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Learning Objectives of the Class Introduction

Base System and Calendars Representation: Let N be any integer, r be
• You will learn what is base of a the base of the system.
number system. Let N = (a3 a2 a1 a0 )r
• You will learn how to convert a N = a 3 × 𝑟 3 + a 2 × 𝑟 2 + a1 × 𝑟 1 +
number in any number system to a0 × 𝑟 0 …..(i)
another number system. The above representation can be
• You will learn about odd days. generalized for any integer containing any
• You will learn how to find what day number of terms. Please note that a𝑛 < r.
of the week will be on any given The above representation is the process of
date. converting any number system to decimal
number system (i.e., base 10).
Introduction
Base: It is the number of distinct symbols Examples
which are used in a number system. Example 1: Represent (10101)2 in decimal
Commonly we use decimal base system number system.
which involves ten distinct symbols (i.e., 0, Solution:
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) (10101)2 = 1 × 24 + 0 × 23 + 1 × 22 +
0 × 21 + 1 × 20
The base of a number system is always (10101)2 = 16 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 1 = (21)10
greater than 1.
Base is also called as radix or scale of Example 2: Represent (C1A)14 in decimal
notation. number system.
Solution:
Examples (C1A)14 = C × 142 + 1 × 141 + A × 140
(C1A)14 = 12 × 142 + 1 × 141 +
Number Base Symbols
10 × 140
System
(C1A)14 = 2352 + 14 + 10 = (2376)10
Binary 2 0, 1
1. Find the decimal notation of (577)8
Ternary 3 0, 1, 2 A. 427
B. 413
Quaternary 4 0, 1, 2, 3 C. 373
D. 383
Quinary 5 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 Ans. D

Octal 8 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 2. Find the decimal notation of (1BF)16

7 A. 427
Decimal 10 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, B. 417
7, 8, 9 C. 447
D. 457
Hexadecimal 16 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, Ans. C
7, 8, 9, A, B, C,
D, E, F

Here, A = 10, B = 11, C = 12, C = 13, E = 14,

F = 15

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Conversion from Decimal to other number 3. (482)10 when converted to tridecimal

system: base (i.e., base 13) will be equal to:
In this process we continuously divide the A. 2B1
given number (N) in decimal base system B. 2A1
by the number base in which we want to C. 2F1
convert it, till, the remainder we get is less D. 2C1
than the number base system to which we Ans. A
are converting.
Then, starting from the last remainder, we 4. An equation is written in some base y
move towards the initial remainder and as (490)y + (334)y – (854)y = 0. What is the
thus we get the required number in desired value of (312)y in base 10.
number base system. A. 144
B. 154
Examples C. 156
Example: Convert (123)10 to Quinary D. 164
number system.
Ans. C
Solution:
(123)10 = (? )5
5. In a certain base system Anil found that
Moving in the direction of arrow we get
35 × 45 = 3031. The value of 120 in that
(443)5 as our requrired number.
base system will translate to what value in
decimal system?
A. 45
B. 48
C. 43
D. 37
Ans. B

Example 2: Convert (57)10 to binary 6. The largest 3-digit number in base 8

number system. when represented in decimal system will
Solution: be equal to:
(57)10 = (? )2 A. 655
B. 555
C. 511
D. 611
Ans. C

7. The number (147)8 when represented in

Quinary base system will be equal to:
A. 334
B. 403
C. 244
D. 312
Ans. C

Moving in the direction of arrow we get

(111001)2 as our requrired number.

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Finding binary equivalent of a fraction: In Example: Years 800, 1200, 1600, 2000,
this we multiply the fractional part with 2, 2400 and so on.
if we get any integer part, we take 1, Also, every 4th year is a leap year. Example:
otherwise 0 as binary digit. Each time we 2020, 2024, 2028, 2032 and so on.
multiply by 2 and take the fraction part for But years like 1800, 1900, 2100, 2200 are
next time. Once the fraction part becomes non-leap years as they are divisible by 100.
zero, we stop and the binary equivalent of
the fraction is 1’s or 0’s taken in order from Odd Days: In a non-leap year there are 365
top to bottom as it is obtained in each step. days and there are 7 days in a week. So,
Note that if the fraction part does not there are 365 = 52 × 7 + 1 days i.e., there
terminate, we can stop the process after are 52 weeks and one day. This additional
certain number of times. The binary day is called an odd day.
equivalent obtained will be approximate In a leap year there are 366 days. So, there
value of the fraction. are 52 weeks and 2 days i.e., there are two
odd days in a leap year.
Examples Concept of odd days is very important in
Example: Find the binary equivalent of calendars. With this concept we can find
0.28125. what day of the week will be on any given
Solution: Given number = 0.28125 date.
Now,
Some Important Results about Odd days
Binary and Calendars:
0.28125 × 2 = 0.5625 0 100 years give us 5 odd days.
0.5625 × 2 = 1.125 1 200 years give us 3 odd days.
0.125 × 2 = 0.250 0 300 years give us 1 odd day.
0.250 × 2 = 0.500 0 400 years give us 0 odd days.
0.500 × 2 = 1.000 1 Calendar of a leap year can be used again
So, binary equivalents of 0.5625 is (is repeated) after 28 years.
(0.01001)2 For a non-leap year, Add 11 to the given
year, if result is not a leap year, then the
8. Find the binary equivalent of 0.425. resultant year is the year in which calendar
A. (0.011011)2 can be used again.
B. (0.011001)2 And, if the result is a leap year, then add 6
C. (0.010011)2 to the original given year and that will be
D. (0.010111)2 the year in which the calendar can be used
Ans. A again.
Examples
Calendars Example: What day of the week was on
Leap Year: The year in which there is 1 10th June 2012?.
extra day is called a leap year i.e., a leap Solution:
year has 366 days. In such question take present day as a
29th February is the extra added day in a reference and calculate the number of odd
leap year. days from the given date to the reference
Every 100th year starting from 1st AD is a date.
non-leap year, but every 4th century is a Now, today on 17th June 2021 is Thursday.
leap year.

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By calculating the odd days from 10th June 9. What day of the week will be on 11th
2012 to 17th June 2021 we can find the day June 2039?.
of the week on 10th June 2012.
On calculating we can see that number of A. Monday
odd days is coming to be 4. B. Tuesday
C. Saturday
So, D. Friday
Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday Ans. C
1 2 3 4
What have we learned?
Basics of Base System.
i.e., Sunday was the day of the week on
How to convert any number in given base
10th June 2012.
system to another base system.
Concept of odd days and how to find what
day of the week is on any given date.