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CE-312
ENGINEERING GEOLOGY & SEISMOLOGY
(03 Credit Hours)
Instructor:
Engr. Muhammad Adeel Arshad
➢ These waves generally have lower frequencies than those used by Richter.
Teleseismic MS and mb
Two commonly used modern magnitude scales are:
➢ MS, Surface-wave magnitude (Rayleigh Wave)
➢ mb, Body-wave magnitude (P-wave)
for epicentral distances 2°< ∆< 160°and source depth h < 50 km. The IASPEI Committee on
Magnitudes recommended at its Zürich meeting in 1967 the use of this formula as standard for
Ms determination for shallow seismic events (h ≤50 km)
where, A is the fault area (length L times width W), D is the average final slip and μ is
the shear modulus of the rocks involved in the earthquake, typically 30 Gpa.
Note: dyne-cm = 10-7 Nm
Radiation from a shear dislocation with slip D over area A in material with
rigidity μ is identical to that from a double couple with strength μAD.
Hanks and Kanamori (1979) proposed the Moment Magnitude Mw scale by:
Because of the limitations of all three magnitude scales ML, mb, and MS, a
new, more uniformly applicable extension of the magnitude scale, known as
moment magnitude, or “Mw,” was developed. It is one of the most important
measures of the size of an earthquake since;
……(b)
If we assume an average stress drop of 30 bar, equations (a) & (b) provide
YES!
Intensity Magnitude
How Strong Earthquake Feels to Related to Energy Release.
Observer
✓ Qualitative assessment of the ✓ Quantitative measurement of the
kinds of damage done by an amount of energy released by an
earthquake earthquake by modern
seismograph.
✓ Depends on distance to
earthquake & strength of ✓ Depends on the size of the fault
earthquake that breaks