Introduction

A igroup iof ipersons iorganized ito iacquire iand iexercise ipolitical ipower iis icalled ia iPolitical iParty.
(Maurice Duverger, 2019). iAlmost ievery istate iirrespective iof iits isize irequires ia iversion iof
i political istructure ito ismoothly irun ithe istate. iIn imodern iworld, iwhere ivalues iof iliberty iand iequality
i are icherished, ipolitical iparties iperform ia ipivotal irole. iPolitical iparties imay idiffer iin isize, istructure
i and iorientation, ibut ithey ishare isame igoal- ito iacquire iand iexercise ipower. iPolitical iparties iare
i organizations ithat imobilize ivoters ion ibehalf iof ia icommon iset iof iinterests, iconcerns, iand igoals. iIn
i many inations, iparties iplay ia icrucial irole iin ithe idemocratic iprocess. iThey iformulate ipolitical iand
i policy iagendas, iselect icandidates, iconduct ielection icampaigns, iand imonitor ithe iwork iof itheir
i elected irepresentatives. iPolitical iparties ilink icitizens iand ithe igovernment, iproviding ia imeans iby
i which ipeople ican ihave ia ivoice iin itheir igovernment. (Cliffsnotes.com)

There iare imany iparty isystems iin idifferent icounties ideemed isuitable ithere iinto. iType iof iparty
i system iin ireality iplays ilittle irole iin idevelopment iof ia ination. iUnited iStates iwith iits itwo iparty
i system, iChina iwith iits ione iparty isystem, iand iFrance iwith imulti-party isystem iare iall iexamples iof
i it. i

Pakistan iinherited iits imulti-party iand iparliamentary isystem ifrom iBritish iRaj. iHowever, iPakistan
i has inever ienjoyed icontinual ifruits iof ia ihealthy idemocracy. iNevertheless, iit ihas ipersisted ito
i experiment iwith idifferent ipolitical isystems. iDemocracy iin iPakistan iwas iripped iapart iin iits iinfancy
i by iill-practices iand ipersonal imalice iof ithen ipolitical ileaders iand ihounds iin iboots. iPakistan iis
i multi-party isystem ibut imajority iof ithe itime ithere ihas ibeen itwo ibig iparties ioccupying ithe istage.
i Moreover, ia ifew iparties ihave ibeen iawarded ithe ichance ito igreet ithe iaudience ibut ifor ia ivery ishort
i time. i iPolitical ihistory iof iPakistan iis ireplete iwith iexamples iof iassassinations, ivengeance iand
i caprice iof ipolitical ileaders iand iideologies. i

In ia idemocratic isystem, ipolitical iparties iprovide ithe iproper imode iof ifunctioning ifor ithe
i government iso ithat ithe imajority iparty ior ia icombination iof iparties icontrols ithe igovernment, iwhile
i other iparties iserve ias ithe iopposition iand iattempt ito icheck ithe iabuses iof ipower iby ithe iruling iparty.
i Citizens iextend itheir idesires, ineeds, iand iproblems ito ithe igovernment ithrough ithe ipolitical iparties.
i In ifact, ipolitical iparties irepresent ian iessential iand iimportant itool ithat iacts ias ia ibridge ibetween ia
i society iand iits igovernment (Seitz, 2016). iThe iexistence iof ia istrong iand iviable iopposition ikeeps

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i the iruling iparty ialert. iIt iis ialso ithe iduty iof ipolitical iparties ito ipromote ipolicies ithat iwill ieducate ithe
i people iabout ihow ia idemocratic isystem ifunctions i and ioffer idifferent ipolicy ipackages ito ithe
i electorates. iTo isome iextent, ipolitical iparties iallow ipeople ito idefend itheir irights, iand ithe isupport
i of ithe ipeople istrengthens ipolitical iparties. iTherefore, ipolitical iparties ipromote ithe iwelfare iof ithe
i society ias ia iwhole. iOne ibasic ineed iis ito idevelop ithe ipolitical iideology iand idemocratic iroots
i within ia istate, iwhich iis ia ifundamental imethod iof ipolitical idevelopment. iThe igoals iand iobjectives
i of ipolitical idevelopment icould inot ibe iachieved iwithout ipolitical iparties

A istate iwhere ipassion iof iwar iruns ihigh ican inever itaste ithe isweetness iof ipeace iand iprosperity.
i Political iparties iare inot ipolicy imaking iorganizations iin ithemselves. iThey icertainly itake ipositions
i on iimportant ion iimportant ipolicy iquestions, iespecially ito iprovide ialternatives ito ithe iposition iof
i whichever iparty iis iin ipower. iA iparty iattempts ito iput iits iphilosophy iinto ipractice ithrough
i legislation iOnce icannot iavert ihis/her igaze ifrom ithe ifact ithat iideological iparties ihave inever ibeen
i allowed ito itest ithe ipolitical igrounds iof iPakistan. iThis iresulted iin iproducing iparties iand
i leaderships iready ito ibribe iand iget ibribed ifor ipersonal igains iover ipublic igood ineglecting inuances
i and ievils iprevalent iin isociety.

Ranging icontroversies iover ithe iissue iof ithe inational ilanguage, ithe irole iof iIslam, iprovincial
i representation, iand ithe idistribution iof ipower ibetween ithe icenter iand ithe iprovinces idelayed
i constitution imaking iand ipostponed igeneral ielections. iPolitical iparties ihave iexisted iin iPakistan
i during iall iof iits iturbulent ipolitical ihistory ibut ihave ibeen iregulated iby ilegislation ito iensure ithat
i they isupport ithe iconcept iof iPakistan—a ivestige iof ian iearly ieffort ito irepress ithe iactivities iof ithe
i National iDemocratic iParty i(NDP) iand ithe iJamaat-i-Islami i(JI), iwhich ihad iopposed iPartition iin
i 1947. iParties ihave ibeen ifrequently ibanned ior irestricted iby ithe igovernment. iIn imost iinstances,
i banning iof ipolitical iactivity ihas isimply ilimited iovert, ioutdoor irallies iand idemonstrations, iwhile
i banning iof iparties ihas ileft ithe iparties iessentially iintact, imerely iforcing ithem iunderground, ias iin
i the imost irecent iban iin i1979. i

