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Hurricane Olivia (2018)

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Hurricane Olivia

Category 4 major hurricane (SSHWS/NWS)

Olivia 2018-09-06 2210Z.jpg

Hurricane Olivia near peak intensity with annular characteristics on September 6

Formed September 1, 2018

Dissipated September 14, 2018

(Remnant low after September 14)

Highest winds 1-minute sustained: 130 mph (215 km/h)

Lowest pressure 951 mbar (hPa); 28.08 inHg

Fatalities None

Damage $25 million (2018 USD)

Areas affected Hawaii

Part of the 2018 Pacific hurricane season

Hurricane Olivia was a Category 4 hurricane that impacted Hawaii as a weakening tropical storm in
mid-September 2018, causing severe flooding and wind damage. Olivia was the first tropical cyclone
to make landfall on Maui and Lanai in recorded history. It was the fifteenth named storm, ninth
hurricane, and sixth major hurricane of the 2018 Pacific hurricane season.[1][nb 1] A tropical
depression formed southwest of Mexico on September 1. The depression slowly organized while it
was hindered by northeasterly wind shear, strengthening into Tropical Storm Olivia a day later.
Olivia began a period of rapid intensification on September 3, reaching its initial peak as a high-end
Category 3 hurricane on September 5. Soon after, the cyclone began to weaken, before
unexpectedly re-intensifying on September 6. Olivia peaked as a Category 4 hurricane on September
7, with winds of 130 mph (215 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 951 mbar (28.08 inHg). Six hours
later, Olivia began another weakening trend that resulted in the hurricane being downgraded to
Category 1 status on September 8, east of the 140th meridian west. Olivia entered the Central
Pacific Basin on September 9 while continuing to decay. For much of its existence, Olivia had tracked
westward to northwestward under the influence of a subtropical ridge. The cyclone weakened to a
tropical storm on September 12, while turning towards the west-southwest as a result of trade
winds. Olivia made brief landfalls on Maui and Lanai, with winds of 45 mph (75 km/h), later in the
day. Olivia fluctuated in intensity as it tracked away from the Hawaiian Islands, before transitioning
to a post-tropical cyclone on September 14. It opened up into a trough of low-pressure several hours
later.
Olivia's approach towards the Hawaiian Islands prompted the issuance of tropical storm watches and
warnings for Hawaii County, Oahu, Maui County, and Kauai County. Hawaii Governor David Ige
declared Hawaii, Maui, Kalawao, Kauai, and Honolulu counties disaster areas prior to Olivia's landfall
in order to activate emergency disaster funds and management. Tropical-storm-force winds mainly
affected Maui County and Oahu. Torrential rainfall occurred on both Maui and Oahu, peaking at
12.93 in (328 mm) in West Wailuaiki, Maui. Olivia felled trees, and caused thousands of power
outages and severe flooding on Maui. Floodwaters deposited debris on roads and caused severe
damage to portions of highways, most notably Lower Honoapiilani Road where cliffs were eroded
along its shoulder; repairs to that road are still ongoing as of January 2021. In Honokohau Valley, the
Honokohau stream rose over 15 ft (4.6 m), submerging a bridge and inundating over a dozen homes.
Multiple homes and vehicles were swept away by floodwaters. Olivia left the valley without potable
water for more than a week. Ditch systems in the valley that supply water to residents were
damaged during the storm; repairs cost $300,000–$400,000 (2018 USD) and finished during May
2020. Several hundred power outages occurred on Molokai, and around 1,100 lost power in
Honolulu. A pipe overflowed from excessive rainfall on Oahu, sending raw sewage into Kapalama
Stream and Honolulu Harbor. United States President Donald Trump issued a disaster declaration for
Hawaii to aid with emergency response efforts. Olivia caused a total of $25 million in damage
throughout Hawaii.

