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Cause and Effect

• A cause is what makes something happen. An effect is something that happens as a result of
a cause. To find a cause, ask yourself, “Why did this happen?” To find an effect, ask yourself,
“What happened?”
• Clue words such as because, so, and due to can help you spot cause-and-effect relationships.

Directions  Read the following passage. Then complete the graphic organizer.

T he northern lights are beautiful lights

that dance in the northern sky at night.
They are most visible in the northern
states. They occur due to large explosions
on the sun. The explosions release particles
that travel through space and are attracted
to Earth’s magnetic poles. Because of
a collision between these particles and
Earth’s atmosphere, light particles are
released. These particles are what form the
northern lights.

Cause Effect

What makes something happen What happened

1.  2. 

What makes something happen What happened

3.  4. 
© Pearson Education, Inc., 6

5. Write a one-sentence summary of this passage.

Home Activity  Your child identified causes and effects in a passage about the northern lights. Read
another article about the northern lights with your child and discuss the cause of the different colors of the
northern lights.

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Writing • Narrative Poem

Key Features of a Narrative Poem
• tells a story through poetry
• has lines with rhythm or rhyme
• may appeal to reader’s emotions

A Day at the Beach

It was too windy to go to the beach,
but we did.
Waves were like tall ships out of our reach.

It was too hot to sit on the sand,

but we did.
We were mummies in towels but still got tanned.

Mom said it was dark but we begged her to stay,

and we did.
It was she who promised another day,
and we who shouted “hooray” and “yay!”

1. What verse tells the beginning of the story?

2. Name a metaphor and a simile used in the poem.

© Pearson Education, Inc., 6

3. What are two rhyming words used in the poem?

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Vocabulary
Directions  Choose the word from the box that best matches each definition. Write the word on
the line.

����������������������� 1. to overcome; get the better of

Check the Words
You Know
����������������������� 2. to prove to be true
conquer
����������������������� 3. what becomes of something or destiny
someone expedition
insulated
����������������������� 4. person in charge of finding the isolation
position and course of a ship or navigator
aircraft provisions
verify
����������������������� 5. a supply of food and drinks

Directions  Choose the word from the box that best matches each clue. Write the word on
the line.

����������������������� 6. This is a journey taken for a special purpose.

����������������������� 7. This is done to keep something from losing heat by wrapping it

with special material.

����������������������� 8. This is a state of being separate from the rest of the group.

����������������������� 9. A witness is often called to do this to a person’s statement in

a trial.

����������������������� 10. This is what you try to do to your enemy in a war.

Write a Description
© Pearson Education, Inc., 6

Imagine you have just explored the North Pole. On a separate sheet of paper, write
a description of your trip there. Use as many vocabulary words as you can.

Home Activity  Your child identified and used vocabulary words from Into the Ice. Write a poem together
about exploring. Use the vocabulary words from the selection.

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Subject and Object Pronouns

A personal pronoun used as the subject of a sentence is called a subject pronoun.
She planned an archaeological dig. He and I heard the details.
A personal pronoun used as a direct object, indirect object, or object of a preposition is called an
object pronoun.
The sea captain took us for a ride. He told him and me stories.
• Subject pronouns are I, you, he, she, it, we, and they.
• Object pronouns are me, you, him, her, it, us, and them.
• Remember to use the correct pronoun form with a compound subject or object pronoun.
• Subject pronouns replace the nouns they represent. Do not use a subject pronoun with the
noun it represents.
No: Carrie she studied oceanography.
Yes: Carrie studied oceanography.

Directions  Circle the pronoun in ( ) that completes each sentence correctly.

1. (I, Me) am fascinated by maritime exploration.

2. (Them, They) believed the sea captain was a good navigator.

3. Robert and (he, him) read about the first people to reach the North Pole.

4. (We, Us) studied relics and artifacts.

