Q.

1 The precision engineering bearing inserts are manufactured with small portion of bearing ends extending
beyond the bearing housing or caps. The installation process of these bearings requires sufficient
Ans. (b) crush.
The bearing shell itself is in two halves. The bearing shell halves are extended beyond the bearing housing by
approximately 0.3mm. This is applicable in modern thin-shelled bearings. As these bearings are thin-shelled, they
cannot support shaft on their own and hence need backing-up support of the bearing housing. Hence it is necessary
to have full contact with the back of the bearing and the bearing keep. Hence crush is provided to achieve this. Also,
it prevents the rotation of the shelf in the housing due to the rotation of the shaft.

Q.2 The method of piston cooling in which oil is delivered through the connecting rod to a compartment
within the piston, then distributed by the motion of the piston and allowed to drain to the crankcase via one or
more pipes or holes is termed as
Ans. shaker method of cooling of the piston.
In shaker method of piston cooling, it is actual movement of the piston which causes the movement of oil in the
piston. The oil outlet from the piston crown cooling space is kept at higher level than that of inlet. Hence some oil is
always retained in cooling spaces. This oil is splashed against the underside of the hot crown as the piston moves up
and down so as to have better cooling of the piston crown. This spraying action is done due to the movement of the
piston. This is very efficient piston cooling method. Nowadays, new Sulzer engine is employing the combination of
shaker and nozzle cooling method and has reported to have reduction in piston crown temperature.

Q.3 The piston rod scrapper box incorporated in two-strokes cycle crosshead diesel engine serves to
Ans. (c) prevent the sludge and dirty oil from entering the crankcase.
In two-stroke crosshead engines, under-piston scavenge space are separated from crankcase by use of diaphragm.
Under-piston scavenge space gets accumulated with unburnt carbon, unburnt fuel and mixture oil in the form of
sludge. If this finds its way into crankcase, then crankcase oil will get deteriorated. Hence stuffing box with scrapper
and sealing rings is mounted on the diaphragm through which reciprocating piston rod passes thus scrapping off and
preventing the entry of sludge into the crankcase. Also it prevents the crankcase oil into the under-piston space hence
preventing the loss of crankcase oil.

Q.4 In large slow speed main propulsion diesel engines which of the parts listed is under tension when the
engine is running?
Ans. Tierods.
The job of the tierods is to hold bedplate column, entablature under compression so as to prevent the relative
movement between these parts. When the engine is running hence these parts are tied together and are kept under
compression by use of tierods. While doing so, the tierods itself gets into tension. Hence the firing load is transferred
to the bedplate and ship structure.

Q.5 The main advantage of unit injector over other fuel injection system is
Ans. lack of high pressure fuel lines.
In case of unit injectors, which is a combination of fuel pump and fuel valve, as the fuel valve is not separately
mounted away from the fuel pump, there is no need to provide a connecting high pressure oil carrying fuel between
the fuel pump and fuel injector. This combination improves safety and chances of high-pressure fuel leakages also
reduces. Also the possibility of fire due to leaky high-pressure pipes is reduced.

Q.6 The passages are drilled in the crankshaft of diesel engines to provide lubricating oil to
Ans. the main bearings, connecting rod bearings and piston pin bushings.
Crankshaft moves in the main bearings. At the same time the connecting rod big end bearings moves over the
crankpin. Also the connecting rod top end bearing moves over the piston pin bushing. As there is relative movement
between these parts, friction always exists between them. In order to reduce the friction and remove the heat
generated due to small amounts of film friction that may exist, it is necessary to supply sufficient quantity of
lubricating oil to all these three parts so as to have a film lubrication which will separate the moving parts from the
stationary bearings. At the same time, it will provide sufficient amount of lubricating oil for the purpose of cooling.
This arrangement is utilized only in case of small engines where the drilling of the crankshaft is permitted. In case of
big engines, there is possibility of stress concentration due to the drilling in the crankshaft and there is a possibility
of crankshaft breaking. Therefore this type of system is not utilized in big engines. In big engines, main bearing
lubricating oil is supplied separately through the crosshead bearing which will be branched to the piston cooling as
well as crosshead lubrication and through the connecting rods drilling it will go to the bottom end bearing
lubrication.

Q.7 When can the main crankcase ventilation pipes or oil drain pipes of two or more engines be connected?
Ans. As far as possible no connection should be provided between the crankcase ventilation of different
engines.
Crankcase ventilation pipes or drain pipes of two or more engines should not be connected as in case of crankcase
explosion, the heat wave may enter other healthy engine crankcase causing explosion in that engine also. Also if one
engine crankcase oil is contaminated, other engine oil may also get contaminated if the drains are connected. Also
this may occur due to the oil vapour getting mixed up.
Q.8 The main function of tierod in the construction of a large low speed diesel engine is to
Ans. absorb most of the tensile load that results from the firing forces during the operation.
The main function of the tierods is to keep the cylinder block, A-frame and bedplate tied together under
compression. At the same time it itself goes into tension. Also tierods accept most of the tensile loading that results
from the firing forces developed during operation and relieve the bedplate, entablature and columns off these firing
forces. Hence it can be seen that the tierods are always under tension so as to maintain all other parts of the engine
structure under compression and to prevent the relative movement between the parts when the engine is in operation.