Contents

1 Meteorological history

2 Preparations

3 Impact and aftermath

4 See also

5 Notes

6 References

7 External links

Meteorological history

Map plotting the track and the intensity of the storm, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale

Map plotting the track and the intensity of the storm, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale

Hurricane Olivia originated from a disturbance that developed over the southwest Caribbean Sea on
August 26. The disturbance tracked westward, crossing over Central America and entering the
Eastern Pacific Ocean a couple of days later. Associated thunderstorm activity increased over the
next few days, and by early August 31, a broad low-pressure area had developed several hundred
miles south of Mexico's southwestern coast. Atmospheric convection organized around the system's
center, prompting the National Hurricane Center (NHC) to declare a tropical depression had formed
by 00:00 UTC on September 1, approximately 405 mi (650 km) southwest of Manzanillo, Mexico.[3]
While the depression was located over warm sea surface temperatures, northeasterly wind shear
prevented any intensification from occurring on September 1.[3][4] Although the system was still
elongated and disorganized,[5] convection had been increasing over and west of its center. This led
to the depression strengthening into Tropical Storm Olivia by 00:00 UTC on September 2, while it
was located 520 mi (835 km) south of Cabo San Lucas, Mexico.[3]

Soon after, Olivia began a northwestward motion as a result of a weakness in the subtropical ridge
located to the north.[3] Wind shear displaced the cyclone's low-level center to the north and
northeast of the convective canopy through September 3.[6][7] The wind shear abated early on
September 3, allowing Olivia to begin a period of rapid intensification. Meanwhile, the storm turned
towards the west as the ridge strengthened.[3] Later in the day, the amount of banding features –
significantly elongated, curved bands of rain clouds – increased greatly while Olivia's inner core
strengthened;[8] microwave imagery displayed an irregular eye underneath the system's central
dense overcast.[9] Olivia became a Category 1 hurricane around 00:00 UTC on September 4, while
located 575 mi (925 km) southwest of Cabo San Lucas. The cyclone continued to intensify, reaching
its initial peak intensity as a Category 3 major hurricane at 00:00 UTC on September 5, with
maximum sustained winds of 125 mph (205 km/h).[3] Around that time, Olivia exhibited a
prominent 15–25 mi (30–35 km) wide eye within its central dense overcast.[10] The hurricane began
to weaken shortly after its initial peak as sea surface temperatures decreased, wind shear increased,
and dry air incorporated into the storm. Olivia's eyewall collapsed in the north and convection
eroded in the northwestern quadrant.[3][11] Olivia bottomed out as a minimal Category 2 hurricane
around 18:00 UTC on September 5. Models had predicted that Olivia would weaken as a result of dry
air and lower sea surface temperatures, however, a second, unexpected round of intensification
occurred.[12] At the time, the hurricane's eye was uneven and the convective canopy was lopsided.
Olivia strengthened over the next day, regaining major hurricane status by 12:00 UTC on September
6. The cyclone peaked around 00:00 UTC on September 7, as a Category 4 hurricane with 1-minute
maximum sustained winds of 130 mph (215 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 951 mbar
(28.08 inHg), while located over 1,265 mi (2,035 km) west of Cabo San Lucas.[3] Olivia had become
an annular hurricane, developing a cloud-free eye embedded within a symmetric, ring-shaped
central dense overcast.[13]

