UNIT 1

Syllabus :-DETERMINANTS Definition, Minors, Cofactors, Properties of Determinants MATRICES:

Definition, Types of Matrices, Addition, Subtraction, Scalar Multiplication and Multiplication of Matrices,
Adjoint, Inverse, Cramer’s Rule, Rank of Matrix Dependence of Vectors, Eigen Vectors of a Matrix, Caley
Hamilton Theorem (without proof)

Lectures Topic Discussed

Class 1 Introduction of matrices

Class 2 Types of matrix

Class 3 Sum and Multiplication of Matrices

Class 4 Determinants

Class 5 Adjoint and inverse of matrices

Class 6 Cramer Rule for solution of linear equations

Class 7 Rank of the matrix

Class 8 Eigen Values of the Matrix

Class 9 Eigen Vectors of the Matrix

Class 10 Class Test I

1. Matrix
Definition: - A matrix is a rectangular representation of numbers (characters or symbols) for
which operations such as addition and multiplication are defined

A matrix is represented by capital letters and represented by

A=[ ]RXC ( )RXC II II RXC

Order of Matrix:- No of Row X No of Column is called the Order of matrix.

Horizontal line called Rows and Vertical Lines are called columns of the matrix

Upper triangular matrix. A square matrix in which all the elements below the diagonal are zero
i.e. a matrix of type:
 

            
      
Lower triangular matrix. A square matrix in which all the elements above the diagonal are zero
i.e. a matrix of type

        
Diagonal matrix. A square matrix in which all of the elements are zero except for the diagonal
elements i.e. a matrix of type
 

It is often written as D = diag(a11, a22, a33, ... , ann)

Scalar matrix. A diagonal matrix in which all of the diagonal elements are equal to some
constant “k” i.e. a matrix of type
 

      
                                                

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Identity matrix. A diagonal matrix in which all of the diagonal elements are equal to “1" i.e. a
matrix of type
 

     

An identity matrix of order nxn is denoted by In .

Transpose of a matrix. The matrix resulting from interchanging the rows and columns in the
given matrix. The transpose of

               

 is

         

 The first row of A becomes the first column of AT, the second row of A becomes the second
column of AT, etc.. It corresponds to a “flip”of the matrix about the diagonal running down from
the upper left corner.
Symmetric matrix. A square matrix in which corresponding elements with respect to the
diagonal are equal; a matrix in which aij = aji where aij is the element in the i-th row and j-th
column; a matrix which is equal to its transpose; a square matrix in which a flip about the
diagonal leaves it unchanged. Example:

                                                                                                 

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Skew-symmetric matrix. A square matrix in which corresponding elements with respect to the
diagonal are negatives of each other; a matrix in which aij = -ajiwhere aij is the element in the i-th
row and j-th column; a matrix which is equal to the negative of its transpose. The diagonal
elements are always zeros. Example:                                                               

     
Commutative and anti-commutative matrices. If A and B are square matrices such that AB =
BA, then A and B are called commutative or are said to commute. If AB = -BA, the matrices are
said to anti-commute.
Periodic matrix. A matrix A for which Ak+1 = A , where k is a positive integer. If k is the least
positive integer for which Ak+1 = A , then A is said to be of period k. If k = 1, so that A2 = A,
then A is called idempotent.
Nilpotent matrix. A matrix A for which Ap = 0, where p is some positive integer. If p is the least
positive integer for which Ap = 0, then A is said to be nilpotent of index p.

Sum of Matrices &Subtraction of matrices

 Add the following matrices:

I need to add the pairs of entries, and then simplify for the final answer:

So the answer is:

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Up until now, you've been able to add any two things you felt like: numbers, variables, equations, and so
forth. But addition doesn't always work with matrices.

 Perform the indicated operation, or explain why it is not possible.

Since matrices are added entry-wise, I have to add the  1 and the 4, the 2 and 5, the 0 and the7,
and the 3 and the 8. But what do I add to the 6 and to the 9? There are no corresponding entries
in the first matrix that can be added to these entries in the second matrix. So the answer is:

I can't add these matrices, because they're not the same size.

This is always the case: To be able to add two matrices, they must be of the same size. If they are not the same size
(if they do not have the same "dimensions"), then the addition is "not defined" (doesn't make mathematical sense).

Subtraction works entry-wise, too.   Copyright © Elizabeth Stapel 2003-2011 All Rights Reserved

 Given the following matrices, find A – Band A – C, or explain why you cannot.