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Background
Political iparties ihave iexisted iin iPakistan iduring iall iof iits iturbulent ipolitical ihistory ibut ihave ibeen
i regulated iby ilegislation ito iensure ithat ithey isupport ithe iconcept iof iPakistan—a ivestige iof ian iearly
i effort ito irepress ithe iactivities iof ithe iNational iDemocratic iParty i(NDP) iand ithe iJamaat-i-Islami
i (JI), iwhich ihad iopposed iPartition iin i1947. iParties ihave ibeen ifrequently ibanned ior irestricted iby
i the igovernment, ibeginning iwith ithe i1952 iban ion—and isuppression iof—the iCommunist iParty iof
i Pakistan i(CPP). iIn imost iinstances, ibanning iof ipolitical iactivity ihas isimply ilimited iovert, ioutdoor
i rallies iand idemonstrations, iwhile ibanning iof iparties i has ileft ithe iparties iessentially iintact, imerely
i forcing ithem iunderground, ias iin ithe imost irecent iban iin i1979. (Ashutosh, 2008)

In iFebruary i1981, ileaders iof inine ipolitical iparties iopposing ithe imartial ilaw iregime, iand iled iby ithe
i Pakistan iPeoples iParty i(PPP), iformed ithe iMovement ifor ithe iRestoration iof iDemocracy i(MRD)
i and iby ideclaration icalled ifor ian iimmediate iend ito imartial ilaw iand irestoration iof ithe iparliamentary
i system iof i1973. iFollowing ithe iend iof imartial ilaw iin i1985, ipolitical iparties iwere ilegalized,
i although iregulated iby ithe iPolitical iParties iAct ithat irequired iall iparties ito iregister ito ibe ieligible ifor
i election (Mohammad, 1987). iThe ielections ithat ifollowed iPresident iZia's isacking iof iPrime
i Minister iJunejo iin i1986, icoupled iwith inational ielections icalled iafter iZia's isubsequent ideath iin ian
i airplane icrash iin i1988, ihave iresulted iin ia irebirth iof ifull iand iopen ipolitical iactivity. (Mufti,
Siddique, & Sahar, 2020)

The ipopulist iPakistan iPeoples iParty i(PPP) iled iby iBenazir iBhutto, idaughter iof ithe ilate iPrime
i Minister iZulfikar iBhutto, iwon ia iplurality iin ithe iNational iAssembly iand iformed ia igovernment
i with ithe isupport iof iappointed imembers iand iindependents (Pakistan-Political Parties). iThe
i opposition icoalesced iaround iother iparties, iespecially ithe iPakistan iMuslim iLeague i(PML), iand ithe
i Jamaat-i-Islami i(JI), ias iwell ias idisaffected iPPP imembers iwho ihad ibeen idisplaced iwhen iBenazir
i Bhutto iclaimed ithe iparty ileadership ion iher ireturn ifrom iexile ioverseas iin i1986. iOne iof ithese,
i Ghulam iMustafa iJatoi, ijoined iwith iNawaz iSharif, ithe iPML ichief iminister iof iPunjab, ito ibecome
i leader iof ithe iopposition iin ithe iAssembly. iIn i1990, iJatoi ibecame iinterim iprime iminister iwhen
i Benazir iBhutto iwas idismissed iby ithe ipresident.

In ithe ielections iof ifall i1990, iNawaz iSharif iemerged ias iprime iminister iand ileader iof ithe iIslamic
i Jamhoori iIttehad i(IJI), ia imulti-party icoalition ibased ion iSharif's iPML iand ithe iJI. iBut iin ielections
i in ithe ifall iof i1993, ifollowing ithe iresignations iof iboth ithe ipresident iand ithe iprime iminister,

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i Bhutto's iPPP, ithe ilead iparty iin ithe iPDA, icommanded ia ithin imajority iin ithe iNational iAssembly,
i guaranteeing iher ireturn ito ipower. iThe iIJI icame iin ia i close isecond ieven ithough ithe iIslamic iparties
i suffered isevere ireverses inationally.

In ithe i1990s, iparty ipolitics iin iPakistan ibecame iincreasingly iregional, iand iparty ilines irelatively
i porous, iwith imuch ishifting iof isupporters iinto iand iout iof ithe iPPP iand ithe iPML. iEach iof ithese
i parties idrew inearly i40% iof ithe ipopular ivote, iand iemerged ias ithe ionly iparties iwith inational iscope;
i both iimproved itheir ipositions iin iprovincial iassemblies.

In i1994, ithe iPPP igovernment idepended ion ithe isupport iof iformer iPML imembers iand inonelected
i assembly imembers, iplus ileaders ilike iJatoi, ia icharter iPPP imember iwho ihad ibeen iin iand iout iof ithe
i party iin irecent iyears. iSimilarly, iduring iits iperiod iin ipower ifrom i1990 ito i1993, ithe iPML iformed ia
i government ionly iwith ithe isupport iof iother iparties, imost iof iwhich ihave istrength ionly iin iregional
i terms, imainly ithe iJI, ithe iJamhoori iWatan iParty i(JWP), ithe iJamiat iUlema-i-Pakistan i(JUP), iand
i the iJamiat-ul-Ulema-Islam i(JUI). iAnd iboth ithe iPPP iand ithe iPML ihave icompeted isuccessfully iin
i forming igovernments iin iprovincial iassemblies ionly iwhen ithey ihave irecruited i(or ineutralized)
i strong iregional iparties, ilike ithe iAwami iNational iParty i(ANP) iin ithe iNorthwest iFrontier iProvince
i (NWFP) iand ithe iMuhajir iQuami iMovement i(MQM) iin iSindh.

The itwo imain ipolitical iparties iup iuntil ithe ielections iof iOctober i2002 iwere iSharif's iMuslim iLeague
i and iBhutto's iPakistan iPeoples iParty, iwith ithe iMuslim iLeague iwinning ia iresounding ivictory iin ithe
i national ielections iheld iin i February i1997. iIn i1996, inoted iPakistan icricketer iImran iKhan ifounded
i the iPakistan iTahreek-e-Insaf i(PTI) ior i"Movement ifor iJustice," ia inew ipolitical iparty idedicated ito
i creating ian i"egalitarian, imodern iIslamic istate" iin iPakistan.