Cooler sea surface temperatures of 77–79 °F (25–26 °C) and low-to-mid-level dry air caused Olivia to
weaken shortly after its peak.[3] Continuing to track west-northwestard under the subtropical
ridge,[14] Olivia gradually weakened as it approached the Central Pacific Ocean, with cloudtops
warming and its eye temperature decreasing.[15][16] Olivia began tracking westward under the
influence of a strengthening subtropical ridge mid-day on September 8.[17] After having fallen to
Category 1 status, the cyclone crossed the 140th meridian west and entered the Central Pacific Basin
around 00:00 UTC on September 9.[3] Olivia continued to decay, with its eye disappearing, and the
cyclone weakening to a minimal Category 1 storm by 12:00 UTC.[3][18] Later that day, low wind
shear and slightly higher sea surface temperatures allowed Olivia to restrengthen slightly and re-
develop an eye feature on satellite imagery. The hurricane strengthened to 85 mph (140 km/h) by
00:00 UTC on September 10 and maintained that intensity for 12 hours before increasing wind shear
caused the storm to weaken once more. Olivia's eye became cloud-filled and the system fell below
hurricane intensity by 06:00 UTC on September 11.[3] Increasing wind shear caused faster
weakening, displacing convection well to the east of the low-level center.[19][20][21] Olivia
weakened into a 45 mph (75 km/h) tropical storm by 06:00 UTC on September 12.[3] Flow from low-
level trade winds had turned Olivia to the west-southwest and caused it to slow down by 00:00 UTC
on that day. An upper-level trough shifted the storm back to a westward direction and further
reduced its forward speed later that day.[3] Olivia made brief landfalls over Maui and Lanai, the first
such instance in recorded history,[22] on September 12, at 19:10 UTC and 19:54 UTC, respectively,
with sustained winds of 45 mph (75 km/h). High wind shear and interaction with the mountainous
terrain of the Hawaiian Islands led to the rapid depletion and displacement of convection away from
Olivia's center.[3][23] Tracking west-southwestward, away from the Hawaiian Islands, Olivia
weakened to tropical depression status by 06:00 UTC on September 13. Convection briefly
redeveloped near the center of the depression, allowing Olivia to become a tropical storm again
around 18:00 UTC. The storm turned westward and transitioned into a post-tropical cyclone by
06:00 UTC on September 14. This system opened up into a trough of low-pressure about 12 hours
later.[3]

Preparations

Photograph of the Hawaii National Guard delivering supporting material in advance of Hurricane
Olivia

Hawaii National Guard delivering supporting material in advance of Hurricane Olivia

Hurricane Olivia's approach towards the Hawaiian Islands warranted the issuance of tropical cyclone
watches and warnings. A tropical storm watch was issued for the islands of Hawaii, Maui, Molokai,
Lanai, Kahoolawe, and Oahu on September 10 at 03:00 UTC. By 15:00 UTC, every watch had been
upgraded to a tropical storm warning except for the island of Oahu, which was upgraded at 03:00
UTC on the next day. Additional tropical storm watches had been issued for the islands of Kauai and
Niihau at the same time on September 11. These watches were upgraded to tropical storm warnings
by 21:00 UTC.[3] The United States Coast Guard initiated Condition Whiskey[nb 2] at 08:00 HST on
September 8 for ports in Hawaii, Maui, and Honolulu counties, expecting gale-force winds to occur
within 72 hours.[25] Honolulu and Kauai county ports were later upgraded to Condition X-ray, with
the expectation of gale-force winds occurring within 48 hours. By 08:00 HST on September 9, ports
in Hawaii and Maui counties were upgraded to Condition Yankee, with the expectation of gale-force
winds within 24 hours. At both of these conditions, restrictions were set on ports. Pleasure craft
were asked to travel into safer waters, and any barge or other ocean-traveling ship above 200 short
tons (180 t) were asked to remain in port if they had permission to do so or depart from the port if
they did not.[26] Ports in Hawaii, Maui, and Honolulu counties were upgraded to Condition Zulu at
08:00 HST on September 11, when gale-force winds were expected to occur in less than 12 hours. All
ports in those counties were closed to naval traffic until the danger from Olivia had ended.[27]

Maui County closed all government offices, schools, and the court system in anticipation of Olivia's
impact. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) readied personnel and supplies on
Maui, and the Hawaii National Guard stationed troops and transportation trucks on the eastern side
of the island. Hawaiian Airlines canceled flights for its Ohana commuter airline service.[28] Fees for
changing flights were waived by multiple airline companies during the storm.[29] Hawaii Governor
David Ige requested federal help for search and rescue, medical evacuations, medical care and
shelter commodities, and generators.[30] The governor declared Hawaii, Maui, Kalawao, Kauai, and
Honolulu counties disaster areas prior to Olivia's landfall in order to activate emergency disaster
funds and management.[31]
Impact and aftermath

