X 10-8 F = axe1 o-6 Cog = 12 WE As three capacitors are connec aro parallel, the voltage across each capacitor will be same and is e Charge ona mea capi a=GV Q, = 3.0 x 108 = (3 x 6) x 107° FV Q, = 18 ne ee Similarly charge on ‘ca th Gapacitance C; and C; is 24.wC and 30 uC respectively ; si (irre x quivalent capacitance of parallel capacitors larger or smaller 1e capacitance of any individual capacitor in the cor i? * Ans: arallel combination of capacitors. equivalent capacitance is the sum of the individual capacitance. Hence equivalent: capacitance of parallel capacitors larger than the capacitance of any individual capacitor in the combination. Capacitors are connected in parallel to increase capacitance. Coq = Cpt Cp Cg Foe $Cn e voltage of the battery i.e. 6 V. Cy Capacitor stores energy in an electric field between two plates in the form of electrostatic potential energy ; www.office.com.pk www.facebook.com/office.com.pk Perr)Lite pete) Subject: www.offi ice.com.pk J [et CTrte fb:com/office.com.pk Chapter, #13 ELECTROSTATICS 7 Is the equivalent capacitance of series capacitors larger or smaller than the capacitance of any. individual capacitor in the combination? Ans:. ~he ‘ota! value * 2a es eauals the recioroca’ of the sum of the reciprocals of the ‘ndivicuai capacitances Capacitors are connected in series to decrease capacitance Hence ecuva Pacitance of parallel capacitors smaller than the capacitance of any :naividua! capacitor in the combination. . eee i Coq Cr. Cn . =f Q8. Derive the formula for the eq combination of a number of capacitors. Ans: Capacitors in Series: \ In this method the capacitors are connected side by the right plate of ‘one capacitor is connected to the left plate of the next cap @ p Series combination s the following characteristics harge across it If the battery supplies + Q of the capacitor (; due to induction ~) charge is induced charge on the lett plate of the capacitor C;1e ference across each capacitor 's different due to different acitances Thus. we can rep! ace series combination of capacitors with one equivalent capacitor having capacitance Cg ie www.office.com.pk www.facebook.com/office.com.pk Perr)Care retcer 5} ret Chapter. #13 tay In the case of n capacitors connected in series, we nave (i) Example 13.4: Three capacitors with capacitances of 3.0 pF, 4.0 pF, and 5.0 uF are arranged in series combination to a battery of 6V, Where 1 BE =10°°F. Find > The totai capacitance of, tne seri The quantity of charge acros: e The voltage across each cé al Solution: (a) Degen is is om on "0 ! aaa ae OV) (1.3x 10° F) = 7.8 uC . o- TBA EC Voltage across capacitor ¢, = vy SUIO-wE Voltage across capacitor v, voitage across capacitor ¢., = www.office.com.pk www.facebook.com/office.com.pk PerrLite ere 8 Email Chapter,#.13 www.office.com.pk www.facebook.com/office.com.pk Perr rs) All of these devices are eapacitors_ which store electric cae energy. [Point to Ponder] SSS Capacitor blocks dc but allows ac to pass ugh a circuit. How does this happen? Ans: When used in a direct current or DC. fl capacitor charges up to its supply voltage but blocks the flow of currer rough it because the dielectric of a capacitor is non-conductive and basically sulator. However, when a capacitor is d connected to an-alternating current or AC the flow of the current appears to pass straight through the capacitor with littié or no resistance. AC appears to flow because the capacitor is constantly charging*and discharging e Lr sy How would w dtepend 500,000 pounds of water in the air with no visible means of si :? (Hint: build a’cloud!) . Ans: When the nitude of the drag force on the water in. air droplet becomes there are often air currents moving upward into clouds that help Addi a to suspen articles in air. re suspend 500,000 pounds of water in the air with no visible means of supportcan be suspended equal to its sie roplet then the het force acting on the droplet is zero. OR (Second Answer) Drag force, or the force of air friction for a falling body. increases with speed. A falling object will reach a speed at which the force of air friction will be equal to. and opposite the force of gravity. At that point, the object will no longer accelerate. Therefore suspend 500,000 pounds of water in tne air with no visible means of support can be suspended. . Q9. . Discuss application of static electricity in spray painting. Ans: Spray painting: Automobile manufacturers use static electricity to paint new cars. The body of car is charged and then the paint is given the opposite chargé by charging the nozzle, of the sprayer.Lite ere 8 [aet Ed fb.com/office.com.pk Chapter, #13 ELECTROSTATICS Due to mutual repulsion charge particies coming out of the nozzie form a fine mist and are evenly distributed on the surface of the object, The charged paint particles are attracted to the car and stick to the body. just like a charged balloon sticks to a wall. Once the paint dries, it