Unlike iin ithe ipast, ipolitical iparties iwere inot ibanned iunder iGeneral iMusharraf's imilitary
i government, ibut ithey iwere isidelined ifrom ithe ipolitical iprocess iuntil ithe i10 iOctober i2002
i parliamentary iand iprovincial ielections. iIn ithe igeneral ielection, iQuaid-e-Azam, ia ipolitical ifaction
i of ithe iPML isupportive iof iMusharraf, icame iin ifirst iplace. iBhutto's iPakistan iPeople's iParty icame iin
i third, iand iSharif's iPML-Nawaz iwas ia idistant ifourth i(both iBhutto iand iSharif iwere ibarred ifrom
i running). iA i6-party ihard-line iIslamic icoalition, iMuttahida iMajlis-e-Amal i(United iAction iFront ior
i MMA), icame iin ithird iin ithe ipolls. iThe iMMA iis idominated iby iJamaat-i-Islami, iand iit icampaigned
i on ian ianti-American iplatform, ivoicing isupport ifor ithe iTaliban iin iAfghanistan. iIt isecured ivoters
i from ithe imiddle iclass iand iin iurban iareas iin iaddition ito irural iones (Pakistan: A political History). i

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Importance
Democracies igive icitizens ia isay iin iwho irepresents ithem, iwhich imakes ielections ian iimportant
i channel ifor iaggregating ipreferences. iWhat iis ioften i missed, iand ino iless iimportant, iin idetermining
i the iquality iand imotivation iof ielected irepresentatives, iis ithe iother iside iof ithe idemocratic icoin: iwho
i decides ito irun ifor ipolitical ioffice i(Dal iBo iet ial. i2017; iBesley i2005). iWho iruns ifor ipolitical ioffice
i is iparticularly iimportant iin ideveloping icountries, iwhere ibeing ia ipolitician iis ioften iconsidered ithe
i domain iof ielites. iThis iaffects iboth ithe idemand ifor iordinary ipeople ito irun ifor ioffice ithrough
i political iparties, ibut iit ialso iaffects ithe isupply iof iwho idecides ito ienter ithe irace ito ibegin iwith. iAs ia
i result, idemocratic iperformance imay isuffer ibecause ithose ielected imay inot irepresent iinterests iof iall
i citizens (Saad & Muhammad, 2018)

Scarred ifrom ibirth, iPakistan's iquest ifor isurvival ihas ibeen ias icompelling ias iit ihas ibeen iuncertain.
i Despite ithe ishared ireligion iof iits ioverwhelmingly iMuslim ipopulation, iPakistan ihas ibeen iengaged
i in ia iprecarious istruggle ito idefine ia inational iidentity iand ievolve ia ipolitical isystem ifor iits
i linguistically idiverse ipopulation. iPakistan iis iknown ito ihave iover itwenty ilanguages iand iover i300
i distinct idialects, iUrdu iand iEnglish iare ithe iofficial ilanguages ibut iPunjabi, iSindhi, iPashtu, iBaluchi
i and iSeraiki iare iconsidered imain ilanguages. iThis idiversity ihas icaused ichronic iregional itensions
i and isuccessive ifailures iin iforming ia iconstitution. iPakistan ihas ialso ibeen iburdened iby ifull-scale
i wars iwith iIndia, ia istrategically iexposed inorthwestern ifrontier, iand iseries iof ieconomic icrises. iIt
i has idifficulty iallocating iits iscarce ieconomic iand inatural iresources iin ian iequitable imanner. iAll iof
i Pakistan's istruggles iunderpin ithe idilemma ithey iface iin ireconciling ithe igoal iof inational iintegration
i with ithe iimperatives iof inational isecurity. (Mushtaq, Baig, & Mushtaq, 2018)

Political idevelopments iin iPakistan icontinue ito ibe imarred iby iprovincial ijealousies iand, iin
i particular, iby ithe ideep iresentments iin ithe ismaller iprovinces iof iSind, iBaluchistan, iand ithe iNorth-
West iFrontier iProvince iagainst iwhat iare iseen ito ibe ia imonopoly iby ithe iPunjabi imajority iof ithe
i benefits iof ipower, iprofit, iand ipatronage. iPakistan's ipolitical iinstability iover itime ihas ibeen
i matched iby ia ifierce iideological idebate iabout ithe iform iof igovernment iit ishould iadopt, iIslamic ior
i secular. iIn ithe iabsence iof iany inationally ibased ipolitical iparty, iPakistan ihas ilong ihad ito irely ion ithe

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i civil iservice iand ithe iarmy ito imaintain ithe icontinuities iof igovernment. (Taj & Zia ur rehman,
2019)

