CHAPTER l

INTRODUCTION

This chapter introduces the use of solenoid engines and what it is all

about. It will also show the main objectives of the project and what are the

problems that the researchers had in mind throughout the whole process of

making this project.

Background of the Study

For most people, they use a car, bus, and other modes of

transportation to travel from one place to another. But have you ever

wonder what goes on inside these automobiles and how it works? The

engine is the heart of an automobile. It is a complex machine built to

convert heat from burning gas into the force that turns the road wheels, In

layman’s term, it is a machine for converting thermal energy into

mechanical energy or power to produce force and motion.

While new drilling technologies and oil reserves are taking the

pressure off gasoline prices and peak production issues, demand for

alternative fuel vehicles continues to grow. Environmental concerns and

government regulations have made finding substitutes for the conventional

gasoline-powered internal combustion engine a priority for both

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manufacturers and consumers. Depending on considerations like usage

patterns, efficiency, and cost, there are at least a dozen substitutes for

gasoline as a motor fuel, including electricity, natural gas, vegetable oil,

and even sunlight. Even the most promising ones like natural gas are

handicapped by the same thing, a lack of infrastructure for refueling or

recharging.

With other alternative types of engines rising from these

environmental problems, solenoid engines are one of these alternatives.

What exactly is a solenoid engine? A solenoid is a coil of wire that acts as a

magnet while carrying an electric current. It is a cylindrical coil wound into a

tightly packed helix. Solen means “pipe, the channel’ and eidos means

“form, shape” in Greek. Andre-Marie Ampere, a French physicist invented

the term solenoid. The core material that is used in the solenoid is

ferromagnetic in nature such as magnetic lines of flux that are

concentrated, which increases the inductance of the coil. The magnetic flux

can be seen outside the coil near the end of the core material but most of

the flux is present within the core material. Whenever electric current is

supplied to conductor a surrounding magnetic field is set up at its surface

and it works as an electromagnet. The electromagnetic force is depending

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upon the current flowing through the coil and the number of turns that

wound on the coil.

In an automobile ignition system, the starter solenoid functions as a

relay, bringing metal contacts into place to close a circuit. The starter

solenoid receives a small electric current when the car's ignition is

activated, usually by the turn of the key. The magnetic field of the solenoid

then pulls on the contacts, closing the circuit between the car's battery and

the starter motor. It requires a constant flow of electricity in order to

maintain the circuit, but because the engine is self-powering once started,

the solenoid is inactive most of the time (Nicholson, 2018).

With this information in mind, we now know how a solenoid engine

work and we will now move on to how this will function as an alternative

engine to an automobile.

Objectives of the Study

The following are the researchers’ objectives for this study:

1. To know how the solenoid engine performs as an alternative

engine.

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 2. To know the difference of solenoid engine from conventional

engines.

3. To know if a solenoid engine is more efficient than conventional

engines.

Statement of the Problem

This project aims to determine whether a piston and cylinder type

solenoid engine would work efficiently and how it could be incorporated into

future vehicles in order to lessen the use of fossil fuels and other non-

renewable fuel sources. These are the problems stated below:

1. How does the solenoid engine perform as an alternative engine?

2. How are solenoid engines different from conventional engines?

3. Are solenoid engines more efficient than conventional engines

when applied to a life-size automobile?

Hypothesis

The researchers have assumed that a solenoid engine can be used

as an alternative form of engine reducing the use of internal combustion

and natural gases. The researchers have also assumed that the solenoid

engine will be able to perform efficiently close to conventional ones.

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Significance of the Study

The results from this project would have an impact to the following

establishments, people, and surroundings stated below and it would be a

good reference for future studies and/or researches that revolves around

the topic of solenoid engines and other alternative types of engines that

reduces the use of natural gases.

Industries. This project would help industries in making a solenoid

engine that will be an alternative form of an engine that will lessen the cost

of transportation and revolutionize the nature of machinery.

Environment. This project would benefit the environment and its

surroundings because the utilization of a solenoid engine will lessen the

use of natural gas and will lessen the emission of pollutants in the air.

Students. This project would help students in being informed about

another type of engine that is an alternative to the traditional combustion

engine used at the moment. This will provide the students with a new

insight into alternative engineering. They could then generate more

thoughts and ideas that would make a solenoid engine more efficient than it

is now.

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 Future Researchers: This project would help the future researchers

that would be tackling the topic of solenoid engines, alternative engines,

and the use of environment-friendly alternatives for automobiles.

Definition of Terms

Alternative Engine. These are engines that function on fuels other

than traditional petroleum and gasoline but rather an electricity, solar

power, and the likes. This term is used in this project because a solenoid

engine is part of this group of engines.

Conventional Engine. These are engines that are widely and

commonly used in automobiles manufactured nowadays like an internal

combustion engine, external combustion engine, and many more. This term

is used as a basis for comparison for the performance of a solenoid engine.

Ferromagnetic. An object (e.g. iron, nickel) having a high

susceptibility to magnetization, the strength of which depends on that of the

applied magnetizing field, and which may persist after removal of the

applied field.

