The Greek scholar Eratosthenes coined the term geography in 234BC.

In 1830 royal geographic society

was established in London. JA Steer written book The Unstable Earth.

Geometrically the sphere of earth is called globe. The total area of the earth is 510m km2 the
earth consist of 70.9% (361m km2) water and 29.1 (149~150 m km2) Land.

Water on the earth is divided into 5 big oceans namely: Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern, and
Arctic.

Pacific= 165250,000 km2.

Atlantic = 106460,000 km2.

Indian = 70560000 km2

Southern = 20327000 km2

Arctic = 14056000 km2

Trenches

Mariana trench = 35827 ft, 36037 ft = challenger depth

Puerto rico (atlantic ocean)= 30246 ft

Java trench = 24460 ft

South trench = 23737 ft

Arctic basin = 18456 ft.

Earth is consist of 7 large parts of land called continents.

Highest points of continents Wins MAKEE Punjab= Vinson Massif, McKinley, Aconcagua,
Kilimanjaro, Elbrus, Everest, Puncak Java…

Increasing order continents: awe ant sun’naa

Australia = 9008500
Europe 10180,000

Antarctica = 13820,000

South America = 17840,000

North America = 24490000

Africa = 30370000

Asia = 43820000

China most populous 1.4 billion, Maldives least populous with 341000. The highest point
Everest (b/w china and Nepal) and lowest Dead Sea (b/w Jordon and west bank (Israel)).

Africa

Nigeria most populous and Seychelles least populous. Algeria area wise largest.

Highest point Mount Kilimanjaro of Tanzania and lowest point Lake Asal in Djibouti.

Nile river largest river (6650 km2). Sahara desert largest hot desert with area of 92 lacs km2 and
third largest over all after Antarctica 14 million km2 and Arctic.

Europe

Germany most populous (8.3 crores) and least populous Vatican (1000). Highest point mount
elbrus in ruusia and lowest Caspian bordered with Russia.

South America

Largest waterfall angel falls with height of 979 m and elevation of 1283. Amazon largest river
and amazon forest. It also consist highest city LA Paz of Bolivia. Titicaca highest navigable lake.

Highest point is Aconcagua Mountain and lowest point is Laguna del carbon of Argentina.

Largest country by land and area Brazil and smallest Suriname (581000) Paramaribo.

North America
Mount Mckinley highest point in Alaska, and lowest death valley California.

Lad locked coutries in the world = 44= Africa 16, Europe= 14, asia =12, south America= 2

Africa = LM2C2 Ra B3UZZNESS

1Lasetho (unusual because surrounded by single South Africa)

3 Mali and Malawi

5 chad and Central African republic

6 Rawanda

9 Burkina feso, Burundi, and Botswana.

10 uganda

12 zambia and Zimbabwe

13 niger

14 ethopia

16 swaziland and south sudan.

Europe = BA2L2M2S4 CH Ve

1 Belarus

3 Austria and Andora

5 Luxembourg and Liechtenstein

7 Macedonia and Maldova

11 Serbia, Slovakia, San Marino and Swaziland

12 Czech Republic

13 hungry

14 Vatican City…

Asia = Mangolia and Laos BAN T2UK2A2

1 Mangolia

2 Laos
3 Bhutan

4 Afghanistan

5 Nepal

7 Tajikistan and Turkmenistan

8 Uzbekistan

10 Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan

12 Azerbaijan and Armenia

South America

2 Bolivia and Paraguay

The earth’s Lithosphere is divided into 15 major plates of various sizes. The ozone layer is at
height of 20 to 30 kilometers from the surface of the Earth.

Troposphere contains 85-90% of the atmosphere’s mass nearly all the water and oxygen of the
atmosphere. It is the zone which exhibits changes in condition of weather.

The sphere of the earth is divided into two halves both horizontally and vertically. The circular
line that divides the earth from the west to the east: in upper (northern) and lower (southern
hemi-sphere) is called equatorial circle or simply circle and the line that divides the earth
vertically into eastern and western hemi-sphere is called prime meridian. The lines parallel to
equator is called latitude (parallels). The equator has 00 latitude great circle and latitude is
divided into: 900 above the equator and 900 below the equator. The lines parallel to prime
meridian to the east or to the west are called longitude or (meridians) lines. Meridian passing
through Greenwich is called prime meridian. Prime meridian is reference point to measure
distance from the east or west to prime meridian. The meridian lines are divided into 3600. 180
East and 180 west. Longitude defines time, those countries at the east of prime meridian are
ahead of time from those west of the prime meridian. Change in 10 longitude changes the 4
mins, while a change in 1 longitude brings the change in one hour.

