MWENGE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY

( MWECAU)

COURSE TITLE: EDUCATION RESEARCH METHODS

COURSE CODE: EDU 203

COURSE INSTRUCTOR: A. CHIDYAU

NATURE OF WORK: GROUP WORK

DATE OF SUBMISSION:

PARTICIPANTS

S/N NAMES REG NO SIGN

01 JOVIN NICO NICODEMOS T/DEG/2018/0317

02 JOFRAY MKUFU T/DEG/2018/0568

03 PAULO D MTWEVE T/DEG/2018/0368

04 ELPIDIUS RWEGOSHORA T/DEG/2018/0013

05 IDDA. SIGFRID T/DEG/2018/0453

06 ESTER K MADUKU T/DEG/2018/0137

07 Lucy A MWAILIMA T/DEG/2018/0512

08 LUCIANA A MHAGAMA T/DEG/2018/0532

09 GODIFUREI F SYEBHEGERE T/DEG/2018/0428

10 SAIMON S KABOTE T/DEG/2018/0566

11 JOSEPH M MATHAYO T/DEG/2018/0082

12 JOSHUA MBANGA T/DEG/2018/0396

13 WILLY BRUNO T/DEG/2018/0270

14 SARAPHINA A MLALI T/DEG/2018/0052

INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE PROBLEM

Education is the foundation of optimal utilization of resources through development of human

capital. Free education refers to the government effort to make education more accessible by making
parents not to pay tuition fees (Paul, 2017). Free education is the education funded through government
spending or charitable organization rather than tuition funding. This free education leads to inadequate
of public school budget which makes the school not to fulfill the needs like building laboratories,
libraries and improving infrastructure like sports and games grounds. Free education will make it easier
and less costly for these children to enrol in school thus accelerating overcrowding (Paul,2017).
Additional 2,670 classrooms were needed to accommodate additional 93518 students joining form one
in 2016.

Similarly 27,000 additional teachers were needed at secondary school levels to cope with the increase in
enrolment. Not only this but additional books and others teaching and learning materials were also
required to be purchased. The situation seems to have worsened in 2017 as shown by a front page
report in the citizen newspaper of 9th January 2017.This free education has the impact on the adequacy
of teaching and learning materials in which Head teachers report on the ratio of textbooks to students in
their schools. They report that many schools care not yet to achieve a ratio of 1 textbook to 2 students
which is accepted ideal (Paul, 2017). However , Headteachers are positive that if the government
continued to give support to schools to acquire teaching and learning materials, the situation in public
schools would improve tremendously and in the long run , 1 textbook to 1 student ratio can be attained.
Most schools had over enrolled more than 55 students per stream 45 which is against the ministry of
education policy making it had for required ratio to be achieved.

This year marked five years since the introduction of free education policy in Tanzania.

The policy which meant to remove all forms of fees and contributions in government schools came along
with the immediate release of Tanzania shillings 18 billion to support its implementation . (The citizen,
2018). However, indirect cost such as school and sports uniforms and other scholastic materials remain
a parents duty to provide.

This study will explore the influence of school budget on students performance on public secondary
schools in Moshi Municipality

Moshi is a municipality and capital of Kilimanjaro region in the north eastern Tanzania , As is 2017 the
municipality has an estimated population of 201,150 and a population density of 3409 persons per Km2 .
according to MoEVT, 2015 the leading schools with good performance in Kilimanjaro region were the
well-established private schools and the aged government schools, formerly owned by the central
government . This is due to adequate school budget which is donated and raised by sponsors and fees
collected from students. Majority of the poor perforers were the community based secondary schoools
which were built by the parents with subsidy from the government through Secondary Education
Development Programme (SEDP) and run by the government through local governments . (Njiu, 2016).
Now the government is providing budget to schools in which most of them are inadequate making them
not to run their activities so as to improve students performance. Out of 344 schools in Kilimanjaro
region 09 were aged secondary schools, 209 community based secondary schools and 126 private
schools and seminaries. Some of the schools in Kilimanjaro ranked among the best schools in Tanzania
(NECTA, 2010) but others were among the very weak ones , naturally . One would like to know the
factors for such performance

Table 1:1: secondary schools in Kilimanjaro region

Nature of schools Number of schools

Aged government secondary schools 09

Community based secondary schools 209

Private schools and seminaries 126

Total 344

Source: North Eastern Zonal Chief Inspectors of schools

(Aremu, 2000), poor academic performance has been observed in schools especially in science among
secondary schools students, also (Adesernowo, 2005), stresses that academic future is not only
frustrating to the students and parents its effects of equally grave on the society interms of death of
man power in all spheres of science. Determinant of student performance have been the subject of on
going debate among educators , academic and policy makers since different people at different time
have passed the blame of poor performance in secondary school level. ( Vumbi, 2013), However Aremu
and (Sokan, 2003), arque that low retention , parental factor, association with wrong peers, low
achievement , low motivation and poor attendance of lesson are factors that affecting poor
performance to students in Nigeria . But in this study examine the contribution of school budget in
performance in Tanzania at public secondary schools in Moshi Municipality.