A and B are the same size, each being 2 × 3 matrices, so I can subtract, working entry-wise:

However, A and C are not the same size, since A is 2 × 3 and C is 2 × 2. So this subtraction is

not defined.

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 A – C is not defined, because A and C are not the same size.

Matrix addition and subtraction, where defined (that is, where the matrices are the same size so addition and
subtraction make sense), can be turned into homework problems.

 Find the values of x and y  given the following equation:

First, I'll simplify the left-hand side a bit by adding entry-wise:

Since matrix equality works entry-wise, I can compare the entries to create simple equations that
I can solve. In this case, the 1,2-entries tell me that x + 6 = 7, and the 2,1-entries tell me
that 2y – 3 = –5. Solving, I get:

x + 6 = 7 
x = 1

2y – 3 = –5 
2y = –2 
y = –1

Multiplication of matrices

 How do we multiply two matrices?

Step 1: Make sure that the number of columns in the 1st one equals the number of rows in the 2ndone. ...
Step 2: Multiply the elements of each row of the first matrix by the elements of each column in the
second matrix.
Step 3: Add the products.

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Just as with adding matrices, the sizes of the matrices matter when we are multiplying. For matrix multiplication to
work, the columns of the second matrix have to have the same number of entries as do the rows of the first matrix.

AB =

If, using the above matrices, B had had only two rows, its columns would have been too short to multiply
against the rows of A. Then "AB" would not have existed; the product would have been "undefined".
Likewise, if B had had, say, four rows, or alternatively if A had had two or four columns, then AB would
not have existed, because A and B would not have been the right sizes.

In other words, for AB to exist (that is, for the very process of matrix multiplication to be able to function
sensibly), A must have the same number of columns as B has rows; looking at the matrices, the rows
of A must be the same length as the columns of B.

You can use this fact to check quickly whether a given multiplication is defined. Write the product in terms
of the matrix dimensions. In the case of the above problem, A is 2×3 and B is 3×2, so AB is (2×3)(3×2).
The middle values match:

...so the multiplication is defined. By the way, you will recall that AB, the product matrix, was 2×2. You
can also see this on the dimensions:

Using this, you can see that BA must be a different matrix from AB, because:

The product BA is defined (that is, we can do the multiplication), but the product, when the matrices are
multiplied in this order, will be 3×3, not 2×2. In particular, matrix multiplication is not "commutative"; you
cannot switch the order of the factors and expect to end up with the same result. (You should expect to
see a "concept" question relating to this fact on your next test.)

 Given the following matrices,

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 Determinant of matrix

Determinants are like matrices, but done up in absolute-value bars instead of square brackets. There is a lot that you
can do with (and learn from) determinants, but you'll need to wait for an advanced course to learn about them. In this
lesson, I'll just show you how to compute 2×2 and 3×3 determinants. (It is possible to compute larger determinants,
but the process is much more complicated.) If you have a square matrix, its determinant is written by taking the
same grid of numbers and putting them inside absolute-value bars instead of square brackets:

...then this is "the determinant 

If this is "the matrix A" (or "A")...
of A" (or "det A").

     

     

Just as absolute values can be evaluated and simplified to get a single number, so can determinants. The process for
evaluating determinants is pretty messy, so let's start simple, with the 2×2 case.

For a 2×2 matrix, its determinant is found by subtracting the products of its diagonals, which is a fancy way of saying
in words what the following says in pictures:

the matrix A the determinant of A ("det A")

(a).(d) - (b).(c)

the matrix A the determinant of A ("det A")

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 (1).(4) - (2).(3)

In other words, to take the determinant of a 2×2 matrix, you multiply the top-left-to-bottom-right diagonal,
and from this you subtract the product of bottom-left-to-top-right diagonal.

"But wait!" I hear you cry; "Aren't absolute values always supposed to be positive? You show that second matrix
above as having a negative determinant. What's up with that?" You make a good point. Determinants are similar to
absolute values, and use the same notation, but they are not identical, and one of the differences is that determinants
can indeed be negative.