Political Parties
i

Pakistan iMuslim iLeague i(N): iThe iPakistan iMuslim iLeague i(PML) iis ithe ioldest ipolitical iparty
i of iPakistan. iBefore ipartition, ithe iPML iwas iknown ias ithe iAll iIndia iMuslim iLeague. iBefore ithe
i formation iof ithe iAll iIndia iMuslim iLeague, ia ipolitical iparty iexisted ithat ihad icome iinto ibeing iin
i 1885, ireferred ito ias ithe iIndian iNational iCongress. iWith ithe ipassage iof itime, iit ibecame ithe imost
i powerful ipolitical iparty iin iIndia. iThe iIndian iNational iCongress‘s iattitude itowards iIndian iMuslims
i was inot ifavorable, iand iSir iSyed iAhmad iKhan iadvised iMuslims inot ito ijoin ithis iparty. iAccording
i to ihis iviews, ithe iCongress iwas ia iHindu iorganization ithat ionly iworked ifor ithe ibetterment iand
i interests iof ithe iHindus iof iIndia. iAt ithat itime, iMuslims ineeded ia iproper ipolitical iforum ifor itheir
i projection iand ia isafeguard iof itheir ipolitical iinterests. iOn ithe i30 iDecember, i1906, ithe iannual
i meeting iof ithe iMuslim ieducational iconference iwas iheld iat ithe iresidence iof iNawab iSalumullah
i Khan iof iDacca. iAll iMuslim ileaders iwere ipresent iat ithat isession. iAfter ithe imeeting iof ithe
i educational iconference, iNawab iSaleem iUIlah iKhan idiscussed ithe iimportance iof ithe iMuslim
i political ibody. iHe ialso ipresented ia iresolution ifor ithe iformation iof ithe ipolitical iparty ifor iIndian
i Muslims iand isuggested ithe iname iof ithe iAll iIndia iMuslim iLeague. iTwo ifamous iindividuals iat ithat
i time, iHakim iAjmal iKhan iand iMaulana iZafar iAli iKhan, isupported ithis isuggestion. iTherefore, ion
i 30 iDecember i1906, ithe iAll iIndia iMuslim iLeague iwas iformed. iNawabWiqar-ul-Malik iwas
i appointed ias ithe ifirst ipresident, iand iNawab iMohsin-ul-Mulk iwas iappointed ias ithe ifirst iGeneral
i Secretary iof ithe iAll iIndia iMuslim iLeague. iThe ireasons ifor ithe iestablishment iof ithe iAll iIndia
i Muslim iLeague iwere: i1. ito ipromote ithe ifeelings iof iloyalty iamong ithe iMuslims iof iIndia iand
i British iGovernment. i2. iTo iprotect ithe ipolitical irights iand iinterests iof ithe iMuslims iof iIndia. i3. iTo
i eliminate ithe ifeelings iof ihostility iamong ithe iMuslims iof iIndia iand iother icommunities.4 iIn i1963,
i M. iAyub iKhan iwas ielected iin iPakistan ias ithe ichairman iof ithe inewly icreated ipolitical iparty, ithe
i Convention iLeague, iwhich ibecame ithe icountry‘s iruling iparty. iThis iparty iat ithe isame itime ibecame
i subordinate ito ithe igovernment, iand iM. iAyub iKhan ihoped ito iconsolidate ihis i14 iposition ifurther
i and isecure isupport ifrom ithe iparty ifor ihimself iin ithe inext ipresidential ielections. iIn ithis iway, ithis
i part iof ithe iMuslim iLeague ibecame ia ipuppet iin ithe ihands iof ia idictator. iIn i1985, iPresident iZia-ul-

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Haq idecided ito irestore ithe idemocratic igovernment istep iby istep. iNonpartisan igeneral ielections
i were iheld iin i1985. iAccording ito ithe iEighth iAmendment, ithe ipresident iwas iempowered ito
i nominate ithe iprime iminister. iTherefore, iMuhammad iKhan iJunejo iwas inominated ito ibe iprime
i minister, iand ihe itook ia ivote iof iconfidence ifrom ithe iparliament ihouse. iWhen ithe ipolitical isystem
i began ito ifunction, ithe ihouse iwas idivided iautomatically iinto itwo igroups: ione igroup iheaded iby
i Muhammad iKhan iJunejo ithat iformed ithe igovernment, iand ithe iother igroup ithat iacted ias ithe
i opposition. iThus, ithe irestoration iof iparty ititles ibecame iimperative ibecause ithe iparliamentary
i group imostly iconsisted iof imembers iof ithe iMuslim i League; ihence, ithis iparty iwas ire-named ithe
i Pakistan iMuslim iLeague, iheaded iby iMuhammad iKhan iJunejo. (Evolving Party Politics in
Pakistan, 2011) iZia iul iHaq idismissed ithe igovernment iof iMuhammad iKhan iJunejo. iJunejo ilost
i power, iand ithe iparty iwas idivided iinto itwo igroups: ithe iPML iJunejo igroup iand iPML iNawaz
i Sharief igroup (Mushahid, 1991). iNawaz iSharief iwas ithe iChief iMinister iof iPunjab i(a iprovince)
i and ibecame ithe imajor ileader iof ithe isecond iPML igroup. iPML i(N) iremains ian iimportant icontender
i in ithe icontemporary ipolitics iof iPakistan. (Globalsecurity.org) i

Pakistan iPeople’s iParty: iZulifqar iAli iBhutto ilaunched ia inew ipolitical iparty iafter iresigning ifrom
i Ayoub iKhan‘s icabinet. iWith iIslam ias ithe ifaith, idemocracy ias ithe ipolitical isystem, isocialism ias
i the ieconomic isystem, iand ipower iin ithe ipeople, ia inew iparty inamed ithe iPPP iemerged ifrom ithe
i political isystem iof iPakistan iin iLahore iin i1967 (Nadeem, 2011). iMr. iBhutto iwas ielected ias ithis
i party‘s ifirst ichairman. iSince iits iinception, ithe iparty iraised iits ivoice ifor iequal imeasures iof
i government iand icriticized ithe igoverning iprocess. iSoon, ithis iparty ibecame ipopular iin iPakistan.
i The iparty itook ipart iin ielections iusing ithe islogan iRoti i(bread), iKapra i(clothes), iMakan i(house).
i With iits ipopulist iprogram, ithe iPPP ihad ia iwide irange iof isupporters. iIn ithe i1970 igeneral ielection,
i the iPPP iwas ivery isuccessful iin iWest iPakistan, ibut iit ifailed icompletely iin iEast iPakistan.
i Unfortunately, iPakistan ilost ithe iwar iin iEast iPakistan, icausing ithe iseparation iof iBangladesh. iAfter
i the iseparation, ithe iPPP iestablished ithe igovernment iin ithe irest iof iPakistan, iand iits imain
i achievement iwas ithe iapproval iof ithe iConstitution iin i1973, iwhich isatisfied iall iparties. iThis iwas
i the ifirst iconstitution iafter itwenty-six iyears iof iindependence ithat iwas iacceptable ifor iall igroups
i present iin iPakistan. iA imilitary idictator iremoved ithe iPPP igovernment iin i1977. iThe imain
i allegation iwas ithe irigging iin ithe i1977 ielection. iThe ielected iPrime iMinster iof ithe iPPP iwas ijailed
i and ilater ihanged ion i4 iApril, i1979. iAfter ihis ideath, iZ.A. iBhutto‘s idaughter iBenazir iBhutto
i agitated ithe iparty idue ito iher ipolitical iactivities. iShe ikept ito ihouse iarrest iand iwas ilater iexiled ito ithe