sticks much’better to the car and is smoother because it is uniformly distributed. This is ‘2 very effective, efficient and economical way of painting automobiles on iarge scale Conveyor | | Fairtouse Small particle autom izat'p' i Schematic diagram of elect Car is negatively charged ai ‘ay gun is positively charged. ge tliey repel aud give a fine mist of spray. ° Noire electricity can spark a-fire or explosions. Care must be taken to avoid sparks when putting fuel in cars or aircratt Spark may be produced due to friction between the fuel and the pipe. This can cause'a serious explosion. The spark can be avoided if the pipe nozzie is made to conduct by connecting an earthing strap to nects the pipe to the ground it. The earthing strap con For Your Information The energy in lightning is enougn to crack bricks and stone in unprotected buildings, and destroy electrical equipments inside. Each bolt of lightning contains about 1000 million joules of energy! “his energy is enough to boil a kettle Continuously for about two weeks. A flash of lightening is brighter than 10” light bulbs each of 100 watt. : www.office.com.pk www.facebook.com/office.com.pk Peer)tea off ice.com.pk J Lite ere 8 Subject: www.ot Email Conact: fb.com/office.com.pk Chapter, #13 ELECTROSTATICS A |) For Your Information | ———_—____._____}} During flight. boay of aeroplane gets charged. As the aeroplane lands, this charge is transferrec to ground anc the cnarge cf sparking is eliminatea while fuel is filled in it : Electric cnarges are ot two types, positive ¢ and negative cnarge. Like charges repel each otner ana unlike charges attract each other. Electrostatic induction is tne proces 4 ging, a conductor without any to the product of the charges and @ of the distance between . them charged bodies 1s directly prop. inversely proportional tc . Mathematically it is given aN F = #4 Electric fiela is nS of space surrounaing a charged body in which a 1 contact with the cnarging boay Coulomb's law states that the force\of\attraction or repuision between two 1 point charge c: lence a force Electric potentia!\at any point in the field is defined as the work done in moving a unit live charge from infinity to that point. Unit of potential is voit wnict €qual to one joule of work gone in moving one coulorhb of thi of a capacitor to store electric charge. Its S! unit is farad (F). If one coulomb of positive charge given to one of the plates of the capacitor develops a potential aifference of one volt then its capacitance will be one farad The equivaient capacitance ¢,, of a paraliel combination of n capacitors 1s given by positi }¢ from infinity to that point on device which is used to store electric charge. Capacitance is The equivalent capacitance v,,. 0 given by Pres www.office.com.pk www.facebook.com/office.com.pkSubject: Physics (10th) fi Ik Conact: +92 345 5282625 fb.com/office.com.pk Chapter, #13 ELECTROSTATICS MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS - Choose the correct answer from the following choices: i. A positive electric charge ‘ A. attracts other positive charge B. _ repels ‘other positive charge st attracts a neutra! charge D: repe's a neutral charge An object gains excess negative charge after being rubbed against another object, which is: A. i B. negatively charged positively charged D. - eithera Dore Two uncharged objects A and B are rubbed against.each other. When object B is placed near- a negatively charged’ object C, the two objects repel each other. Which of these’ statements is true about object A? A. > remains uncharged B. "becomes positively charged c becomes negativeiy charged, D. unpredictable When you rub a plastic rod against your hair several times and put it near some bits of paper, the pieces of papers are attracted towards it. What does this observation indicate? A. the roa and the paper are oppositely charged B. the rod acquires a posit'vé charge C. the fod and the paperthaye the same cnarges. D. the rod acquires a negative charge According to Coulomb's law, what happens to the attraction of two oppositely charged Objects as their distance of separation incréases? A. ncreases ; _ B. decreases €. remains unchanged D. cannot be determined The Coulomb's law is valid for the charges which are A. moving and point charges BB. ~—— moving and non-point charges C. | Stationary and point charges D. stationary and large size charges A positive and a negative charge are initially 4 cm apart. When they are moved closer together so that they are now only 1.cm apart, the force between them is A. 4 times smalier than before’ B. 4 times /arger than before C. — Etimesiargerthan before DD. 16 times larger than before Five joules of work is needed to shift 10 C of charge from one place to another. The potential difference between the places is A 05V B.. 2V CSV, Dd. 10V Two charged spheres are separated by 2 mm. Which of the following would produce the greatest attractive force? A. | +1qand +4q B. ~1g and ~ 4q Cc. +#2q and +2q D. . +2q ahd +2q www.office.com.pk www.facebook.com/office.com.pk Peswww. www.office.com.pk J fb:com/ Electric field lines . A. always cross-each other B. never cross éach other c. cross each other.in the region of strong field D. cross.each other in the region of weak field xi. Capacitance is defined as’ A VC B. QN GDL QUE TIO 5 13.1. How can you show by simple pe that there are two types of electric charges? Ans: Production of Electric Charges:" We can produce electric charge bing a neutral body with another neutral body. The following activities ony we can produce two types of electric charges through the process of rub! Activity: oo Take aplastic rod. Rub it with fur’and suspend it horizontally by a silk thread (Fig) Now take another plastic rod, rub it with fur and bring near to the suspended rod. We will observe that s th is will repel each other. It means during the rubbing both the rods were | 7 * Support sf Silk thread yw Fs ne rod Pv Two plastic rods rubbed with fur repel each other. Activity: Now take a glass rod and rub it with silk and suspend it horizontally. When we bring the plastic rod rubbed with fur near to the suspended glass rod, we observe that both the rods attract each other (Fig). In the first activity, both rods are of plastic and both of them have been rubbed with fur. Therefore, we assume that charge on both rods would be of the same kind. www.office.com.pk www.facebook.com/office.com.pk Pree)Lite ere 8 fi Ik Email Ete fb.com/office.com.pk Chapter, #13 ELECTROSTATICS Supzert Sik enreag ; F Plastic rod rubbed with fur and glass rod rubbed with silk attract e, Result: in the second activity, rods, are unlike and their attracti ly that charge ‘on the two rods are not of the same kind but of opposite nati These apposite charges are conventionally called po: d negative charge. 13.2. Describe the method of charging bodies rostatic induction. Ans: Activity: Bring two metal spheres A and Band place'|them on an insulating stand as shown in Fig-a. Now bring a positively charged rot sphere A as shown in Fig- b. Rod will attract negative charge t and repel positive charge away from it. Negative charge will be develop. fe left surface of the sphere A which is close to the rod. While positive charge will be developed on the right surface of the sphere B. Now separate the spheres by i distance while the rod is still near the sphere A. The two spheres wil ppositely charged and. attract each other as shown in Fig-c. Remove the r¢ le charges on spheres rearrange themselves as shown in Fig-d. 2 Now separate the ‘Spheres by a large distance. The charges are uniformly és of the spheres as shown in Fig-e. Charging two spheres by electrostatic induction In this process, an equal and opposite charge will be developed on each metal sphere. This is charging by induction: * 13.3. How does electrostatic induction differ from charging by friction? Ans: _ Le conmes | Transforming Charges | Objects become charged when electrons are | 1 location to another. _——| fubbing. 2 “Charging By | Electrons transfer from object that has negative | ___Conduction__, charges to positive charge object. www.office.com.pk www.facebook.com/office.com.pk PeersLite ere 8 Email Chapter,#.13 Charging by Induction _ Static Discharge Three methods of charging "Charging By. Friction Example Charging by Conduction Example Charging by Induction Example: 13.4. What is gold leaf electroscope? Discuss its w labelled-diagram. Ans: fb:com/office.com.pk ELECTROSTATICS Electrons move to one part of an object because it is in the electric field of another object. : "The loss of static has negative.charge transfer from _ one objest-to anotner. " Fricon. Conduction and.Induction * Clothes rubbing together in a dryer. feet rubbing on _a caroet. “Foot pecomes cnarged dy friction becomes charged because it has cont Electrons on fingertips oo doorknob to move away. leavin: positive charge. i aN ict rons on with a Oo witha Gold leaf electroscope: The goid leaf electroscope is sensitive nsteget for detecting charges. Constriction: It consists of a brass rod with a bra gold foil hanging at the bottom. The rod the leaves through the rod. A thin alu the inside of the jar. Usually, the al wire. This protects the leaves from t ~fod in place and also retains the va Working principle: Working princi t the top and two thin leaves of hrough an insulator that keeps the es.can move freely from the disk to i! is attached on the lower portion of : foil is grounded by connecting a copper e external electrical disturbances Te Brass disk Ground Aluminium foil Uncharged electroscope le of gold taf electroscope is electrostatic induction 13.5. Suppose you have a glass rod which becomes positively charged * when you rub it with wool. Describe how would you: charge the electroscope (i) negatively (ii) positively Ans: (i) “Similarly electroscope can be charged negatively with the help of a positively charged rod www.office.com.pk www.facebook.com/office.com.pk Perr)Lite ere 8 [aet a fb.com/office.com.pk Chapter, #13 ELECTROSTATICS Touch a2 negatively charged rod with the disk of a neutral electroscope. Negative charge from the rod will crarsfer to the electroscope and will cause its teaves to diverge (ii) in order to produce cositive charge on the electroscope. bring a negatively charged body near the disk of the electrosccve. Charging the electroscope positivel . Positive charge will appear on the disk of the roscope while negativ charges will shift to the leaves. 