Photograph of a fallen tree at the Fort Street Mall

A fallen tree at the Fort Street Mall

Olivia brought heavy rainfall, winds, and high surf to the main Hawaiian Islands, less than a month
after Hurricane Lane dropped a record 58 in (1,500 mm) of rain on the state.[32][33] From
September 11–12, 8–20 ft (2.4–6.1 m) high surf was reported along the northern and eastern facing
shores of the Big Island, Maui, Molokai, and Lanai. Surf of this magnitude occurred along the
southern and eastern shores of Oahu, and Kauai.[34] In Maui County, the Lanai Airport recorded
peak wind gusts of 55 mph (89 km/h).[35] The highest rainfall occurred near West Wailuaiki on the
island of Maui, peaking at 12.93 in (328 mm). Around 10.31 in (262 mm) of rain was recorded at the
Manoa Lyon Arboretum on Oahu.[36] A flash flood warning was issued for Molokai and
Maui.[28][37]

Olivia felled trees, caused severe flooding, and caused 6,800 power outages on Maui.[38] Rising
rivers prompted the evacuation of several residences in Lahaina and another in the Waihee
Valley.[37][39] In the former, floodwaters deposited mud in one home and fractured a concrete
barrier wall along the property's riverfront boundary.[40] Around 65 reports of damage occurred on
Maui, with some reaching complete and total destruction.[41] A brown water advisory, a
recommendation for people to stay out of affected waters, was issued on September 18 for coastal
waters near Waiheʻe to Kahului and Honokōhau to Honua Kai due to the possibility of contamination
from various sources, including chemicals, sewage, pesticides, and animal carcasses. This replaced
an advisory that covered the entire island of Maui; that advisory was issued after Olivia moved
through the region.[42] Multiple parks and forest reserves were closed to visitors due to a
combination of water damage, land erosion, and downed trees.[43] Several sections of the Hana
Highway were closed after trees fell.[38] The Honolua Ditch was clogged with debris; authorities
asked customers to conserve water for the remainder of September while the ditch was cleaned out
and repaired. Floodwaters damaged multiple portions of Lower Honoapiilani Road and eroded cliffs
along its shoulder; temporary repairs cost about $50,000 and complete repairs were estimated to
exceed $100,000 in cost.[44][45] Temporary cliff restoration work was ongoing as of January 2021,
consisting of sandbag and sheet wall repairs. Hololani Resort Condominiums and Goodfellow Bros,
the company performing the work, was fined $75,000 in that month for violating state health and
county environmental regulations.[46]

In the Honokohau Valley, multiple buildings, cars, and trees were swept away by floodwaters. At
least a dozen homes were flooded after debris clogged streams, forcing the strong currents to forge
new paths.[43][47][48] The Honokohau stream rose 15 feet (4.6 m), submerging the Honokohau
bridge; debris floating downstream struck the foundations of the bridge.[49] A bridge that provided
access to a home was destroyed, resulting in $5,000 in damage. The house suffered flood damage;
the telephone and water lines were destroyed. An elderly woman was rescued by her neighbors
during the storm. The floor of a house was destroyed after it was submerged under 1 ft (0.30 m) of
water. Another house had its floors plastered with mud after floodwaters entered the structure.[50]
On one property, a home was swept away, and another was moved off its foundation by
floodwaters; the latter and a third building both required demolition due to flood damage.[41][51]
Another home was swept away by floodwaters and a second house was moved around 100 yd (91
m). Around a month after the storm, both homes were intentionally set on fire before repairs could
commence; the fires caused a total of $80,000 in damage.[52] The valley was without potable water
at least a week after the storm. Maui County workers parked a water tanker on the Honoapiilani
Highway while work was underway on water services. Volunteers worked to clear the wreckage left
by the storm so buildings could be repaired. The American Red Cross helped with recovery
efforts.[50] Maui restaurants donated 100 meals to people affected by the storm and those
volunteering to help clear the wreckage left behind.[48] The cost to replace a broken water inflow
pipe in the valley was estimated at $100,000.[41][45] A road in Kahana that had been damaged
during the storm was repaired for $100,000.[41]

