Density Based

Traffic
Signal System
Density Based Traffic Signal
System
Introduction
 When traffic demand is great enough that the interaction between
vehicles slows the speed of the traffic stream, these results in
some congestion. As demand approaches the capacity of a road
extreme traffic congestion sets in.

 Traffic congestion can lead to drivers becoming frustrated and

engaging in road rage. In order to avoid the congestion in the
traffic, Traffic Sign Recognition (TSR) is used. It is used to regulate
traffic signs, warn the driver, and command or prohibit certain
actions.

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Density Based Traffic Signal
System
Block Diagram

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Density Based Traffic
Signal
System
Hardware Components
• 8051 series Microcontroller
• LEDs
• Voltage Regulator
• Resistors
• Capacitors
• Crystal
• Diodes
• Transformer
• IR-LED & Photodiodes
• Transistor

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Density Based Traffic Signal
System
Circuit Diagram

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Density Based Traffic Signal
System
Microcontroller

 Microcontroller (MC) may be called computer on chip .

 It has basic features of microprocessor with internal ROM, RAM,

Parallel and serial ports within single chip.

 This is widely used in washing machines, vcd player, microwave

oven, robotics or in industries.

 Microcontroller can be classified on the basis of their bits

processed like 8bit MC, 16bit MC.

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Density Based Traffic Signal
System
Voltage Regulators
 A voltage regulator is an electronic circuit
which maintains the output voltage
(almost) constant in spite of changes
within some specified limits in the load
current, input voltage, temperature, etc.

 An IC based voltage regulator can be

classified in different ways.

 A common type of classification is 3

terminal voltage regulator and 5 or multi
terminal voltage regulator.

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Density Based Traffic Signal
System
LED
Applications of LED :

Devices, medical applications, clothing, toys

• Remote Controls (TVs, VCRs)
Density Based Traffic Signal System
• Lighting
• Indicators and signs
• Optoisolators and optocouplers

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 Density Based Traffic Signal
System
Resistor
s
 Resistors are components used to resist the flow of electric current and
have a stated value of RESISTANCE.
 Resistors can be either fixed or variable in value
 Fixed resistors come in a variety of different shapes, sizes and forms
 Axial lead resistors have the value of resistance printed on them or as a
colour code

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Density Based Traffic Signal
System
Capacitor
 A basic capacitor has two parallel plates separated by an insulating
material
 A capacitor stores an electrical charge between the two plates.

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Density Based Traffic Signal
System
Diodes
 The 1N4148 is a standard small signal silicon diode used in
signal processing.

 The 1N4148 is generally available in a DO-35 glass package

and is very useful at high

 Frequencies with a reverse recovery time of no more than

4ns.

 This permits rectification and detection of radio frequency

signals very effectively, as long as their amplitude is above
the forward conduction threshold of silicon (around 0.7V)
or the diode is biased.
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 Density Based Traffic Signal
System
Transformer
s
The principle parts of a transformer and their functions are:

 The core, which makes a path for the magnetic flux.

 The primary coil, which receives energy from the ac source.
 The secondary coil, which receives energy from the primary winding
and delivers it to the load.

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Density Based Traffic Signal
System
Photo Diodes
 Photodiodes are semiconductor light
sensors that generate a current or voltage
when the P-N junction in the
semiconductor is illuminated by light.

 When a photon of sufficient energy

strikes the diode, it excites an electron,
thereby creating a free electron(and a
positively charged electron hole). This
mechanism is also known as the inner
photoelectric effect.

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 Density Based Traffic Signal
System
Transistors
 A transistor consists of two pn junctions formed by sandwiching either p-
type or n-type semiconductor between a pair of opposite types.

 Accordingly, there are two types of transistors, namely;

• (i) n-p-n transistor

• (ii) p-n-p transistor

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Density Based Traffic Signal
System
7-SEGMENT DISPLAY
 An LED or Light Emitting Diode is a solid state optical PN-junction
diode .

 It emits light energy in the form of “photons” when it is forward

biased by a voltage allowing current to flow across its junction, and
in Electronics we call this process electroluminescence.

 The actual colour of the visible light emitted by an LED, ranging from
blue to red to orange, is decided by the spectral wavelength of the
emitted light which itself is dependent upon the mixture of the
various impurities added to the semiconductor materials used to
produce it.

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Density Based Traffic Signal
System
Interfacing Seven segment display to 8051

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Density Based Traffic Signal
System
Working Principle
 The purpose of the system is to improve efficiency of existing
automatic traffic signalling system.

 The system will be image processing based adaptive signal

controlling.

 The timing will be calculated each time change automatically

depending upon the traffic load.

 Proposed system will functioning based on traditional system along

with automated signalling.

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Density Based Traffic Signal
System
Working Principle
 System will have artificial vision with the help of digital camera mounted
on motor for its rotation to face lanes and sense the traffic on the road.

 The camera is controlled by PC through microprocessor to change its

direction in steps of 90 degree to face each lane and capture image.

 This single image of lane will be processed using image processing

techniques to estimate traffic load.

 Estimated traffic load on particular road will be used to calculate the

required time duration for controlling of signal lights based on in
comparison with experimental results.

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Density Based Traffic Signal
System
Working Principle

 System will be intelligent and will calculate the time every time and
operate in a cyclic clockwise signal lights control.

 Maximum and minimum time limit will be maintained .

 It is to prevent over waiting of vehicle in queue of other lanes

which would be found out experimentally.

 Controls of the signal will be routed through the microcontroller.

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Density Based Traffic Signal
System
Applications
 Control traffic in metropolitan cities

 Controlling of signal lights

 Emergency

 Edge detection

 First order edge detection

 Robert operator

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Density Based Traffic Signal
System
Applications

 Sobel operator

 Prewitt operator

 Second order edge detection

 Laplacian edge detection

 Canny edge detection

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Density Based Traffic Signal
System
Advantages
 Avoids wastage of time due to the traffic.

 Fully automatic.

 Low power consumption.

 It provides the easy access in the traffic light.

 Low cost to design the circuit, maintenance of the circuit is good.

 By using this microcontroller IC we can create many more control to

the appliances

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Density Based Traffic Signal
System
Disadvantages

 Video based systems are much better compared to all other

techniques as they provide more traffic information.

 They are much more

Density Basedwith
scalable Traffic
theSignal System
progress in image progressing
techniques.

 The sensors which are used to quantify the traffic flow are very
expensive .

 It needs a lot of maintenance especially in developing countries

because of the road ground de-formations.

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Density Based Traffic Signal
System
Conclusion

 The project may be very well used in where the traffic signals is kept
and in many other places where we need to full fill the need of the
automation. In the future we implement the project’s idea in the
industries. By using this density based traffic signal system in future
we can know traffic density in the city and so that remedies can be
made according to that.

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