10.9 Single-Phase Semiconverters 467 error vi Control Biodk ae et (a) Voltage (b) PWM pattern and its fundamental modulating voltage Von FIGURE 10.13 Forced-commutated voltage-source rectifier. 10.9 * Thyristor and GTO converters are specially used for high-voltage and high- power applications. SINGLE-PHASE SEMICONVERTERS ‘The circuit arrangement of a single-phase semiconverter is shown in Figure 10.15a with a highly inductive load. The load current is assumed continuous and ripple free. During the positive half-cycle, thyristor 7, is forward biased. When thyristor 7, is fired at (ot = a, the load is connected to the input supply through 7; and D, during the period @ = wf < 7. During the period from + = of = (1 + a), the input voltage is negative and the freewheeling diode D,, is forward biased. D,, conducts to provide the continu- ity of current in the inductive load. The load current is transferred from T; and D> to Da; and thyristor 7; and diode D; are turned off. During the negative half-cycle of input voltage, thyristor Tp is forward biased, and the firing of thyristor 7 at of = 7 + a reverses bias Dy. The diode D, is turned off and the load is connected to the supply through 7 and Dy. Figure 10.15b shows the region of converter operation, where both the output voltage and current have positive polarity. Figure 10.15e shows the waveforms for the10.9 Single-Phase Semi¢onverters’ 469 Vee F in 0 et aleasraneees mo 0. — 1 at fe Thee ly : 1 Tait (b) Quadrant 0 eee wt is Gal M v 1 1h of | Ged % fost on tea ak 0 a he igh | ro arr ot 0 aom aes (© Waveforms FIGURE 10.15 ‘Single-phase semiconverter. input voltage, output voltage, input current, and currents through 7, 7, Dj, and D>, ‘This converter has a better PF duc to the freewheeling diode and is commonly used in applications up to 15 KW, where one-quadrant operation is acceptable. = "The average output voltage can be found from 2 fp. Vn Vic = Zi Vm Sin wt d(wt) = on [-cos w#]z (10.52) =% (1 + cosa) ax ya 470 Chapter 10 Controlled Rectifiers and Vg. can be varied from 2Vj,/7 to 0 by varying « from 0 to 7. The maximum average output voltage is Vj», = 2Vi,/7 and the normalized average output voltage is Vs V, =< = 0.5(1 + cos a) (10.53) ‘im The rms output voltage is found from 12 Vom = [2 [visit ecacon]” Ye [a ~ cos2en) atu] ins ae IT Example 10.10 Finding the Fourier Series of the Input Current and Input PF of 1-Phase Semiconverter The semiconverter in Figure 10.15a is connected to a 120-V, 60-Hz supply. The load current J, can be assumed to be continuous and its ripple content is negligible. The turns ratio of the trans- former is unity. (a) Express the input current in a Fourier series; determine the input current HF, DF and input PF (b) If the delay angle is a = 7/2, calculate Vic, Vo, Vmsy HF, DF, and PF. Solution a, The waveform for input current is shown in Figure 10.15c and the instantaneous input current can be expressed in a Fourier series as 1) = ay +S (An cos nar + By sin not) (1055) fo d(wt) = H[[ndwn - if i,(0) cos nut d(wt) = i [ [cos ac ao = ie cos or dus) | where 28 de awn | a, = =~ rsinna — forn = 1,3,5,... =0 forn = 2,4,6, ie [ i(¢) sin nos d(wt) =i [fs sin not d(wt) ~ fou sin! d(et) ly 1]'? or L a(@u-a) EBs i + cosa) | Ce) From Eqs (3.9) and (10.57), DE = cos 6, = cos(—£) (40.60) From Eq. (3.11), PF =“ cog % VAL + cos a) (10.61) 1,82” Tale = a? a= 1d Vy = V2 X 120 = 169.7 V. From Eq. (10.52), Vac = (Vm/tt) (1 + oe Se Saaz V, from Eq. (10.53), V, = 0.5 pu, and from Eq. (10.54), Vn [1 se) a2 |2f_5—- = 8457V Vins = [5 (* ann = he cos ™ = 0.63661, 7 4 Jn10.9. Single-Phase Semiconverters 473, . Constant Ay, which can be determined from the initial condition: at wf = a, fia = In, is found as r 2V, Zz sin(a ~ oy ]emniom Substitution of A; yields V2V, ‘sin(wt = 0) = £4 [ris + Male in™ fii 6) Jemmronen forij,=0 (10.66) At the end of mode 2 in the steady-state condition: I,2(wt = t) = Ir. Applying this condition to Eq. (10.63) and solving for zp, we get Typ = NZMSin(w = 8) = sin(a — ae@4)(a-nVo _E ae 1 e PAV) R (10.67) for [i = Oand@. ae [ra = 0. The load current that is described by Eq, (10:66) flows nly during the period a 7/3, the waveform of the output voltage is shown in Figure 10.16b. ; Interval | for 7/2 = wf = w/6 + a: Diode D, conducts. The output voltage is zero, v, — 0 for wI2 < wt < w/6 + a. The load current i,, during interval 1 can be found from diy Fone poe 0 fort sorst+a with the boundary conditions iz;(wt = 7/2) = Iz, and iz;(wt = w/6 + a) = 11}. + Ripyt E480 Chapter 10 Controlled Rectifiers Interval 2 for m6 + a < wt < 7n/6: Thyristor T; and diode D, conduct. The out- put voltage becomes It 7 Dh mes ut = vavisin (ar - 2) fort + as ots % t voltage. The load current iz2 during interval 2 Yo, where V,, is the line-to-line (rms) input can be found from Tn = < 12 4 Ry, + B= Vivqsin (ot 2) fort tasers | it with the boundary conditions i,,(wt = 1/6 + a) = In: and iza(wt = 70/6) = Io. Gating sequence, The gating sequence is as follows: 1. Generate a pulse signal at the positive zero crossing of the phase voltage an. 2. Delay the pulse by the desired angles « + 7/6, a + 51/6, and a + 9n/6 for gat- ing T;, Tp, and 73, respectively, through gate-isolating circuits. Key Points of Section 10.10 © Similar to the single-phase semiconverter, the three-phase semiconverter oper- ates in the first quadrant and has a better input PF than that of the full converter. ‘+ Depending on the delay angle, the output current can be either continuous or dis- continuous. 10.11 SINGLE-PHASE SERIES CONVERTERS For high-voltage applications, two or more converters can be connected in series to share the voltage and also to improve the PF. Figure 10.18a shows two semiconverters that are connected in series. Each secondary has the same number of turns, and the turns ratio between the primary and secondary is N,/N, = 2. If « and are the delay angles of converter 1 and converter 2, respectively, the maximum output voltage Vim is obtained when a; = a2 = 0. In two-converter systems, one converter is operated to obtain output voltage from 0 to Vgn/2 and the other converter is bypassed through its freewheeling diode. To obtain output voltage from Vin/2 to Vin, one converter is fully turned on (at delay angle, a; = 0) and the delay angle of other converter, a, is varied. Figure 10.18b shows the output voltage, input currents to converters, and input current from the supply when both the converters are operating with a highly inductive load, From Eq. (10.52), the average output voltages of two semiconverters are 7 Var = (1+ €08 a1) x Vaco = — (1 + cos cr2) a