Ieee Guide For The Parameter Measurement of Ac Transmission Line

IEEE Guide for the Parameter
Measurement of AC Transmission Lines
IEEE Power and Energy Society
Sponsored by the
Transmission and Distribution Committee
IEEE IEEE Std 1870™-2019

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At the time this Guide was submitted to the IEEE-SA Standards Board for approval, the Guide for the
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Yao Xiao, Chair

Zhanqing Yu, Vice Chair
Zhenqiang Li, Secretary
Jianhong Ai Qian Li Guangning Wu

Lan Cheng Shuqi Li Tianbao Wu
Ying Cheng Shusen Li Zhicheng Xie
Zhengyu Chen Zhirui Liang Jun Xiong
Jinwei Chu Jinzhuang Lv Lin Yang
Jun Deng Shiyuan Ni Xu Yang
Yi Fan 0RULW]3LNLVFK Jianhua Yin
Zhong Fu Jun Rui Rong Zeng
Lucheng Hong Yong Sun Chao Zhang
Guangcai Hu Jingyi Wang Qingqing Zhang
Zhijian Hu Qi Wang Yusheng Zhang
Qi Huang Xiaoxing Wei Zhihua Zhang
Lei Li Feicheng Wu Jinquan Zhao
Jianming Li Yanjun Zhao
The following members of the entity balloting committee voted on this guide. Balloters may have voted for
approval, disapproval, or abstention:
$QKXL2QHVN\(OHFWULF7HFKQRORJ\ General Electric Shanghai Jiao Tong University

Co.,Ltd. Huazhong University of Science Southeast University, China
China Energy Engineering Group and Technology Southwest Jiaotong University
Co.,Ltd. Jiangsu Shenma Electric Co., Ltd. State Grid Corporation of China
China Southern Power Grid Co., North China Electric Power (SGCC)
Ltd. University Tsinghua University
ChongQing University Schneider Electric Xi'an Jiaotong University
When the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved this Guide on 21 March 2019, it had the following membership:
Gary Hoffman, Chair

Ted Burse, Vice Chair
Jean-Philippe Faure, Past Chair
Konstantinos Karachalios, Secretary
0DVD\XNL$UL\RVKL David J. Law Annette Reilly

6WHSKHQ''XNHV Joseph Levy Dorothy Stanley
-7UDYLV*ULI¿WK Howard Li Sha Wei
Guido Hiertz Xiaohui Liu Phil Wennblom
Christel Hunter Kevin Lu Philip Winston
-RVHSK/.RHS¿QJHU Daleep Mohla Howard Wolfman
Thomas Koshy Andrew Myles Feng Wu
-RKQ'.XOLFN Jingyi Zhou
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This introduction is not part of IEEE Std 1870-2019, IEEE Guide for the Parameter Measurement of AC Transmission
Lines.
The purpose of electrical parameter measurement of ac transmission lines is to provide true parameters for
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was formed to develop a guide that would provide guidance for parameter measurement of ac transmission
lines.
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Group (BOG/CAG).
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1. Overview ................................................................................................................................................... 14
1.1 Scope .................................................................................................................................................. 14
1.2 Purpose ............................................................................................................................................... 14
%DFNJURXQG ........................................................................................................................................ 14
1.4 Application of distributed parameter measurement of ac lines ........................................................... 17
2. Normative references ................................................................................................................................ 17
'H¿QLWLRQVDFURQ\PVDQGDEEUHYLDWLRQV ................................................................................................. 17

'H¿QLWLRQV .......................................................................................................................................... 17
3.2 Acronyms and abbreviations .............................................................................................................. 19
4. Safety precautions ..................................................................................................................................... 21
5. Requirements for measuring instruments .................................................................................................. 22