13.6. With the help of electroscope hor res find presence of charge ona body. Ans: Detecting the Presence of Cha: i In order to detect the presence ‘on anybody. bring the body near the disk of an uncharged electroscop body is neutral there will be no defiection of the leaves. But if the :body”is’ positively or negatively charged, the leaves of the electroscope diver example; if the body is negatively charged then due. to electrostatic indu positive charge will appear on the disk while negative charge will appear. e leaves. The leaves of electroscope repel each other and diverge because \each leave gets similar charge. The divergence of leaves will depend on|the amount of charge Charging the electroscope negatively 13.7. Describe how you would determine the nature of the charge on a .body by using electroscope. Ans: Detecting the Type or Nature of Charge: For the detection of type of charge on a-body, eléctroscope is first charged either positively or negatively. Suppose the electroscope is positively charged as explained before. Now in order to detect the type of charge on a body, ‘bring the charged body near the disk of the positively charged electroscope. If the divergence www.office.com.pk www.facebook.com/office.com.pk Per rs)Lite ere 8 Contd www.office.com.pk J laip E fb:com/ Chapter,#.13 of the leaves increases, the body carries positive charge. On the other hand if the divergence decreases, the body has negative charge. . charge on body 13.8. Explain Coulomb’s law of electrostatics and write its + form. : Ans: Coulomb's Law: & The force of attraction or repulsion between. two jarges is directly proportional to the product of the quantity. of charges al rsely proportional to the square of the distance between them. og Mathematical form of Coulomb's Law: FQ G2 Fos! Combining Equation, (i) and‘(ii), we get Fe ne u .. (iii) Equation (iii) is known as Ci ae where F is the force betwee \e Wo. charges and is called the Coulomb force, q, and q,are the quantiti two charges and r is the distance between the centre of two charges. Note: Now if the rece units will be 9x 10° Nr een the two charges is air then the value of k in SI Attraction between opposite charges Repulsion between similar charges 13.9. What is meant by electric field and electric intensity? Ans: Electric Field: The electric field is a region around a charge in which it exerts electrostatic force on another charges. Electric Field Intensity: The strength of an electric field a at any point in space is known as electric field intensity. BE: 0) FE no www.office.com.pk www.facebook.com/office.com.pk Perr)Lite ere 8 Contd www.office.com.pk J laip E fb:com/ Chapter, #13 ELECTROSTATICS Phas the electric field intensity at any point is defi: ined-as the force acting on ‘a unit positive charge placed at that point. Unit of Electric Field Intensity: SI unit of electric intensity is NC~* . A charge is placed at a distance 13.10. Is electric intensity a vector qi ¥ tric intensity being a force i: quantity. Its direction is the same as that f the force acting on the posit charge. If the test charge is free to move, it will always move in the dire ctric intensity. 13.11.How would you defi difference between two points? Define its unit. e Ans: Potential Differen We define potential. rence between two points as: The energy suppl y a unit charge as it moves from one point io the other in the direction of the field. —. Unit of Potential nce: : Electric ter tial is a scalar quantity. Its SI unit is volt which is equal to JC~?. Volt: \ joule of work is done against the electric field in bringing oné coulomb positi ‘om infinity to a point in the electric field then the potential at that point ‘one volt. . if the potential energy of one coulomb of charge at a point in the electric field is one joule, the potential of that point will be one volt. 13.12,Show that potential difference can be described as energy transfer per unit charge between the two points. Ans: Potel Difference as Energy Transfer: Electric potential.at a point in an electric field is equal to the amount af work done in bringing a uhit positive charge from infinity that at point. If W is the Work done in moving a unit positive charge from infinity to a certain point in the field, the electric potential V at this point would be given by oi i www.office.com.pk www.facebook.com/office.com.pk Perr)