Internal Combustion Engine. This is an engine that generates

motive power by the burning of gasoline, oil, or other fuel with air inside the

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engine, the hot gases produced being used to drive a piston or do other

work as they expand. This is classified as a conventional engine.

Magnetic Flux. This is a measurement of the total magnetic field

which passes through a given area. It is a useful tool for helping describe

the effects of the magnetic force on something occupying a given area.

This term is used in the project because this plays an important part in how

a solenoid engine works.

Solenoid Engine. This is defined as the engine that works by

passing electricity through the coils which makes the pistons to move back

and forth due to electromagnetism. This is the main topic for this project

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 CHAPTER II

METHODOLOGY

Materials

Wood Pieces

Quantity: 1 Board

Cost: 10 SR

Copper Wire

Quantity: 2 rolls or 1

Cost: 10 SR

Copper Rod

Quantity: 1

Cost: 5 SR

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Screws

Quantity: At least 10

Cost: 5 SR

9V Batteries

Quantity: 2

Cost: 10 SR

Neodymium Magnets

Quantity: 2

Cost: 40 SR

Cylinders/Syringe (10ml)

Quantity: 2
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Cost: 2 SR

Toy Wheel

Quantity: 4

Cost: 0 SR

Project Design

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Procedure

1. Cut pieces of wood.

2. Drill holes on the wood.

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3. Coil the cylinders/syringe with copper wires.

4. Make a crankshaft using the copper rod.

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5. Make pistons from wooden pieces and screws.

6. Install the magnets over the pistons.

7. Assemble the crankshaft.

8. Assemble the frame of the engine.

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 9. Make and fix adjustments.

10. Apply the chassis and the wheels.

11. Install wirings and the batteries.

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Result

The project is innovative enough, especially on a bigger scale.

Several components are able to be replaced with more composite

materials. A minimal error was observed, although a scarcity of a significant

component led the researchers into a minor problem.

CHAPTER III

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 DATA AND ANALYSIS

Based on the finding of the results, the data that the prototype has given

are presented below.

The prototype was able to function well but it can’t travel a great

distance because of the materials that the researchers used. The

researchers also found out that this type of engine functions well on a

smaller scale but it is performing quite poorly when functioning in a real

automobile, hence the reason why it isn’t being used by big industries as of

now. This type of engine would be made more efficient when we can find or

produce something that would make the power generated by a solenoid

engine greater and make it efficient to use when applied to an automobile

of the future.

1. How does the solenoid engine perform as an alternative engine?

A solenoid engine performs as an alternative engine with the use of

magnetism. As electric current is passed through the coils of the solenoid,

the magnetic field is created. The strength and magnitude of the magnetic

field are determined by how many coils the solenoid features. In solenoids,

the armature is movable: therefore, as the voltage is passed through the

coils, the armature moves to increase the flux linkage.

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2. How are solenoid engines different from conventional engines?

Solenoid engines differ from conventional engines because it

operates because of magnetism and not the traditional petroleum and

gasoline conventional engines like an external or internal combustion

engine utilizes. Thus, solenoid engines are less likely to be a pollutant and

it is an environment-friendly alternative for an automobile’s engine.

3. Are solenoid engines more efficient than conventional engines

when applied to a life-size automobile?

Solenoid engines are more efficient than conventional engines when

applies to a small scale automobile but it highly depends on the magnet

used. If industries were to use a weak magnet for their solenoid engine, this

would make the engine perform weaker and be inefficient than a solenoid

engine with a stronger magnet.

CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

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CONCLUSION

The researchers have concluded that the engine was able to reduce

the cause of pollution inducing factors in the environment, the researchers

were also able to determine whether the engine is efficient or not and the

researchers were able to verify that the prototype can produce power over

a period of time.

1. The Solenoid engine causes zero air pollution thus reducing

factors that affect our atmosphere.

2. This type of engine requires less torque but can produce more

power over time; the reaction time for this engine is very quick.

3. The ergonomics of the piston could be improved to further enhance

the performance of the engine thus improving the prototype.

4. The Solenoid engine could pave the way to completely eliminating

the use of pollution inducing engines.

5. The Solenoid engine could maximize the use of magnets in

industrial places and car manufacturing.

RECOMMENDATIONS

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 The researchers have come with the following recommendations after

observation of the prototype which could improve the overall performance

of the model.

1. You can use a battery with the least volt but will still be able to start

the engine.

2. The researchers recommend that the overall design of the engine

could be altered to make the engine more efficient in some areas.

3. The frame of the engine could be swapped with more durable

material to prolong the efficiency of the prototype.

4. The researchers recommend a magnet with stronger magnetism to

maximize the movement of the pistons.

5. The researchers recommend a crankshaft that is more stable so

that the rotation causes less vibration to the prototype.

CHAPTER V

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

SOLENOID ENGINE

https://byjus.com/physics/solenoid-engine/

HOW CAR ENGINES WORK

https://auto.howstuffworks.com/engine.htm

SOLENOID ENGINE

http://ijaerd.com/papers/special_papers/EE013%20Solenoid%20Engine.pdf

WHAT IS A SOLENOID?

https://sciencing.com/what-solenoid-4902174.html

TYPES OF ENGINE

https://www.mechanicalbooster.com/2016/08/different-types-of-engine.html

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