5.1 Current transformer ............................................................................................................................ 22
5.2 Potential transformer .......................................................................................................................... 22
5.3 Special instruments for parameter measurement of transmission lines............................................... 22
5.4 Off-frequency power source ............................................................................................................... 23
5.5 Instruments for dc resistance measurement ........................................................................................ 23
6. General considerations during measurement............................................................................................. 23
7. Measurement of induced voltage and current ............................................................................................ 23

7.1 General ............................................................................................................................................... 23
7.2 Induced current measurement............................................................................................................. 24
7.3 Induced voltage measurement ............................................................................................................ 24
3KDVHYHUL¿FDWLRQDQGLQVXODWLRQUHVLVWDQFHPHDVXUHPHQW ........................................................................ 25

8.1 General ............................................................................................................................................... 25
3KDVHYHUL¿FDWLRQXVLQJGFRUDFSRZHUVRXUFHV............................................................................... 25
3KDVHYHUL¿FDWLRQXVLQJLQVXODWLRQWHVWHUV .......................................................................................... 26
8.4 Considerations .................................................................................................................................... 27
9. DC resistance measurement ...................................................................................................................... 28

9.1 DC resistance measurement of three-phase transmission lines ........................................................... 28
9.2 DC resistance calculation ................................................................................................................... 29
10. Index for parameter measurement of ac transmission lines ..................................................................... 29

10.1 Off-line measurement ....................................................................................................................... 29
10.2 Zero-sequence parameter measurement with adjacent lines in operation ......................................... 29
10.3 On-line measurement ....................................................................................................................... 29
11. Off-line parameter measurement of symmetrical transmission lines ....................................................... 30

11.1 Measurement and calculation of the electrical parameters of single-circuit transmission lines ........ 30
11.2 Measurement and calculation of the electrical parameters of double-circuit lines on the same
tower.......................................................................................................................................................... 34
11.3 Measurement of coupling parameters of short-distance double-circuit lines .................................... 39
12. Off-line parameter measurement of asymmetrical transmission lines ..................................................... 42

12.1 General ............................................................................................................................................. 42
12.2 Impedance measurement of asymmetrical lines ............................................................................... 43
12.3 Admittance measurement of asymmetrical lines .............................................................................. 45
8
13. Eliminating power frequency interference during off-line measurement ................................................ 48
13.1 General ............................................................................................................................................. 48
13.2 Increasing voltage of test power sources .......................................................................................... 48
13.3 Sudden changes of test power source output..................................................................................... 49
13.4 Using off-frequency sources ............................................................................................................. 50
14. Zero-sequence mutual parameter measurement with adjacent lines in operation .................................... 51
14.1 General ............................................................................................................................................. 51
14.2 Coupling parameter measurement of short-distance lines ................................................................ 52
14.3 Parameter measurement of double-circuit, long-distance lines ........................................................ 56
15. On-line parameter measurement of transmission lines ............................................................................ 58