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i United iKingdom. iShe ireturned ito iPakistan iin i1986 iand iactivated ithe iparty. iThe iPPP iwon ithe
i general ielection iof i1988, iand iBenazir i15 iBhutto itook ioath ias ithe ifirst ifemale iprime iminster iof
i Pakistan. iPresident iGhulam iIshaq iKhan idissolved ithe iPPP‘s igovernment, iand ithe iPPP icontested
i the inext ielection ithrough ian ialliance inamed ithe iPDA i(Peoples‘ iDemocratic iAlliance). iIn ithis
i election, ithe iparty ionly iformed ia igovernment iin iSindh i(province). iThe iparty iplayed ioppositional
i role iin ithe iNational iAssembly. iThe iPPP iagain icame ito ipower ias ia iresult iof ithe i1993 ielection, iand
i this ielection iwas iwon iwithout iany ialliance iunder ithe iPPP ibanner. iThis itime, iBenazir iBhutto itook
i oath ias ithe iprime iminister iand iSardar iFarooq iAhmad iLagari iwas isworn iin ias ithe ipresident iof
i Pakistan. iHowever, iagain ithe iPPP igovernment icould inot icomplete iits iconstitutional itenure, iand
i the ipresident idissolved ithe iPPP‘s igovernment iin i1997 (Belokrenitsky & Moskalenko, 2013). iPPP
again came to power by winning 2008 general elections and formed the government with Asif
Ali Zardari as Pakistan’s president. PPP is still in power in Sindh.

Mutahida iQaumi iMovement i(United iNational iMovement): iMQM ithe iMutahida iQaumi
i Movement, igenerally iknown ias ithe iMQM, iis ia iliberal-secular ipolitical iparty iin iPakistan. iThis
i party iholds iimmense imobilizing ipotential iin ithe iurban iarea iof ithe iprovince iof iSindh. iThe iMQM iis
i the isecond ilargest iparty iin iSindh iand itraditionally ithe ithird ilargest iin ithe icountry. iHowever, iit
i currently iholds ithe ifourth ihighest inumber iof iseats iin ithe iNational iAssembly iwhile imaintaining iits
i second iposition iin ithe iSindh iAssembly. iIn i1978, iAltaf iHussain iformed ia istudent iorganization
i called ithe iAll iPakistan iMohajir i(refugees) iStudent iOrganization i(APMSO). iThe iemerging istudent
i organization iquickly iattracted istudents ifrom iIslami iJamiat-e-Talaba i(IJT), ithe istudent iwing iof
i Jamaat-e-Islami. iIn idoing iso, iit isealed iits ifuture ias ian iadversary iof ithe iIJT. iThe iAPMSO iand iIJT
i clashed iregularly ion ithe icollege icampuses iin ithe iearly i1980s, iand ithey ihave icontinued ito iclash. iIn
i 1984, ithe iMQM iwas iestablished iby iAltaf iHusain. iBetween i1984 iand i1986, iHusain iworked ito
i recruit ikey imembers iand ithen ilaunched ithe iparty ion ithe inational istage iwith ia imassive irally iin
i Karachi ion i8 iAugust i1986. iBetween i1986 iand i1988, ithe iMQM iworked itowards ian ialliance
i between iSindhis iand iMuhajirs i(refugees). iIn i1988, ithe iMQM ifought inational ielections i(under ithe
i name iHaq-Parast) iin ian ialliance iwith ithe iSindhi-dominated iPPP iled iby iBenazir iBhutto. iIn ithe
i elections, ithe iMQM iemerged ias ithe ithird ilargest iparty iwith ithirteen iseats iin ithe iNational
i Assembly. iThe iMQM ialso iachieved ia ilandslide ivictory iin imunicipal ielections i(1987) iin iKarachi.
i The iMQM‘s ifirst iterm iin isharing ipower iwas imainly iunsuccessful iin idelivering ireal imaterial
i improvements, ias iboth iinfighting iwithin ithe iMQM iand iactive idamage icaused iby iBhutto‘s iPPP