 Evaluate the following determinant:

I multiply the diagonals, and subtract:   Copyright © Elizabeth Stapel 2004-2011 All Rights Reserved

 Find the determinant of the following matrix:

I convert from a matrix to a determinant, multiply along the diagonals, subtract, and simplify:

The computations for 3×3 determinants are messier than for 2×2's. Various methods can be used, but the simplest is
probably the following:   Copyright © Elizabeth Stapel 2004-2011 All Rights Reserved

   
Take a matrix A:

  

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Write down its determinant:

  
   
Extend the determinant's grid by rewriting the
first two columns of numbers:

   
   
Then multiply along the down-diagonals:

  
   
...and along the up-diagonals

  
   
Add the down-diagonals and
subtract the up-diagonals:

  
   
And simplify:

Then det (A) = 1.

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  Find the determinant of the following matrix:

  
First I convert from the matrix to its  
determinant, with the extra columns:

   
   
Then I multiply down and up the
diagonals:

  

Then I add the down-diagonals, subtract the up-diagonals, and simplify for the final answer:

 Find the determinant of the following matrix by expanding (a) along the first row and (b)
along the third column. (c) Compare the results of each expansion.

(a) To expand along the first row, I need to find the minors and then the cofactors of the first-row
entries: a1,1, a1,2, a1,3, and a1,4.

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 M1,1 M1,2 M1,3 M1,4

M1,1 = 0 M1,2 = 0 M1,3 = 3 M1,4 = 0

A1,1 = (–1)1+1M1,1   A1,2 = (–1)1+2M1,2   A1,3 = (–1)1+3M1,3  A1,4 = (–1)1+4M1,4  
= (–1)2(0) = (–1)3(0) = (–1)4(3) = (–1)5(0)
= 0           = 0           = 3           = 0          

So the determinant of this matrix is:

det(A) = a1,1A1,1 + a1,2A1,2 + a1,3A1,3 + a1,4A1,4 
           = 1(0) + 3(0) + (–2)(3) + 1(0) 
           = –6

Adjoint of the matrix:

1. Minors and cofactors:

Minors and Cofactors:

For any square matrix A of order n, the determinant of the sub matrix obtained by

eliminating the ith row and jth column of the matrix A is known as the minor Mij of the
element aij of the given matrix.
The order of the minor obtained is n–1, as we are deleting a row and a column of the
matrix A.
Let us take an example to understand the concept of minors in a better way,

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Similarly we can find the minors of the matrix .

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[Adjoint of the matrix A= transpose of cofactor of the matrix A]

Inverse of the matrix

Inverse of a Matrix
Matrix Inverse 
Multiplicative Inverse of a Matrix

For a square matrix A, the inverse is written A-1. When A is multiplied by A-1 the

result is the identity matrix I. Non-square matrices do not have inverses.

Note: Not all square matrices have inverses. A square matrix which has an inverse is
called invertible or nonsingular, and a square matrix without an inverse is
called noninvertible or singular.

AA-1 = A-1A = I

Example:
For matrix  , its inverse is   since

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   AA-1 = 

and A-1A =  .

Here are three ways to find the inverse of a matrix:

1. Shortcut for 2x2 matrices

For  , the inverse can be found using this formula:

Example: 

2. Augmented matrix method

Use Gauss-Jordan elimination to transform [ A | I ] into [ I | A-1 ].

Example: The following steps result in  .

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 so we see that  .

3. Adjoint method

A-1 =  (adjoint of A)   or   A-1 =  (cofactor matrix of A)T

Example: The following steps result in A-1 for  .

The cofactor matrix for A is  , so the adjoint

is  . Since det A = 22, we get

Cofactor Matrix
Matrix of Cofactors

A matrix with elements that are the cofactors, term-by-term, of a given square matrix.

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 Cramer Rule to solve linear equations

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Prof. Gopal Singh
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Mob: 78278965476
Prof. Gopal Singh
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Mob: 78278965476
Prof. Gopal Singh
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Mob: 78278965476
Prof. Gopal Singh
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Rank of the matrix:

Matrix is an array of numbers arranged in rows and columns of order m x n (m rows and n columns).
Every single number present in the matrix is called as the element or the entry. Below is the example of
the matrix of order 3x3:

[1 2 3]

[4 5 6]

[7 8 9]

Rank of Matrix:
The matrix rank is determined by the number of independent rows or columns present in it. A row or a
column is considered independent, if it satisfies the below conditions.

1. A row/column should have atleast one non-zero element for it to be ranked.

2. A row/column should not be identical to another row/column.

3. A row/column should not be proportional (multiples) of another row/column.

4. A row/column should not be should not be a linear combination of another row/column.

A row or a column is ranked only if it meets the above conditions.