15.1 General ............................................................................................................................................. 58
15.2 Positive-sequence lumped parameter measurement of short-distance, single-circuit lines............... 59
15.3 Positive-sequence distributed parameter measurement of long-distance. single-circuit lines .......... 59
15.4 Zero-sequence parameter measurement ........................................................................................... 60
Annex A (informative) Arrangement and parameter calculation of multicircuit lines .................................... 66
Annex B (normative) Positive-sequence impedance measurement by a single-phase power source.............. 79
Annex C (informative) Circuit used for suppressing induced voltage at power frequency ............................. 82
Annex D (informative) Measurement and calculation of the electrical parameters of four-circuit lines on the
same tower ..................................................................................................................................................... 84
$QQH[(LQIRUPDWLYH(TXLYDOHQWȆUHSUHVHQWDWLRQDQGOXPSHGSDUDPHWHUFDOFXODWLRQDWSRZHUIUHTXHQF\ 95
Annex F (informative) Bibliography .............................................................................................................. 97
9
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Figure 1—Deviation between measured and calculated values ...................................................................... 15
Figure 2—Zone reach in percentage of line length ......................................................................................... 16
)LJXUH²)DXOWORFDWLRQLQNLORPHWHUV ........................................................................................................... 16
Figure 4—Induced current measurement ....................................................................................................... 24
Figure 5—Induced voltage measurement with receiving terminals shorted to ground ................................... 24
Figure 6—Induced voltage measurement with receiving terminals open ....................................................... 25
)LJXUH²3KDVHYHUL¿FDWLRQXVLQJDSRZHUVRXUFH ........................................................................................ 26
)LJXUH²3KDVHYHUL¿FDWLRQDQGLQVXODWLRQUHVLVWDQFHPHDVXUHPHQWRISKDVHF ........................................... 27
Figure 9—Charge released through a capacitor.............................................................................................. 27
Figure 10—Measurement of the dc resistance Rab ........................................................................................ 28
Figure 11—Electrical parameters of a differential segment of a single-circuit transmission line ................... 30
Figure 12—Measuring positive-sequence, short-circuit impedance .............................................................. 31
Figure 13—Measuring positive-sequence, open-circuit impedance .............................................................. 31
Figure 14—Measuring zero-sequence, short-circuit impedance .................................................................... 32
Figure 15—Measuring zero-sequence, open-circuit impedance .................................................................... 33
Figure 16—Electrical parameters of a differential segment of double-circuit lines on the same tower .......... 34
Figure 17—Measuring positive-sequence, short-circuit impedance of single-circuit lines ............................ 35
Figure 18—Measuring positive-sequence, open-circuit impedance of single-circuit lines ............................ 35
Figure 19—Measuring two-phase, positive-sequence, short-circuit impedance of double-circuit lines ........ 36
Figure 20—Measuring two-phase, positive-sequence, open-circuit impedance of double-circuit lines......... 37
Figure 21—Measuring zero-sequence, short-circuit impedance of double-circuit lines ................................ 37
Figure 22—Measuring zero-sequence, open-circuit impedance of double-circuit lines................................. 38
Figure 23—Measurement of coupling capacitance for short-distance, double-circuit lines ........................... 40
Figure 24—Measurement of mutual inductance of short-distance, double-circuit lines ................................ 40
Figure 25—Zero-sequence impedance measurement of single-transmission line I........................................ 41
Figure 26—Zero-sequence impedance measurement of single-transmission line II ...................................... 41
Figure 27—Zero-sequence impedance measurement of circuit I with circuit II short-grounded at both