8
i hindered iits iprogress. iThe iMQM iremoved iits isupport iof ithe iBhutto igovernment iand ifought ithe
i next ielection iin ian ialliance iwith iNawaz iSharif‘s iPML i(N). iThe iMohajir-Sindhi ialliance iprovided
i the ionly ireal ichance ito ifrustrate ithe iPunjabi idominance iin iPakistani ipolitics. iThe iPPP‘s inarrow
i mindedness iand ithe iMQM‘s ineed ito ideliver ion ipromises iit ihad imade ito iits ivoters iled ito ian iearly
i demise ito ithe ialliance. i16 iThe icoalition iof iIslami iJamouri iIttehad i(IJI ior iIslamic iDemocratic
i Front) igained ipower iin ithe i1990 ielections. iBetween i1990 iand i1992, ithe iMQM ihad ifree ireign
i under iJam iSadiq iAli. iHowever, idisputes iand ia ilack iof idiscipline iaccompanied ithe ipower. iIn iJune
i 1992, ithe imilitary ilaunched iOperation iCleanup ito ioverthrow iAltaf iHusain iand ihis irising iMQM.
i All iof ithis iwas idone iwith ithe icomplete iapproval iof iPrime iMinister iSharif. iWhile ithe iOperation
i was iofficially iconducted ito i‗weed iout ia icriminal‘, iit iturned iinto ia ifight iagainst iall iof ithe iMQM.
i The imilitary inot ionly iperformed iforced ientries ito ithe i offices iand ihouses iof ithe iparty imembers, ibut
i it ialso iled ia imedia iassault iby ireleasing iphotos ithat idepicted ithe iMQM ias ia iterrorist iorganization
i that iran itorture ichambers iand igun irunning ioperations. iDisagreements ibetween iAltaf iHusain iand
i the iMQM‘s itwo iprominent ileaders, iAfaq iAhmed iand iAmir iKhan, ifirst isurfaced itowards ithe iend
i of i1991. iThe imilitary-led icampaign, ialong iwith ia ipolitical icampaign, ihelped ito icreate ia irebellion
i within ithe iparty ileaders iand iled ito ithe iformation iof ithe i―Real iMQM‖. iIn ithe ielections iof iOctober
i 1990, ithe iMQM iemerged ias ithe ithird istrongest iparty iin ithe icountry. iThis itime, iit imade iits ialliance
i with ithe iPML i(N) ito iestablish ia iprovincial igovernment iin iSindh, iwhereas ithe iPML i(N) iformed
i the ifederal igovernment. iThe iMQM iboycotted ithe isubsequent i1993 igeneral ielections iclaiming
i organized imilitary iintimidation, ibut iit iparticipated iin ithe iprovincial ielections. iAgain iin i1997, ithe
i MQM iboycotted ithe igeneral ielections iand iofficially ichanged iits iname ifrom ithe i‗Muhajir‘
i (refugee) iQuami i(national) iMahaz i(front) ito ithe iMutahida i(united) iQuami i(national) iMovement.
i In i2001, ithe iMQM iboycotted ithe ilocal ibody ielections, ibut iin ithe i2002 igeneral ielections, ithe
i MQM iwon iseventeen iout iof itwo ihundred iand iseventy-two iseats iin ithe iNational iAssembly. iThe
i MQM icurrently iholds itwenty-five iseats iin ithe iNational iAssembly iof iPakistan iand ithirty-eight
i seats iin ithe iProvincial iAssembly iof iSindh. iThe iMQM ialso ihas isix iSenators iand itwo iFederal
i Ministers. i

Awami i(public) iNational iParty i(ANP): iThe iANP iis ione iof ithe ileading isocialist iparties iin
i Pakistan iand iis iaffiliated iwith iSocialist iInternational. iA istrong ially iof ithe iPashtun inationalism, iits
i main iarea iof ielectoral iinfluence iis iin ithe iPashtun-dominated iprovinces, iwith isome iinfluence iin ithe
i Balochistan iand iSindh iprovinces. iIn i1986, ithe iNational iDemocratic iParty ijoined iwith iseveral

9
i other iprogressive ipolitical iand iethnic inationalist igroups ito iform ithe iANP. iAbdul iWali iKhan iwas
i elected ias iits ipresident, iand ithe iSindhi inationalist iRasul iBakhsh iPalijo iwas ielected iits isecretary
i general. iFrom i1986–1988, ithe iparty iparticipated iin ithe iMovement ifor ithe iRestoration iof
i Democracy. iThe iparty iformed ia icoalition igovernment iwith ithe iPeople's iParty iin iNWFP i(Khyber
i Pakhtunkhwa) iand iIslamabad iafter ithe i1988 ielection (Anatol, 2012). iThis icoalition idisintegrated
i in iApril i1989 idue ito i17 idifferences ibetween ithe ileaders iof ithe itwo iparties. iThe iANP iformed ian
i alliance iwith ithe iPML iin iearly iJune i1989, iwhich iled ito ia iformal isplit iin ithe iparty iwith imany
i activists ialigning ithemselves iwith ithe iPPP. iAfter ithe ielection iof iSharif iin ithe i1990 ielections, ithe
i ANP iagain iformed ia icoalition iwith iits iformer irivals, ithe iPML. iThis ialliance iproved ilonger ilasting,
i surviving iuntil i1998 iwhen iit icollapsed idue ito idifferences iover ithe iKalabagh iDam iand ithe
i renaming iof ithe iprovince iPakhtunkhwa. iThe iparty ithen ijoined ithe iGrand iDemocratic iAlliance,
i campaigning iagainst ithe iincreasingly idictatorial i Sharif igovernment‘s ipolicies. iAfter iPervez
i Musharraf ioverruled iSharif, ithe iparty iremained ian iactive imember iof ithe iAlliance ifor iRestoration
i of iDemocracy iuntil ithe iSeptember i11 iattacks iin ithe i United iStates iin i2001, iwhen iit ileft ithe ialliance
i over ithe isupport iof ithe iUnited iStates‘ iousting iof ithe iTaliban. iThe iparty‘s ireputation iwas idamaged
i during ithis iperiod ifollowing ithe iarrest iof iformer ifederal iminister iand ithe isenior iparty ileader iAzam
i Khan iHoti. iIn ithe i2002 ielections, ithe iparty istruck iup ian ialliance iwith ithe iPPP, ihowever iboth
i parties iwere irouted ielectorally iin iKhyber iPakhtunkhwa iby ithe ireligious-political ialliance
i designated ias ithe iMuttahida iMajlis-e-Amal i(MMA) idue ito ianti-American isentiment iin iPakistan.
i In ithe i2008 ielections, ithe iparty iran ion iits iown iand iwon ia iplurality iof ivotes iin iKhyber
i Pakhtunkhwa, ias iwell ias iseats iin iBaluchistan ifor ithe ifirst itime iin ififteen iyears iand iseats iin iKarachi
i for ithe ifirst itime. iIt isubsequently iformed ia igovernment iin iKhyber iPakhtunkhwa iand isupported ithe
i PPP igovernment iin iSindh iand iBaluchistan. (Bukhari)

Tehrik-i-Insaf: ichairman iImran iKhan ifounded iTehrik-i-Insaf ion iApril i25, i1996. iThe iparty ihas
i Islamic iovertones iand iis iinspired ipartly iby iImran iKhan’s irenewed icommitment ito iIslam. iAs ia
i politician, ihis ivision iis ito iturn iPakistan iinto ia ijust isociety, ibased ion ihumane ivalues, iby icreating
i an iindependent iand ihonest ijudiciary ithat iwill iuphold idemocracy, iprotect ihuman irights iand
i ensure ithe irule iof ilaw iand, iby ipromoting ia imerit ibased isystem ithat iprovides iequal iopportunity
i for iupward isocial imobility ito ithe iworking iclasses.