Torrential rainfall and flooding from Hurricanes Lane and Olivia reduced water flow and damaged a
control gate in the Honokohau Stream ditch system. The ditch provided water to farmers as well as
residential areas. The Ka Malu o Kahalawai and West Maui Preservation Association filed a complaint
with the state water commission in spring 2019, alleging that the Maui Land & Pineapple Company
was wasting water, causing water dearths, and not maintaining critical infrastructure. The state
commission approved a motion on November 20, 2019, that The Maui Land & Pineapple Company
must upgrade the damaged structures.[53] The Maui Land & Pineapple Company announced on
December 4, 2019, that it began repairs on the Honokohau Stream ditch system.[54] The project
cost around $300,000–$400,000, with repairs finishing on May 11, 2020.[53]

Floodwaters made eastern Molokai's only highway impassable.[37][39] At least 700 power outages
occurred on the island, resulting in the closure of a school.[43] Power was restored by September
12; crews fixed multiple areas of downed lines and damaged poles.[55]

The storm caused around 1,140 power outages in Honolulu.[56] A roof was blown off a structure in
ʻĀina Haina. Numerous roads, including portions of the Kamehameha Highway and Kalanianaole
Highway, were closed due to flooding.[57] Rainfall from Olivia caused the waterlevel behind the
earthen Nuʻuanu Dam #1 to rise 4–5 ft (1.2–1.5 m) overnight, prompting firefighters and officials to
pump and siphon water away; however, the dam was not at risk of failure.[58][59][60][61] A pipe
overflowed from excessive rainfall, sending over 32,000 US gal (120,000 L) of raw sewage into the
Kapalama Stream and Honolulu Harbor; the city disinfected the waters.[58] At least 775 US gal
(2,930 L) of sewage was contained by a vacuum truck.[57] A 100 ft (30 m) landslide occurred at the
top of the Manoa Falls Trail around a week after the storm, taking down trees and boulders.[62]

According to Aon, Olivia caused a total of US$25 million in damage throughout Hawaii.[63] United
States President Donald Trump declared Hawaii a disaster area to improve the response of
FEMA.[37] Bank of Hawaii allocated $25,000 to relief programs for the extension or forbearance of
loans, necessary items, and home and vehicle repairs.[55] Hotel occupancy dropped an average of
2.1% in September for Maui compared to the same time in 2017 as a result of hurricanes Lane and
Olivia.[64] Overall, tourism increased in the month of October despite the two storms.[65]
See also

Tropical cyclones portal

flag Hawaii portal

Other tropical cyclones named Olivia

List of Category 4 Pacific hurricanes

List of Hawaii hurricanes

Tropical Storm Irah (1963)

Hurricane Raymond (1983) – Category 4 hurricane that made landfall on Molokai as a tropical
depression[66]

Tropical Storm Flossie (2013) – took a similar path and passed just north of Hawaii[67]

Hurricane Iselle (2014) – similarly intense system that affected the Big Island as a tropical storm[68]

Hurricane Darby (2016) – Category 3 hurricane that made landfall on the Big Island as a tropical
storm[69]

Notes

A major hurricane is one that ranks at Category 3 or higher on the Saffir–Simpson scale.[2]

Conditions Whiskey, X-ray, Yankee, and Zulu are a series of naval port regulations used upon the
approach of a tropical cyclone to prepare the port and ships for impending tropical-storm-force
winds, minimize damage, and ensure safety.[24]

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Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the
National Weather Service.

External links
 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hurricane Olivia (2018).

The National Hurricane Center's advisory archive on Hurricane Olivia

The Central Pacific Hurricane Center's advisory archive on Hurricane Olivia

vte

Category 4 Pacific hurricanes

vte

Tropical cyclones of the 2018 Pacific hurricane season

Categories: 2018 in Hawaii2018 Pacific hurricane seasonCategory 4 Pacific hurricanesHurricanes in

HawaiiSeptember 2018 events in OceaniaSeptember 2018 events in the United StatesTropical
cyclones in 2018

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