Latitude vs weather
The latitude is divided into three weather zones in both northern and southern hemi-sphere: low,
middle and high latitude zones. Lower latitudes are warmer than middle and higher latitudes.
High altitude= v.c

Middle= normal
Low = warm

Low= warm
Middle

High= v.cold

Variation of weather is due to the angle of insulation falls on lower latitude at 900 and it reaches
the high latitude in the form of slanting raze.

Latitude measures the distance from north or south of the equator.

Upper latitudes and lower latitudes are both divided into three latitude zones each 300.

The 300 on both side of equator is called low latitudes, 30-600 on both sides is called middle
latitudes and 60-900 from both sides is called high latitudes and it reaches through slanting rays
to high altitude.

Relation between latitude on map and ground distance.

Distance of 10 latitude on map is equal to 69 miles (111km) on ground. 1 latitude is 69 miles.

CLIMATIC DIVISIONS OF LATITUDE

The whole world is divided into 3 groups on the basis of climate change.

1 TORID ZONE:

The zone between 0 0 latitude to 350 latitude on both sides of the equator is called Torrid Zone.
This is the hottest zone because insulation falls vertically over this all the year.

2 TEMPERATE OR MODERATE ZONE

35 to 65 latitude on both sides of the equator.

3 FRIGID ZONE
65 to 90 latitude on both sides of the equator. It is coldest region because insulation reaches there
in form of slanting rays.

BELT/ZONE/REGION

The area between two consecutive latitudes is known as belt/zone/region.

There are 9 belts: equatorial belt, sub-tropical belt, tropical belt, temperate/ moderate belt, arctic
and Antarctic belt, sub polar and polar belt. Each belt is 111 km long.

1 EQUATORIAL BELT.

The distance between 00and 100latitude on both sides of the equator is called equator belt.
Equator belt covers 6% area of the earth.

2 SUB-TROPICAL BELT.

The area between 10 to 250 latitude is called sub-tropical belt.

3 TROPICAL BELT.

The area between 25 to 350 latitude.

4 TEMPERATE/ MODERATE BELT.

The area between 35 to 450 latitude is called temperate or moderate belt.

5 ARTIC AND ANTARCTIC BELT.

The area between 45 to 650 latitude on northern pole is called artic belt and on southern belt is
called Antarctic belt.

SUB-POLAR BELT.

The area between 65 to 750 latitude is called sub-polar belt.

7 POLAR BELT

The area between 750 and 900 on both sides of the equator is called polar belt…
 TROPICS

Tropic is Greek word meaning turn over. Sun reaching to tropic of cancer turns over to equator
and goes to tropic of Capricorn and turns back again to equator so these latitudes are called
tropics. Tropic of cancer (northern tropic) is 23 ½0 north and tropic of Capricorn (southern
tropic) is 23 ½0 south. Tropic of cancer passes through 16 countries.

SOLSTICE

Solstice is derived from Greek word (sol= sun and sistere = to stand still, solstice= stationary
sun. there are two solstice: 1 summer solstice/June /northern solstice and
winter/southern/December solstice.

SUMMER SOLSTICE: On 21 June the sun is directly over tropic of cancer and on this day the
longest day in northern hemisphere and shortest night. This is called summer solstice because
summer starts on this day in northern hemisphere.

WINTER SOLSTICE:

EQUINOX

Equinox is derived from Latin words equi= equal, Nox= night.

There are two equinox: 1 spring equinox, 2 autumn equinox.

SPRING EQUINOX:

On 21march the insulation falls vertically over the equator, the length of day and night are equal
on 21 march and is called spring equinox because spring starts from this day.

AUTUMN SPRING

On 22 September the length of day and night becomes equal, and autumn starts on this day.

Continents

Geography
Kuril Island disputed between japan and Russia.
Pena palace is UNESCO heritage site in Canada.
Cape Agulhas makes a dividing point between Indian and Atlantic Oceans.
Kunhar river originates from saif ul Malook of kaghan.
GIG gomal pass connects ghazni and Dera Ismael khan.
The Great Barrier Reef or coral reef in Pacific ocean near queens land in Australia. It is reef system composed of
2900 individual reefs and 900 islands stretching over 2300 km and over area of 344400 km 2.
There are 5 geographic themes; 1 location (absolute= latitude/ longitude or relative): location provides reference
to locate a place. 2 place: place contains different characters to distinguish places. Physical= rivers, mountains,
climate etc or human features= cultural= French speaking etc. of a location. 3 Human-environment interaction: 4
movement 5 region (formal (official boundaries), functional () and vernacular (south, east, mid-east etc no
boundary)): region divides world into manageable units for geographic study.
Ocean current; continuous, directed movement of sea water generated by a number of forces acting on the water
such as; wind effect, Coriolis effect, salinity difference, breaking waves (at certain amplitude crest overturns),
cabbeling (when two parcel of water combine, they form a third denser water parcel under them) and
temperature. Cold currents; when water `from eastern basins flows towards equator: California current from
North Pacific, canary current from north Atlantic and Benguela from south Atlantic. Warm currents: when current
flows away from western basins: gulf stream in north atlantic and Kuroshio current in North Pacific.
Sedimentary rocks covers 75% of earth and is formed by process called lithification (rock forming).
Capital of Tuvalu is Funafuti.
Danube River is the second largest river of Europe after Volga, flows through 10 countries starting from Germany.
Orange River in Lasetho, Namibia and South Africa.
Great Bear Lake is in Canada.
Victoria Lake is the largest lake of Africa.
Don Juan Pond is the saltiest water body with salinity of above 40%. It is located in Antarctica and never freezes.
Johor strait separates Malaysia and Singapore, and connects Malacca strait and Singapore strait.
St; johns is the capital of Antigua and Barbuda, and that of Kiribati is Tarawa.
St; Halina Island is in Atlantic Ocean.
Magellan strait connects Atlantic and pacific oceans.
Alaska was bought in 1867.
Capitals