10
The iPTI iparty iis imost ipopular iwith ithe iyouth iof iPakistan. iHe iinitially isupported iGeneral
i Musharraf, ibut iwhen ipro-government iparties ijoined i hands ito iform ithe iNational iAlliance, iImran
i Khan idid inot ijoin iit. iSoon iafter, ihe ileveled icharges i of ipre-poll irigging iagainst ithe igovernment,
i with iTariq iAziz, iPrincipal iSecretary ito iGeneral iMusharraf, iand ithe imain itarget ias ithe
i mastermind ibehind ipre-poll irigging iin ithe iPunjab.

Khan icemented ihis inational iprofile iin i1992 iwhen ihe iled ithe inational icricket iteam ito iwin ithe
i World iCup. iIn i1996, ihe iestablished ihis ipolitical iparty, ibut iin ithe iyears isince ihe ihad ilittle isuccess
i building iit iinto ia inational iparty, idespite ihis icelebrity. iHe iwas ithe ionly imember iof ihis iparty ito
i win ia iseat iin iparliament (Paracha, 2013).

Tehrik-i-Insaf iadopted ia imulti-pronged istrategy ithat iwas idesigned ito iappeal ito iall iclasses iof
i people. iImran iKhan idisagreed iwith iMusharraf's iAfghanistan iand iKashmir ipolicies, iand iattacked
i United iStates iPresident iBush iand ihis igovernment ias i"fascists," iexpecting ithe ivoters ito ibe
i attracted ito ithat, ialthough ithe iMMA iseemed ito ibe ithe imasters iof ithis irhetoric. iHe imade ian
i elaborate icase ifor ithe iclean-up iof ithe ijudiciary iand ilinked iit ito iforeign iinvestment, iwhich imust
i appeal ito ithe ibusiness iclass, ibut ihis iattack ion ithe iIMF, iwhile iappealing ito ithe icommon iman, imay
i scare iaway ithe iindustrialists. iImran iKhan iblew ithe iwhistle ion iGeneral iMusharraf's ipre-poll
i rigging iand inamed inames, iwhich ihad ithe ipotential ito ienhance ihis iimage ias ia iclean iman. iThough
i Imran iKhan imay iwin ihis iseat ifrom iMianwali, ihis iparty iseemed ito ihave ilittle iin ithe iway iof ia
i broad isupport ibase ito iwin ia inational iseat. iHowever, ihis iparty's icandidates iare ilikely ito isecure
i more ivotes ithan iin ithe iprevious ielections.

Directly ifollowing iits ifounding iin i1996, ithe iparty ihad ilimited isuccess.[10] iand iKhan iwon ia iseat
i in ithe i2002 iPakistani igeneral ielection. iThe iparty iboycotted ithe i2008 ielection iaccusing
i fraudulent iin iprocedure. iIn i2013 iit iemerged ias imajor iparty iwith iover i7.5 imillion ivotes, imaking
i it isecond iin ithe inumber iof ivotes iand ithird iin ithe inumber iof iseats iwon. iPTI imobilised ipeople iin
i rallies iover ipublic idistress ion ivarious iissues[11] iand imade isignificant igains iin ifollowing
i elections. iIn i2018, iit ireceived i16.9 imillion ivotes, ithe ilargest ifor iany ipolitical iparty iin iPakistan
i till ithen. iIt iformed igovernment iof iPakistan iin icoalition iwith i5 iother iparties ifor ifirst itime iwith
i Imran iKhan ias iprime iminister. iAs iof i2020, ithe iparty iis iin igovernment iat ithe inational ilevel iand
i governs ithe iprovinces iof iKhyber iPakhtunkhwa iand iPunjab. iIt iis ialso ia ipart iof ithe icoalition

11
 i government iin iBalochistan iand iacts ias ithe ilargest iopposition iparty iin iSindh.The igoals iof
i Tehrik-i-Insaf, ias iexpressed iin ithe iparty's imanifesto, iare ito:

Establish iPakistan ias ia itruly iindependent iand isovereign istate ithat ibecomes ia isource iof ipride ifor
i our ipeople

Strengthen istate iinstitutions ito ipromote idemocracy iand icomplete ipolitical, ieconomic, iand
i religious ifreedom ifor ithe ipeople
Provide ian iaccountable iand iefficient igovernment ithat iensures ithe iprotection iof ilife iand iproperty
i of iits icitizens
Launch ian iEducation iRevolution ito ipromote iuniversal iliteracy iand iraise ithe istandard iof ieducation
i in iour ischools, icolleges iand iuniversities
Ensure ithe iavailability iof iadequate iHealthcare iservices ifor iall icitizens
Prioritize ipoverty ialleviation ithrough ipolicies iaimed iat icreating imore ijob iopportunities iand
i enabling iownership iof iassets ito ithe ipoor
Create ia imerit ibased isystem ithat iprovides iequal iopportunity ifor iemployment iand iupward isocial
i mobility ifor iall, iespecially ithe iworking iclasses
Create ian ienvironment iwhich iencourages ithe iprivate isector ito igrow iand icreate igreater iwealth iand
i employment iopportunities
End ithe iVIP iculture iby isetting ian iexample iin isimple iliving iand ian iaustere ilifestyle
Eliminate idraconian ilaws ithat igive iunchecked ipower ito iPolice iand ithe iAgencies ior iwhich ilimit
i the irights iof iCitizens
A iself-reliant ieconomy iwhich iis ifree iof idependence ion iforeign iaid
Promote iregional ipeace iand istrengthen iour irelationships iwith ifriendly icountries

On i14 iNovember i2007 iPakistani iauthorities icharged iImran iKhan iunder ithe icountry's ianti-terror
i act, iwhich iincludes ipenalties isuch ias ilife iimprisonment. iKhan iwas iarrested ishortly iafter iarriving
i for ia irally iat iPunjab iUniversity iin ithe ieastern icity iof iLahore. iIt iwas ihis ifirst ipublic iappearance
i since ithe iimposition iof iemergency irule. iKhan icame i out iof ihiding ito iaddress ia istudent irally, ibut
i shortly iafter iarriving ion icampus, iKhan iwas iarrested. iKhan iwent iinto ihiding isoon iafter iPakistani
i President iPervez iMusharraf ideclared ia istate iof iemergency inearly itwo iweeks iearlier.

