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Bionic Ear and Implanted Bionic Eye
Bionic Ear and Implanted Bionic Eye
▪ Since time immemorial, human has done inventions to mimic the Mother
Nature. Necessities has forced him to discover technologies to help the
ailing society. So, it must be accepted that if social disabilities persist, the
person is not crippled; rather the technology is crippled, broken. A century
ago, Tuberculosis had no cure. Surely, technology that time was crippled!
▪ Many people around us challenge the physical disabilities like deafness,
blindness, amputations, etc. But we are not bestowed with regeneration
capabilities to overcome these. The technology remained crippled for
many years until research in STEM CELLS, BIONICS, and SENSORY
SUBSTITUTION took place.
▪ Bionics has been practically implemented and many people have
overcome their disability to much extent by this technology.
What is ‘Bionics’?
Upper motor neurons(Cortico-spinal) inter-neurons arise from the motor cortex and
descend to the spinal cord. They activate the lower motor-neurons through
synapses. These lower motor neurons innervate the muscles. The alpha motor
neurons innervate the extrafusal muscle fibers. These muscle fibers cause fast and
rough motion. The gamma motor neurons are responsible for precise motion.
Bionics uses the fact that even if a part is amputated, the concerned brain portion
works fine. In case of amputated hand/legs or other locomotors, the MOTOR
CORTEX works fine. It exploits this fact that lower motor neurons innervate the
muscle fibers. So if some mechanism is involved that could get signals from these
innervated nerves (that cause motion) prosthesis could be given a new dimension.
HOW DOES BIONICS INCORPORATE IT ? contd..
Using surface electrodes, EMG, EEG sensors that could read the
signals from nerve. They are generally stickered to human body
muscle (hand/leg/thighs). In some cases they could be injected
inside the body. In Project Cyborg 100 electrodes were implanted
in the nervous system.
Analysis of advancement:
▪ Many nerves innervate the muscles responsible for control and precision of
movement. Still among the many electrical signals sent from brain for motion,
we make use of few that gives the prosthetic design to function roughly. For
more preciseness we need to decipher among many electrical signals and noise,
the meaning of instructions.
▪ The hand has 27 degrees of freedom naturally. Still, we are not able to achieve
the number. The system remains underactuated.
▪ Research work is under process to use other muscles to control body parts. Ex:
neck muscles could control the movement of prosthetic hand. This needs
rigorous training and research.
▪ Sensing, or sending stimulations back to brain is still under research.
COCHLEAR IMPLANT
Ear is made of thousands of hair cells. They get stimulated by sound and begin to
vibrate, thereby passing electrical impulses to cochlear/auditory nerve.
In many cases of deafness (sensorineural), the hair cells do not function well, and
thus could not send signals to brain. Bionics, which sees brain working fine, tries
to sort out the issue with hair cells. An external stimulator is used to stimulate the
cochlear nerve.
HOW DOES BIONICS INCORPORATE IT ? Contd..
▪ The sound quality is not natural, as no o f electrodes used limit the natural
quality.
▪ Research is still going on how the brain interprets loudness, quality, direction of
sound, and pitch of sound. Further advancements will lead to improved
efficiency in performance of Implants.
▪ It is able to send feedback signal to brain as compared to prosthetic limb.
BIONIC EYE (VISUAL PROSTHESIS)
Human Limitation : Many persons lose their vision partially or fully due to
degraded photoreceptors. Disabilities like Retinitis pigmentosa,
choroideremia cause human to lose their vision.
Technological Milestones 4
Human Potential : Bionic Eye (Ex : Argus II)
Bionics in Bionic Eye
Analysis of advancement:
•The biocompatibility of the implant and the human host is still under
research.
• Jeffrey Fox, Kim Edginton, Jennifer Wightman, Rebuilding the body with bionics,
http://www.cem.msu.edu/~cem181fp/brain/index.html
• [1] Medical Dictionary, Merriam Webster, http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bionic
• [2] Lloyd Emma, The history of bionics, http://www.healthguideinfo.com/prosthetics-bionics/p9070/,
Project Cyborg, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Warwick#Project_Cyborg, Argus ,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argus_retinal_prosthesis#History
• [3] Maurice LeBlanc, https://web.stanford.edu/class/engr110/2011/LeBlanc-03a.pdf
• [4] Visual Prosthesis/Ongoing Projects,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_prosthesis#Ongoing_projects
THANK YOU !!!!!