Q.9 On most modern diesel engines, the main and connecting rod bearings receive their lubricating oil by
Ans. (d) pressure feed.
On most modern diesel engines, where the load is comparatively high, it is necessary that the bearings should be
lubricated by lubricating oil. This lubricating oil will form a wedge type film between the stationary bearing and the
rotating shaft so as to prevent the metallic contact and the friction between the bearings and the journal. For this
purpose, it is necessary to supply large quantity of oil so as to have a continuous and uninterrupted supply of
lubricating oil which is required to form the film as well as cooling purpose. In order to achieve this, it is necessary
to continuously supply lubricating oil under pressure. This will overcome the piping friction and also it will maintain
uninterrupted and sufficiently large quantity of lubricating oil to the bearings.

Q.10 Fuel injection pump using the port and helix metering principle requires the use of a
Ans. (b) lapped plunger and barrel.
Due to lapped plunger and barrel, there is a good contact between the plunger and barrel. As the pump develops very
high pressure, there will be least amount of leakage between the plunger and barrel. Also due to the cutting of helix
on the sliding surface of the plunger, the sealing area between the plunger and barrel reduces. As the area reduces,
the possibilities of leakages increases. Hence in order to reduce the leakages at high pressure between the plunger
and barrel, it is necessary to lap plunger and barrel together so as to have a perfect bearing between the plunger and
barrel and to reduce the leakages. The plunger and barrel are to be replaced together as a set because they are lapped
individually with each other and they should not be replaced individually as single unit.

Q.11 Lubricating oil is supplied to the crankshaft main bearing in a marine diesel engine by
Ans. internal crankshaft passages.
The internal passages in the crankshaft are made in such a manner, in case of small diesel engines where crankshaft
size is comparatively small, that oil is supplied to the main bearing. From there to the passage in the crankshaft it is
feed to the crank pin bearing. Thus avoiding the complicated piping to supply oil to the crankpin bearing and
gudgeon pin bearing. This is applicable only in case of small crankshafts. Bigger crankshafts may fail under fatigue
if the holes are drilled out for the passage of the oil. Hence in case of the bigger crankshafts, no drilling of the holes
is done on the crankshaft and hence this method of lubricating the bottom end bearing and gudgeon pin bearing is
not applicable. In that case, there is a separate supply of lubricating oil to main bearing and as well as to the
crosshead bearing, which will be further bifurcated into two: the crosshead bearing and piston cooling, and the
bottom end bearing, for lubricating.

Q.12 Gudgeon pin bearing are difficult to lubricate because of their oscillating motion and
Ans. (d) their position in the lubricating system.
As the gudgeon pin is fitted between the piston and connecting rod, it is difficult to convey oil to it. Also by the time
oil reaches this bearing after passing through the main bearing and bottom end bearing, there is a large amount of
pressure drop as well as loss of quantity of the lubricating oil. Thus this bearing is starved of the oil. Also load on
this bearing is acting downwards. Also the area of the bearing is less. All these factors contributes to the difficulty in
the lubricating the gudgeon pin bearing.

Q.13 The camshaft drive is designed to maintain the proper camshaft speed relative to the crankshaft speed.
In maintaining this relationship the camshaft drive causes camshaft to rotate at
Ans. (b) crankshaft speed in a two-stroke diesel engine i.e. camshaft and crankshaft speeds for two stroke
engines are same.
In a two stroke engines for every revolution there is one power stroke. For every power stroke, there is one fuel
injection movement and one exhaust valve opening movement. This fuel injection and exhaust valve opening is
controlled by the camshaft rotation. Hence it is necessary for camshaft to rotate at the same speed as the crankshaft,
so as to have fuel injection and exhaust to be carried out for every revolution of the crankshaft.

Q.14 Engine having bore exceeding 250 mm, but not exceeding 300 mm, are to have at least
Ans. (c) one explosion relief door or one explosion relief valve in the way of each alternate crank throw with a
minimum of two valves.
This is a minimum requirement under the classification society rules. When arriving to this requirement figures, the
calculation of the crankcase volume and the rate at which the explosive gases are released, in order to avoid the
building of pressure and explosion of the crankcase, at least two safety valves are needed; in case one valve fails to
open at least the second one will respond.
Q.15 The opening of an exhaust valve on a modern large two-stroke slow-speed main propulsion diesel engine
may be actuated by
Ans. (c) hydraulic “pushrods”.
The opening of exhaust valve on a modern engine of a large slow-speed main propulsion diesel engine may be
actuated by hydraulic pushrods as it eliminates the need of mechanical pushrods and the rocker arms. Also it
eliminates the problem encountered due to the thermal expansion of the valve spindle. There is no need for checking
and adjustment of the tappet clearance. Also, closing and opening timing of the valve can be adjusted depending
upon the load, and the closing and opening action can be made smooth with less hammering of the valve on the seat
and hence less noisy. Thus hydraulic pushrod is most convenient method for opening of exhaust valve. In modern
engines, closing is carried out by mechanical or air springs.

Q.16 Shaker/circulation and spray are the three general methods used in
Ans. (d) piston cooling.