There are total 49 countries in the Asia with Russia as the biggest country.

IST MB AKP CJNUL; EGO Q RVY

5 = (I+S+T)

I= Israel, I= Iran, I= Iraq, I= Indonesia, I= India

S = Syria, S = Srilanka, S= South Korea, S= Singapore, S = Saudi Arabia

T = Thailand, T = Turkey, T = Turkmenistan, T = Tajikistan = Somoni . T = Taiwan.

4= (M+B)

M = magnolia, M = Malaysia, M = Myanmar, M = Maldives

B = Bangladesh, B = Bhutan, B = Brunei, B = Bahrain

AKP= 3 (A+K+P)

A = Afghanistan, A = Armenia, A = Azerbaijan

K = Kazakhstan, K = Kyrgyzstan, K = Kuwait

P = Pakistan P = Palestine P = Philippines

CJNUL  C = China, C = Cambodia, J = Japan, J = Jordan, N = Nepal, N = North Korea, U =

Uzbekistan, U = UAE, L = Laos ,L = Lebanon

EGO Q RVY E = East Timor, G = Georgia, O = Oman, Q = Qatar, R = Russia, V = Vietnam,

Y = Yemen

Currency

4 Euro

P-A-L GE-NE-VA F-IR-E BELL-I PAIN GREE-CE MALTA MORE SLOWLY.

1 P = Portugal

2 A= Austria

5 L = Latvia, Lithuania and Luxembourg

6 GE= Geneva

7 NE = Netherlands

8 VA= Vatican

10 F = Finland and France

11 IR= Ireland

12 E = Estonia

13 BELL= Belgium
14 I= Italy

15 Pain = Spain

16 Gree= Greece

17 CE = Cypress

18 Malta = Malta

19 MORE= Montenegro

22 Slowly = Slovakia, Slovenia and San Marino

PAL in GE-NE-VA was attacked with F-IR-E on BELL-I the PAIN was reduced by GREE-
CE(ING) MALTA MORE SLOWLY.

5 DOLLAR

New Australian king Vincent whose brother louis married to angel Monica

1 New Zealand

2 Hong Kong

3 Saint Vincent

4 Saint Lucia

5 Anguilla

6 Dominica

Their daughter Kirthi went to Namibia for GRE and singing (Gana) classes.

7 Kiribati

8 Namibia

9 Grenada
10 Guyana

(One day king went to USA from tour of Zimbabwe and Canada). In the morning going from
Library to the East to Barber he felt so hungry that he went to Fiji hotel and ordered 4 items:
Poori, rice, jam and tobacco.

11 USA

12 Zimbabwe

13 Canada

14 Liberia.

15 East Timor

16 Barbados

17 Fiji

18 Singapore

19 Puerto Rico

20 Jamaica

21 Trinidad and tobacco

6 Dinar

Liquor Jo Bahr Iraq Mein hai, Sare Kuwaity Alag se Tunn pade hein.

1 Libya

2 Jordan

3 Bahrain

4 Iraq

5 Serbia (Yugoslavia)
6 Kuwait

7 Algeria

8 Tunisia

9 Macedonia = Denar

Franc

BEN and MALI HAD CAR TO-GO BENGAL and LIGHTEN CAMERA to see TIGER,
GIBBON

BEN= BENIN

MALI= MALI

HAD= CHAD

CAR= CENTRAL AFERICAN REPUBLIC

TO-GO =TOGO

BENGAL= SENEGAL

LIGHTEN= LIECHTEN STEIN

CAMERA = CAMEROON

TIGER = NIGER

GIBBON = GABON.

