MARINE SURVEY

Sivakholundu

Why to Survey
Exploration
Hydro carbon, minerals, living resources

Development works
coastal construction, port development, etc

Understand Dynamic Earth

Physical processes wind, tide, current Changes in physical set up are continuous

Miscellaneous
Defence, political

What to Survey
Physical Set up
Depth / Elevation different layers of earth surface Material composition Magnetic and gravitational variation Tide Current Waves Seawater properties

Survey operation at sea

Measure Position

Measure any other attribute (Depth, etc) at that position

to measure position you need to know about..

Datums and reference surfaces Coordinate systems and map projections Position fixing general principles Position fixing GPS

measuring the attribute will require knowledge about.

Types of Surveys Survey Equipment Acoustic Sensors Conducting a survey

Coordinate Systems
Are needed to to define locations of interest to know relations between locations (Distance, direction) to manipulate data and get derivatives Area, Volume, gradient, etc

Surfaces
Survey area can be assumed to be simple two dimensional plane - if distances involved are small enough

Surfaces .
Effect of curvature of earth becomes significant if distances involved are longer - and they have to be accounted for. Early surveyors and navigators assumed that earth is a sphere.

Surfaces .
Earth is not a sphere. It is a oblated sphere - one having a slight bulge at the equatorial region Present surveyors and navigators adopt a spheroid (Ellipsoid) to represent the earth surface

Ellipse
b a For the earth: Major axis, a ~ 6378 km Minor axis, b ~ 6357 km Flattening ratio, f = (a-b)/a ~ 1/300

Ellipsoid or Spheroid
Rotate an ellipse around an axis
Z b a O a X
Rotational axis

One more surface..

Mean Sea Level is a surface of constant gravitational potential called the Geoid
Sea surface Ellipsoid

Earth surface Geoid

WGS-84 Ellipsoidal Height

Geodetic Datums
Local/regional datum: * Approximates size and shape of the earth on a local, regional scale * geometrical centre of the spheroid not necessarily coincident with geocentre * well suited to surveying over the areas they were defined for - inadequate for global satellite surveying systems. Best fitting Global datum Eg. WGS-84

Best fitting regional datum Eg. Everest

Geoid and Ellipsoid

Earth surface (Topography)

Ocean Geoid

Ellipsoid

Gravity Anomaly

Mean Sea level = Geoid & Elevation is measured from the Geoid

Geodetic Datums
numerical or geometrical quantity or set of quantities which serve as a reference or base for other quantities The adopted coordinates (after and adjustment of measurements comprise the datum) The spheroid is a simple geometrical reference surface to which the coordinates are referred horizontal or vertical, datums regional or global different best-fitting reference spheroids have been defined in different parts of the world because of the undulating

Issues related to Datums used in India

Everest All old maps are in Everest Best fitting model for the region Orthometric Heighting can be related to local datum more readily WGS-84 New survey is being carried out on WGS84 Satellite positioning can work in Global datums only Spheroid and Geoid separation is larger (~100m) making orthometric heighting more cumbursome

Datum transformation parameters are not readily available at present for all regions Wrong assumption of Datum can lead to an error as much as 300m in horizontal position Datum and spheroid must be specified to define horizontal position - Latitude and longitude alone will not be sufficient. Without this information a single coordinate set can refer to different positions Datum Transformation parameters have limited area of applicability (From Indian everest to WGS-84). Parameters for Chennai region is different than Mumbai region.

Types of Coordinates
Survey Coordinate systems fall under one of these systems Cartesian system (x,y,z) Geodetic system (,,h) Projection systems (N,E,h)

Latitude and Longitude

Greenwich meridian =0
Z
N

Meridian of longitude Parallel of latitude

P
-90 =0 N

W
=0-180 W

R
=0 =0-180E

- Geographic longitude - Geographic latitude Y O - Geocenter

Equator

Map Projection
the transformation of a curved earth to a flat map is any systematic arrangement of meridians and parallels portraying the curved surface of the spheroid upon a plane

Geographic and Projected Coordinates

(, )

Map Projection

(x, y)

Types of Projections
Conic (Albers Equal Area, Lambert Conformal Conic) - good for East-West land areas Cylindrical (Transverse Mercator) - good for North-South land areas Azimuthal (Lambert Azimuthal Equal Area) - good for global views