terminals......................................................................................................................................................... 42
Figure 28—3nSRUWQHWZRUNRIn-circuit lines ground shorted at receiving terminals .................................... 43
Figure 29—Self-impedance and mutual impedance measurement of the ith conductor ................................. 44
10
Figure 30—3nSRUWQHWZRUNRIn-circuit lines opened at receiving terminals ................................................ 46
Figure 31—Self-admittance and coupling admittance measurement of the ith conductor ............................. 47
Figure 32—Principles of sudden changes of test power source output ........................................................... 49
Figure 33—Sampling windows ...................................................................................................................... 49
Figure 34—Voltage and current measurement by applying an external power source on circuit 1 ................. 52
Figure 35—Voltage and current measurement by applying an external power source on the jth circuit ......... 54
Figure 36—Voltage and current measurement by applying an external power source to circuit I .................. 57
Figure 37—Positive-sequence lumped parameter measurement of short lines .............................................. 59
Figure 38—Generation of zero-sequence components................................................................................... 60
Figure 39—Voltage and current measurement by open-phase operation of circuit 1...................................... 61
Figure 40—Voltage and current measurement by open-phase operation of the jth line .................................. 63
Figure A.1—Arrangement of double-circuit lines .......................................................................................... 66
Figure A.2—Arrangement of three-circuit lines (type a) ................................................................................ 66
Figure A.3—Arrangement of three-circuit lines (type b)................................................................................ 67
Figure A.4—Arrangement of four-circuit lines (type a) ................................................................................. 67
Figure A.5—Arrangement of four-circuit lines (type b) ................................................................................. 67
Figure A.6—Arrangement of four-circuit lines (type c) ................................................................................. 68
Figure A.7—Arrangement of four-circuit lines (type d) ................................................................................. 68
Figure A.8—Arrangement of four-circuit lines (type e) ................................................................................. 68
Figure A.9—Arrangement of four-circuit lines (type f).................................................................................. 69
Figure A.10—Arrangement of four-circuit lines (type g) ............................................................................... 69
Figure A.11—Transposition of four segments ( D 6 + D 3+ D 3+ D 6 ) for double-circuit lines .................. 70
Figure A.12—Transposition of three segments ( D 3+ D 3+ D 3 ) for double-circuit lines ........................... 70
)LJXUH$²&RQ¿JXUDWLRQRIGRXEOHFLUFXLWOLQHVDORQJWKHVDPHFRUULGRU................................................. 78
Figure B.1—Three-phase transmission lines ................................................................................................. 79
Figure B.2—Measurement of short-circuit impedance Z AB .......................................................................... 80
Figure B.3—Measurement of impedance Z BC ............................................................................................... 80
Figure B.4—Measurement of impedance Z CA ............................................................................................... 81
Figure C.1—Circuit for suppressing interference at power frequency while permitting the impedance
measurement at frequency fS±ǻf ................................................................................................................... 82
Figure C.2—Impedance-frequency characteristic curve for measuring a signal at frequency fS±ǻf ............. 82
11
Figure C.3—Circuit for suppressing interference at power frequency while permitting the impedance
measurement at frequency fSǻf ................................................................................................................... 83
Figure C.4—Impedance-frequency characteristic curve for measuring a signal at frequency fSǻf ............. 83
)LJXUH'²7\SLFDOFRQ¿JXUDWLRQRIIRXUFLUFXLWOLQHVRQWKHVDPHWRZHU.................................................... 84
)LJXUH'²6LPSOL¿HGPRGHORIIRXUFLUFXLWOLQHV........................................................................................ 85
Figure D.3—Measuring the three-phase, positive-sequence, short-circuit impedance of a single-circuit line 87
Figure D.4—Measuring the three-phase, positive-sequence, open-circuit impedance of a single-circuit line 87
Figure D.5—Measuring the zero-sequence, open-circuit impedance ............................................................. 88
Figure D.6—Measuring the zero-sequence, short-circuit impedance ............................................................ 89
Figure D.7—Measuring the two-phase, positive-sequence, open-circuit impedance (mode 3)...................... 89
Figure D.8—Measuring the two-phase, positive-sequence, short-circuit impedance (mode 3) ..................... 90
Figure D.9—Measuring the two-phase, positive-sequence, open-circuit impedance (mode 4)...................... 91
Figure D.10—Measuring the two-phase, positive-sequence, short-circuit impedance (mode 4) ................... 91
Figure D.11—Measuring the two-phase, positive-sequence, open-circuit impedance (mode 5) .................... 92
Figure D.12—Measuring the two-phase, positive-sequence, short-circuit impedance (mode 5) ................... 93
)LJXUH(²3RVLWLYHVHTXHQFHHTXLYDOHQWFLUFXLWRIȆUHSUHVHQWDWLRQ .......................................................... 95
)LJXUH(²=HURVHTXHQFHHTXLYDOHQWFLUFXLWRIȆUHSUHVHQWDWLRQ................................................................ 96
12
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Table 1—Error calculation between measured and calculated values ............................................................ 15
Table 2—Calculating procedures of the electrical parameters per unit length of single-circuit
transmission lines at frequency f .................................................................................................................... 33
Table 3—Calculating procedures of the electrical parameters of double-circuit lines on the same
tower at frequency f ........................................................................................................................................ 38
Table 4—Calculation of the zero-sequence parameters per unit length of double-circuit lines at frequency f 58
Table 5—Calculation of positive-sequence distributed parameters per unit length of long-distance