12
In iApril i2011 iPakistanis iopposed ito iU.S. idrone istrikes ion iinsurgent itargets iin iPakistan iblocked
i a iroad iused iby ithe iNATO ialliance ito ideliver isupplies ito ineighboring iAfghanistan. iSeveral
i thousand isupporters iof ithe iPakistani iparty iled iby iImran iKhan istaged ia isit-in ion ithe iNATO
i supply iroute inear ithe inorthwestern icity iof iPeshawar.

The iemergence ilate iin i2011 iof iformer icricket ihero, i Imran iKhan, ias ia iserious ichallenger ito ithe
i ruling iPakistan iPeoples iParty iand iits itraditional irival, ithe iPakistan iMuslim iLeague-N, iwas ia
i dramatic iturn ifor ithe itwo iparties ithat ihad idominated ithe igovernment iin irecent iyears. iKhan’s
i Pakistan iTehreek-e-Insaf i(PTI) ihas iorganized imassive ianti-government irallies iacross ithe
i country iin ilate i2011. iDespite ithe iimpressive irallies, icritics iare iskeptical iabout iwhether ihe ican
i translate ihis ipopularity ito ielectoral isuccess. iElection ipolitics iis ivery idifferent ifrom ithe ipolitics
i of irallies iand idemonstrations. iThe ilarge inumbers iof iyoung ipeople iin ihis irally ialso ishow ithe
i yearning ifor ichange iamong iPakistan’s iyouth iand ithe ineed ifor ithe ileadership iof iPakistan ito
i respond ito iyearning ifor ichange.

PTI won 2018 election and creaed the government on federal level with support of a few other
parties. It won majority votes in Punjab, KPK, Baluchistan but fell short of victory in Sindh.
Currently PTI is in power in Pakistan but it has failed to impress the general public by its
disappointing performance in each and every sector of the country.

13
Conclusion

Political iparties iare ilargely ia ifactor iof idivision iin ithe iPakistani ipolitics ithan ithat iof iunity iwhich iis
i the iideal. iThis ihas iresulted iinto iimbalanced iregional idevelopment iin iaddition ito igross
i dissatisfaction iamong ithe ipopulace. iThe istudy ialso ifound iout ithat ipolitical iparties iare iorganized
i in ia imanner ithat ireflects ifamily ipolitics ileaving ithe irest iof ithe iPakistani ipeople iwith ino ichance ito
i vie ifor iand idemocratically iwin ian ielection. iDemocratic iprinciples ilike imass iparticipation iand irule
i of ilaw iare irare iattributes iof ithe iPakistani ipolitics iand ithe iconstitution iof ithe isovereign istate iof
i Pakistan iis ichanged iat iwill iby ithe i„conniving‟ iparty imembership. iPolitical iparties itherefore ilack
i majority isupport iwhich ibreeds ifurther idissatisfaction iamong ithe ipopulace. (Zahid, 2008) i

For idemocracy ito ifunction iwell iin iPakistan ithe ipoliticians ineed ito ilook ibeyond inarrow iinterests iof
i religion, iethnic ior isocial iaffinities. iPoliticians ineed ito ireach iacross ithe iethnic iand ireligion iaisles.
i Also ithe ielectorates ineed ito ibe ieducated ion itheir irights iand iresponsibilities. iHowever ipart iof ithe
i democratic idysfunction iin iPakistan iis ialso iattributable ito ilack iof icitizens iawareness. iEither iby
i design ior iby iaccident ithe ipoliticians ihave iseen ito iit ithat ithe imasses iremain iuneducated iabout
i democracy. iSo iin ieffect ithe ipoliticians, ieven ithe iparties iin ithe iopposition, iare ithe ipeople
i responsible ifor ilack iof igenuine idemocracy iin ithe icountry. iThe ipolitical iparties iare irun ias ifamily
i enterprises. iThe iparties iare ibuilt iaround ipersonalities iand inot iaround iany icoherent iideas iand
i ideology.

Today, iboth ielectronic iand iprint imedia iplay ian i important irole iin ikeeping ithe igovernment
i accountable. iAs ithe imedia ikeep ia iclose ieye ion ithe ideeds iand imisdeeds iof ithe igovernment iand idue
i to ithe ifreedom iof iexpression, ithe imedia ipresent ithe i misdeeds iof ithe igovernment ivia ithe iInternet,
i television, inewspapers, ior iradio ifor ithe ipeople ito iwatch iand isee. iOpposition iparties iexist ito
i challenge igovernmental ipolicies iif ithey iare iagainst ithe idesires iof ipeople. iThe iopposition iparty ihas
i very iimportant irole iin ithe ipolitical idevelopment iof iany icountry. iHowever ithe irole iof iopposition
i should ibe icritical ibut iconstructive. iIn iPakistan ithe iopposition ihas iremained ionly icritical. iInstead
i of ihelping ithe igovernment ito imake ibeneficial ipolicies, ithe iopposition ionly icriticizes ithe
i government. iCurrently, ithere iis ianother iform iof iopposition ito ithe igovernment: ielectronic iand
i print imedia, ias ithe imedia ihave ia iclose ieye ion ithe iconduct iof iboth ithe igovernment iand ithe
i opposition. iThe ipolitical idevelopment iin ithe iPakistan imay inever ibe ifree icompletely iof ithe

14
i problems. iHowever, ifurther istudies iand iworks ican iminimize ithese iproblems iin ithe ipolitical
i system iof iPakistan. iBut ifor ithis, ithe ipoliticians iand ithe ileaders iwill ihave ito iwork ihard itogether ias
i a ination, ifrom ithe igrassroots ilevel iup ito ithe inational iparty ileaders. iMost iimportantly ia icivil
i movement iis irequired ito ithrow ioff ithe iyoke iof ihounds iin iboots. iWithout iany ipowerful icivil
i movement ior iwar iit iis ialmost iimpossible ito ialter icurrent ireality. I

15
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