5. Bill and (me, I) studied the habitat of the penguin.

6. David and (she, her) have always wanted to visit Alaska.

7. Mr. Douglas taught me and (her, she) about Arctic explorers.

8. The class put the fossils back in the case after students studied (they, them).

9. Teddy Roosevelt supported Admiral Peary and often wrote to (he, him). © Pearson Education, Inc., 6

10. She took (us, we) on a field trip.

11. I helped Sara and (they, them) with the science project.

12. My sister told you and (me, I) stories about her visit to Alaska.

Home Activity  Your child learned about subject and object pronouns. Have your child show you subject
and object pronouns in something he or she has written.

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Greek Word Parts

Spelling Words
hydrant chronic archive synonym antonym
democracy hydrogen aristocrat dehydrated chronicle
hydroplane chronology archaic homonym synchronize
hydraulic archaeology anarchy hydroelectric bureaucracy

Word Meanings  Write a list word that fits each definition.

1. production of electricity by water power 1. _________________
2. an arrangement in order of occurrence 2. _________________
3. an historical account 3. _________________
4. a word that has the same spelling but different meaning 4. _________________
than another word
5. absence of government and law 5. _________________
6. to skim over the water 6. _________________
7. water or moisture taken from 7. _________________
8. lasting a long time 8. _________________
9. a system of government by groups of officials 9. _________________
10. no longer in general use 10. _________________
Words in Context  Write the list word that finishes each statement below.
11. Let’s ___ our watches before we begin. 11. _________________
12. The European ___ lived in a mansion on the hill. 12. _________________
13. I’ve been going through the family ___ to learn about my ancestors. 13. _________________
14. Water is made of molecules of oxygen and ___. 14. _________________
© Pearson Education, Inc., 6

15. We studied ancient Greece in my ___ class. 15. _________________

16. Almost is a ___ for nearly. 16. _________________
17. The United States government is an example of a ___. 17. _________________
18. Near is an ___ for far. 18. _________________
19. My new car’s ___ brakes work very well. 19. _________________
20. The fireman attached the hose to the fire ___. 20. _________________

Home Activity  Your child matched words with statements and definitions. Ask your child to pick a list word
from exercises 11-20 and define it.

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Word Web

© Pearson Education, Inc., 6

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Vocabulary • Unfamiliar Words

• When you are reading and see an unfamiliar word, use context clues, or words around the
unfamiliar word, to figure out its meaning.
• Context clues include definitions, explanations, and synonyms (words that have the same or
nearly the same meanings as other words).

Directions  Read the following passage. Then answer the questions below.

J ared was preparing for their expedition.

He was very excited about this journey.
He packed their provisions: plenty of water
and multigrain bars. He put their water
in an insulated jug so it would stay cold.
Tonight, his older brother would verify
their route with their father, making sure
it was the safest one possible. Tomorrow,
Jared and his brother would leave early on
their fishing trip. His brother would be the
navigator of their fishing boat because he
knew the best fishing spots. Jared felt it
was their destiny to catch enough fish for
their dinner.

1. What does expedition mean? What clues help you to determine its meaning?

2. Give examples of provisions mentioned in the passage. What is another example of a provision?

3. What does verify mean? What clues help you to determine its meaning?

4. What does navigator mean? Why is Jared’s brother the navigator?

© Pearson Education, Inc., 6

5. Rewrite the sentence with the word destiny in it so that it contains a context clue.

Home Activity  Your child identified and used context clues to understand new words in a passage. Work
with your child to identify unfamiliar words in an article using context clues. Have your child come up with
original context clues that could be added to the article to help the reader understand the unfamiliar words.

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Diagram/Scale Drawing
• A diagram is a drawing, usually with parts that are labeled. A diagram shows how something is
put together, how an object’s parts relate to one another, or how something works. Sometimes
a diagram must be looked at in a certain order—left to right, top to bottom, or bottom to top.
Diagrams often have text that explains how different parts in a diagram work.
• A scale drawing is a diagram that uses a mathematical scale, such as 1 inch on the drawing
equals 1 foot in real life.

Directions  Use this diagram to answer the questions below.