Mercator Projection

Suitable in low latitudes Meridians are parallel through out Distortion becomes larger with higher latitudes Usage of Graticules makes it inconvenient for purposes other than navigation

Transverse Mercator
Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level

Universal Transverse Mercator

Based on transverse Mercator projection with some fixed properties Covers Earth surface between 80 South and 84 North 60 north-south zones 6 degrees of longitude wide Each zone overlaps degree into the adjoining zones False origin of 500,000 meters west of the central meridian of each UTM zone

Central Meridian 0o

500,000 m

UTM Zones for India

Sample:
Coordinates of NIOT Terrace Geodetic Lat: 13 09.750 N Lon: 80 20.174 E UTM

X: 428065.91 Y: 1455200.98 Zone CM 42 69 43 75 44 .. 81 . Zone : 44

Survey operation at sea

Measure Position

Measure any other attribute (Depth, etc) at that position

measuring the attribute will require knowledge about.

Types of Surveys Survey Equipment Acoustic Sensors

Conducting a survey

Types of Survey
Topographic Survey Land survey, features, soil type, road, drainage, Buldings, etc Bathymetric Survey Map the depth variation Geophysical Survey Map the sub-seabed details, Layer thickness, material type, etc Geotechnical Survey Map the sediment characteristics seabed material particle size, strength etc Magnetic Survey Map the magnetic anomaly, search for embedded ferrous objects Gravity Survey More - Map the gravity anomaly

Acoustic Systems
Sea water is a bad conductor for light / Electromagnetic waves attenuates within few meters of passage Acoustic signals are excellent tools for probing underwater. They can pass through water mass and also Seabed for a limited depth. Almost all major probes are acoustic in marine use Echosounder Side scan Sonar Sub bottom profiler Acoustic ranging systems Current Profiler

Echosounder
An echosounder sends out a sound pulse and waits for its echo reflected from the seabed. The velocity of sound is a known quantity and hence the time elapsed is a measure of depth.

Types of Echosounders
Single Beam - Simple system to install and interface Frequency ranges upto ~ 250 kHz produces a single profile along the vessel track MultiBeam - Relatively Complicated- requires motion of vessel to be fully monitored- Frequency ranges upto 450 kHz The System available in NIOT can measure upto 240 beams simultaneously. Parametric - Uses two high frequency signals to generate a new low frequency (difference) signal to penetrate into the seabed. Acts as a combined Echosounder and a Subbottom profiler.

Multibeam Echosounder

Tide .
Echosounding includes water column caused by tidal variation Hence tide is observed during sounding operation and raw soundings are reduced to Chart Datum MSL

CD

Side Scan Sonar

Records tonal variation of reflected signal from objects / seafloor The tonal variation depends on material characteristics
DF-1000 Towfish It is possible to qualitatively judge the sea bed composition sand/rock/clay or objects ship wreck, pipeline, structures

Normally towed behind the survey vessel to avoid vessel noise Used in seabed engineering investigations, geological mapping and search operations

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Side Scan Sonar

Track of Tow Fish

Side Scan Sonar

Side Scan Sonar

Sample of Ship Wreck

Sub-Bottom Profiler
Sound waves travel into the seabed and get reflected at different depths depending on their frequency and material nature. This property is used in SBP to investigate the sub-bottom layers and formation details

Sub Bottom Profiler

Boomer and Sparker are used Sfor sub-bottom profiling. S S S B B B High Energy sound B They use very low frequency and - 2 0 0 4 1 4 waves to accomplish the sub-bottom penetration. 5 2 6 0 The later types known as chirp sonar produces a pulse sweeping over a band of low frequency (eg. 0.5 to 12kHz). The reflection of signal is a function of frequency used. Different layers of seabed respond to different frequency component T o w of outgoing signal. The reflection of each f component correspondsis with a layer change.
h M o d e l 4 S 1 8 SB-216S 2

Sub Bottom Profiler

Sample record

Sample Sub-bottom profile

Sample Sub-bottom profile

Sample charts

Thank you

design water levels

1. Tide - Highest Astronomical tide - determination of HAT, MSL 3. Surge - modeling requirement 5. Wave setup 7. Waves - significant wave - extreme value statistics -

Design water levels

Thank you