For example, the rank of the below matrix would be 1 as the second row is proportional to the first and
the third row does not have a non-zero element.

[1 2 3]

[2 4 6]

[0 0 0]

How to calculate the rank of a matrix:

In this tutorial, let us find how to calculate the rank of the matrix. It can be calculated using various
methods. We will calculate the rank based on Gaussian elimination method. Gaussian elimination method
is used to calculate the matrix rank by converting it into the reduced row echelon form. It can be called
as reduced row echelon form, if it satisfies the following conditions.

1. The first element in the first row should be the leading element i.e. 1.

2. The leading element in the columns should be to the right of the previous row's leading element.

3. If there are any rows with all zero elements, it should be below the non-zero element rows.

4. The leading element should be the only non-zero element in every column. If we follow the above
steps, then the matrix would become a triangular one, i.e. the elements below or above the main
diagonal would become zero. Main diagonal, of a square matrix, is a diagonal which runs from top left
corner and to the bottom right corner. However, in this session, we will not consider the last (fourth)
point as it would not affect the rank of a matrix. A matrix can be converted to reduced row echelon form

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by using elementary operations. In this tutorial, there are three basic elementary operations explained.
1. Interchanging two rows (or columns).

2. Multiplying a row (or a column) with a non-zero number.

3. Multiplying a row (or a column) with a non-zero number and adding the result to another row (or a
column). Now, for example let us calculate the matrix rank.

[1 2 3]

[4 5 6]

[7 8 9]

a) Since the first element of the first row is the leading element, we have satisfied the first condition. If
the first element is not 1, then we need to convert the element to 1 by using elementary operations.

b) Now, let us make the first element of the second row zero (to form the triangular matrix). Multiply
the first row with -4 and add that to the second row.

The result is given below.

[1 2 3]

[0 -3 -6]

[7 8 9]

c) Similarly let us follow the same step for the third row for finding the rank of a matrix. Multiply the
first row with -7 and add that to the third row.

Below is the result.

[1 2 3]

[0 -3 -6]

[0 -6 -12]

d) Now, let us multiply the second row with -2 and add the values to the third row to make the second
element of the third row zero.

The resulting matrix would look like below.

[1 2 3]

[0 -3 -6]

[0 0 0]

Now, since it has been converted to row echelon form, we can find the rank of matrix.

The matrix rank is 2 as the third row has zero for all the elements.

i.e. here there are two non zero rows so, rank of the given matrix is 2.

As we saw in this tutorial, the rank can be found in simple steps using Gaussian Elimination method.

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Prof. Gopal Singh
E-Mail- gopal.singh@inmnantec.edu
Mob: 78278965476
 Eigen Value and Eigen Vectors

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Prof. Gopal Singh
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Mob: 78278965476
Prof. Gopal Singh
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Mob: 78278965476
Prof. Gopal Singh
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Year -2013-16 CCS University questions from Unit 1:
BCA 101
Mathematics 1
Year -2013

a  b  2c a b
c 2a  b  c b  2(a  b  c ) 2
c a a  2b  c
1. Show that (3 marks)
12 22 32 
 2 
2 32 42 
 32 42 52 
2. Find the Rank of the Matrix  (7.5 marks)
3. Determine the Eigen values and corresponding Eigenvectors of the matrix:

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 3 2 4
2 0 2
 
 4 2 3 
(15 marks)

Year -2014

3x  8 3 3
3 3x  8 3
3 3 3x  8
1. Solve (3 Marks)
1 2 3 
2 3 4
 
 3 4 5 

2. Find the rank of the matrix (7.5) Marks
3. Determine the Eigen values and corresponding Eigenvectors of the matrix:
2 2 1
A  1 3 1 
1 2 2 
(15 Marks)

Year -2015

 1 2  3 2 
A  ,B   .
1. Find a matrix X such that 2A+B+X=0, where  3 4  1 5  (3 Marks)
a h g 
A   0 b f 
 0 0 c 
2. (a) Find the characteristic root of the matrix
a b 
A  ; find det( A.(adjA)).
(b) If  c d  (7.5 Marks)

5 2 
A 
3. (a) by using elementary row transformations, find the inverse of the matrix 2 1

(b) Solve the following system of equation by Cramer’s rule:

6 x  y  3z  5
x  3y  2z  5
2x  y  4z  8 (15) Marks

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1

Prof. Gopal Singh

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Mob: 78278965476