A Home Weather Station

External Temperature
Sensor or Probe

Leaf
Wetness Sensor
Sensor

Rain
Collector

Sensor Interface
Module Power
Adapter
Console

1. What part would you plug into an electrical outlet?

14523_159a

2. What part is placed outside to read the temperature? © Pearson Education, Inc., 6

3. What part is placed outside to determine the amount of rainfall?

4. What seems to be missing from this diagram?

5. What kind of information would you expect to see accompanying this diagram?

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Directions  Use this diagram of a thunderstorm to answer the questions below.

The diagram below is a cross-section of a thunderstorm moving from right to left. Warm, moist air
fuels updrafts. As the air rises, it cools and falls as rain in downdrafts.

1 centimeter = 3,000 meters

UPDRAFTS

DOWNDRAFTS

CORE

FLANKING
LINE

GUST
FRONT

INFLOW/OUTFLOW
BOUNDARY

6. What do the dotted arrows of the diagram show?

7. What do the solid arrows show?

8. Where does the rain form in the thunderstorm cloud?

9. If the thunderstorm cloud is five centimeters tall on the diagram, what is its actual height?
© Pearson Education, Inc., 6

10. How are diagrams helpful to readers?

Home Activity  Your child learned about using diagrams as resources. Find a scale drawing on the Internet
or in a reference book. Have your child explain to you the actual measurements of the item in the scale
drawing.

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Greek Word Parts

Proofread an Article  Circle six misspelled words in the article below. Spelling Words
Write the words correctly. Find a sentence with an incorrect verb form.
Write it correctly. hydrant
chronic
Archaeology archive
synonym
Archiology is a fascinating area of science. By digging
antonym
down through layers of Earth, researchers can find
democracy
remnants of arkaic civilizations ranging from bits of hydrogen
broken pottery to the tomb of a once mighty aristacrat aristocrat
to entire buried cities. These finds helping scientists dehydrated
establish the chronolugy of human development. Artifacts chronicle
hidden beneath the surface provide a physical chronecle
of the development of humankind. That’s why scientists hydroplane
catalog and arkive the artifacts in museums throughout
chronology
archaic
the world.
homonym
synchronize
1. ________________ 2. _________________ hydraulic
archaeology
3. ________________ 4. _________________ anarchy
5. ________________ 6. _________________ hydroelectric
bureaucracy
7. ______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________ Frequently
Misspelled
Words
Proofread Words  Circle the word that is spelled correctly. Write it on the line.
were
8. hydroplane hidroplane 8. _____________________ they
9. chronology cronology 9. _____________________ © Pearson Education, Inc., 6

10. arcaic archaic 10. _____________________

11. homanym homonym 11. _____________________
12. synchronize syncronize 12. _____________________
13. hidraulic hydraulic 13. _____________________
14. archaeology arceaology 14. _____________________
15. anarchy anarky 15. _____________________

Home Activity  Your child identified misspelled words. Ask your child to think of a word from the list with
five syllables, spell it, and use that word in a sentence.

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Subject and Object Pronouns

Directions  Read the passage. Then read each question. Circle the letter of the correct answer.

The Bakery Tour

(1) We wrote a letter to Mr. Samuels to thank for the bakery tour.
(2) The letter said that he helped us with our project. (3) Marie and enjoyed
meeting his bakers. (4) We especially liked watching them put the rows of breads
into the oven. (5) Marie’s brother Luis asked her and about the bakery.
(6) We told him about our tour. (7) Our friends and would like to visit
the bakery again.

1 Which pronoun best completes sentence 1? 4 Which is the correct pronoun/type of

A he pronoun for sentence 5?
B him A I/subject pronoun
C her B they/subject pronoun
D they C us/subject pronoun
D me/object pronoun

2 Which pair describes the two underlined

words in sentence 2? 5 Which pronoun best completes sentence 7?
A Subject pronoun/object pronoun A us
B Subject pronoun/subject pronoun B we
C Object pronoun/object pronoun C them
D None of the above D him

3 Which is the correct pronoun/type of

pronoun for sentence 3?
A they/object pronoun
© Pearson Education, Inc., 6

B me/object pronoun
C I/subject pronoun
D them/object pronoun

Home Activity  Your child prepared for taking tests on subject and object pronouns. With your child, read a
magazine article. Have your child circle subject pronouns and underline object pronouns on one page in the
article.

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