Inadequate of public school budget affects students during the learning process hence their
performance in many ways like the overcrowded classrooms and schools have consistently been linked
to increased levels of aggression in students.

Overcrowded classrooms are also associated with decreased levels of student engagement and
therefore decreased levels of learning. ( America journal of evaluation, 2020). Alternatively , classrooms
with ample space are more conducive providing appropriate learning environments for students and
associated with increased students engagement and learning. Classroom space is particularly relevant
with the current emphasis on 21st century learning such as insuring students can works in teams ,
problem solving, and communicate effectively.

Classrooms with adequate space to reconfigure seating arrangement facilitate the use of different
teaching methods that are alligned to 21st century skills creating private study areas as well as smaller
learning centers reduce visual and auditory interruptions and is positively related to student
development and archievement (Kelly, 2019) Teachers feel the brunt of educational budget cuts in many
ways. In a field that , during good times, about 20% of teachers leave the profession in the first three
years, budget cut mean less incentive for educators to continue teaching . ways that budget cuts harm
teachers and accordingly their students are such as less pay. Obviously, this is a big one . Lucky teachers
will just have their pay raises reduced to close to nothing. (Ratcliffe, 2017) Free education is going to
raise student numbers that means that class sizes rise and teacher work load rises. The problem with
that is that we are already seeing on exodus from the profession because teachers work more unpaid
overtime than any other profession . This is due to inadequate of public school budget. But also if you
are teaching larger classes, that's more assessment. It's hard work on top of an already very punishing
workload . ( Kelly, 2019). With less money, schools often cut the school-wide technology. Teacher and
Media specialists who have researched and asked for specific products or items will find that these will
not be available for their use. But also many teachers only have outdate textbooks to give their
students. Its not unusual for a teacher to have a social studies textbooks that is 10 to 15 years old. In
Tanzanian History, this would mean that two or more Presidents have not even been mentioned in the
text. Geography teachers often complain about having textbooks that are so outdated that they aren't
even worth giving to their students. Textbooks are very expensive so schools facing major cuts will often
hold off on getting new texts or replacing lost texts. Public school budget cuts translate into higher costs
for parents (Chen, 2009). Budget cuts are now impacting parent's pocket books. Parents are required to
pay for certain school supplies ranging from printed work sheets to even textbooks. The costs of new
textbooks, classroom materials and even handouts can result in massive school expenses. Subsequently,
many public schools are now requiring students to purchase their own materials and books. As a result,
many families may be forced to increase their educational spending to meet their child's classroom
needs. While parents are not thrilled to be increasingly asked to pay for their children's school
resources, they recognise it isn't the schools fault these requests are being made. Instead they blame
the government for its inaction when it comes to solving . The school funding crisis .On Mumsnet , the
online forum "by parents for parents". Mothers and fathers have been supporting one another as more
schools started asking them for money to pay for their children's resources. Even if they object to the
principle of it, no parent on Mumsnet said they refused to pay. One parent commenting in the forum
pointed out that , due to funding issues , reacrs won't be able to receive adequate training anymore
including first aid.

Researchers are challenging the effectiveness of free education on Tanzania. It is noted that parents ,
students and school administration are affected by inadequate school budget due to free education.

1:2 Statement of the problem

The problem of this study is inadequate of public school budget in Moshi Municipality.

Inadequate of public school budget is the situation where by money offered by the government of
Tanzania to public schools so as to run academic activities do not meet the needs such as Laboratories,
Library, books , chalks and payment of part time teachers .(Strautss, 2018) people who don't believe in a
Link between funding and student achievement won't listen to teachers on the ground who can tell
them otherwise . For instance before free education in Tanzania 2015/2016 the performance was about
51% and after free education in Tanzania 2016/2017 the total performance was about 48% (ESPR, 2018)
The community of Moshi Municipality needs to be successful in academic performance , so if the
problem not addressed will affect the performance of the students in public schools in Moshi
Municipality.

According to (Carhart, 2016) focused only on the effect teacher characteristics on students
outcomes, their results also contradicted assentation money had no effect on students outcomes, they
research found positive association between student achievement and four teachers characteristics that
where direct related to school expenditures . teachers verbal achievement scores , length of experience,
salary, and professional development. Due to this researcher proposed that Education system must
include multiple measure of accountabilities that account for schools outputs and priorities. In this work
we are going to deal with how inadequate of public school budget influences students performance.

The population of Moshi Municipality 201,150 and a population density of 3409 person's per Km2
according to census of 2016.in this work we are going to address the problem and proposing possible
solutions.

1:3 Research questions

1. What are factors determine public school budget?

2. What challenges teacher facing due to inadequate of public school?

3. How does public school budget affects students performance?

4. What are the parents contributions towards public school budget?

5. What are the roles played by the government towards public school budget?
 6. What are the possible solutions to minimize inadequate of public school budget?

1:4 HYPOTHESIS

Ho. There is no relationship between public school budget and students performance.

H1. There is significance relationship between public school budget and students performance.