G- BOUTI; IVORY COAST and BURNDI are from SWITZERLAND

DJIBOUTI

IVORY COAST

BURUNDI
SWITZERLAND

DR C- and R- COMMl ONDO WANTED EQUATORIAL GUINEA pig to have BROKEN

BIG SAUCE FRANKLY.

Dominion republic Congo

REPUBLIC OF CONGO

Commondo= Comoros

Wanted = Rwanda

Equatorial Guinea

Guinea

Guinea big sauce = guinea Bissau.

BROKINA FASO.

CD SING = Czech Republic (Koruna). D= Denmark, Sweden (krona), Ireland , Greenland.

2 DENMARK queen DO NOT LOVE CROWN

Krone = Denmark + Norway.

Karina went to Czech republic (koruna) with crying (Croatia = kuna) Kunal.

8 Shilling(KUST) also Kenso Shield

Kenya , Uganda, Somalia and Tanzania.

RIAL AND RIYAL

OMInY QSA------ O-YE Iran k Qa-sid come here.

Oman, Yemen and Iran = Rial.

Qatar and Saudi Arab = Riyal.

Cambodia = Riel

Dirham (ye maro dirham na manay)

UAE + morocco

Manat

Tumhi Hazzar minat kein.

Turkmenistan and Azerbaijan

Som

Person climbs the railway boggy.

(kusoom). Som is the currency of Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan.

Kawacha

Zambia; Malawi kachi(kawacha) hai.

China = yuan/ renminbi.

I-SHQ=> Israel = shekel, Gama-d=> Gambia= dalasi

Tajikistan = Somoni

Seira Leone = Leone

Papua New Guinea = kina

Paraguay = Guarani

Sao Tome and Principe = dobra

Mangolia = tugrik

Mauritania = ouguiya

Kazakhstan = Tenge
Honduras = Lempira

Haiti = gourde

Guatemala = quetzal

Countries through equator

Come (KIM) back (BEC) SDG SUCKs

Asia = Indonesia and Maldives, Kiribati (Oceana)

South America = Brazil, Ecuador and Columbia.

Africa: Sao Tome and Principe, democratic republic of Congo, Gabon, Somalia, Uganda, Congo
Kenya,

Countries on prime meridian

UFS AMa Burkina ghano a Tagyo A.

Foot-Ball Team of Spain’s GAME/ (BF’s GAMETeS ghul mil gae)

France, Burkina Faso, Togo, Spain, Ghana, Algeria, Mali, England.

Tropic of cancer

NAME LMW MOB of Mexico IS CUT against cancer. Or Mexico k bahanay crab Africa gaya
jahan logon nay SMMAN kiya ek LEg pe to phir who asia ki taraf nikal gaya jahan pe India
walon nay kaha SOU jao ta baqyon ne kaha BC MT.

Niger, Algeria, Mauritania, Egypt, Libya, Mali, western shahara, Myanmar, oman,
Bangladesh/Bahamas, mexico, India, Saudi Arabia, china, UAE, Taiwan.

Tropic of Capricorn

No Body sees moon mission through ABC production in Australia.

Namibia, Botswana, South Africa, Mozambique, Madagascar, Australia, Argentina, Brazil,

Chile, Paraguay,
G7 countries ICJ G veto…. = Italy, Canada, Japan, Germany, France, America, Britain.

MCQ’S

3 Dikson sea port of Malaysia.

4 Seattle is the seaport of USA.

5 Messina strait separates Italy (Calabria) from Sicily (island in Mediterranean Sea), one of the 5
autonomous region of Italy and 1 of 20 regions of Italy, and connects Tyrrhenian Sea with the
Ionian 6 6 Sea (in central Mediterranean).

7 Victoria Falls in Southern Africa between Zambia and Zimbabwe, the angel falls in Venezuela,
and Nigeria between USA and Canada.

8 World’s largest silver producing country is Mexico.

9 Kasr I mantra is official residency of the king of Saudi Arabia.

10 Black sea is so called because a sense log prevails there in the winter.

11 China is largest fish catching country.

12 World longest railway tunnel Seikan (58.85 km) is in japan.

13 Lebanon is called land of milk and honey. And land of angles is called to Bangkok. Norway
midnight sun.

14 Big ben is a clock in the British parliament.

15 Alpine, the highest mountain pass, is in Switzerland.

16 Largest city of the world by area is New York. Wall Street is in New York, which is famous
for stock exchange market.

17 Fleet Street in London is famous for leading offices of newspapers.

18 green line divide Turkish and Greek cypress communities.

19 Hindenburg line between Poland and Germany.

20 takla makan desert is in Xinjing.

21 khyber pass in in Sufaid range.

22 Mauritius is known as star and key of Indian Ocean.

23 Hisper glacier is in Hunza.

25 Philippines has greatest number of volcanoes.

26 world largest active volcano is Muana Lua is located in Huwai USA.