lines at power frequency ................................................................................................................................. 60
Table A.1—Induced voltage and currents in rms ............................................................................................ 77
7DEOH$²3DUDPHWHUVRIWKHN9OLQHVXQGHUVWXG\ ................................................................................ 77
Table A.3—Measurement and calculation results .......................................................................................... 78
Table D.1—Calculation procedures of the electrical parameters of four-circuit lines on the same
tower at frequency f ........................................................................................................................................ 94
13
IEEE Guide for the Parameter
Measurement of AC Transmission Lines
1. Overview
1.1 Scope
This guide will provide testing methods for impedance measurement of ac transmission lines and calculating
methods for the resistance, inductance, and capacitance (RLC) distribution parameters of the tested line.
It will also provide testing and calculating methods to obtain mutual inductance and coupling capacitance
between double circuit lines on the same tower. This guide will outline the measuring instruments and the
safety of the measurement. In addition, it will include test procedures to obtain the open-circuit and short-
circuit impedances of the tested line as well as the formulas to get the distributed parameters from impedance
measurements.
1.2 Purpose
The accurate parameter of the power transmission line is the basis of precise power flow calculations, stability
analysis, protective settings, and line fault location. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a uniform guide to
provide technical guidance for the accurate parameter measurement of ac transmission lines.
1.3 Background
To understand the importance of measuring electrical parameters, in particular, the short-circuit, positive-
sequence impedance Z1 and zero-sequence impedance Z0, the following case study compares measured and
calculated values for the positive-sequence impedance Z1 and zero-sequence impedance Z0 of 40 power lines
with different configurations (power cables, overhead lines and mixed lines consisting of both, power cables,
and overhead lines).
In Figure 1, the deviation between calculated and measured values for R and especially X of Z1 are small
relative to the ones of Z0. This is because Z1 can be accurately calculated by means of the geometry and the
material of the conductors. However, for the calculation of Z0, the properties of the soil return path shall be
known, such as soil resistivity in different soil layers and other parallel buried conductors such as pipes and
other grounded elements in residential or industrial areas. All of these properties are unknown and therefore
make the calculation inaccurate in contrast to the measurement, which reflects all present properties of the soil
return path and therefore provides true values for Z0.
14
Copyright © 2019 IEEE. All rights reserved.
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Inaccurate zero-sequence impedance strongly affects zone reaches and accuracy of impedance-based fault
location of distance protection relays in the event of a single line to ground fault. The example described here
LVWDNHQIURPDPHDVXUHPHQWRQDQRYHUKHDGGLVWULEXWLRQOLQHZLWKDOHQJWKRINPTable 1 compares the
measured and the calculated values for Z1 and Z0.
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Error calculation
Z1 Z0
RLQȍ XLQȍ RLQȍ XLQȍ
Measured value 0.722 1.938 1.095 5.067
Calculated value 0.740 1.940 1.450 8.500
Error (ref. to measured value) in % 2.54 0.09 32.42 67.75
The values for Z1 only deviate negligibly from each other, whereas the deviation for Z0LVVLJQL¿FDQWO\KLJK
With respect to this example, the actual zone reach for all phase-to-phase and all phase-to-ground faults is
determined and shown in the chart of Figure 2 (grading factor is 90%, which means the zone of zone 1 is
supposed to be 90% of the line length).
As expected, the actual zone reach for phase-to-phase faults is close to 90%. This example also considers the
PHDVXUHPHQWRIWKHOLQH¶VDV\PPHWULFDOSDUDPHWHUVDQGWKHUHIRUHUHÀHFWVWKHVPDOOGHYLDWLRQVLQWKHUHDFKHV
among the three different phase-to-phase faults.
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and not operating selectively. Using the actual values for Z1 and Z0, which are derived from the measurement,
would correct the actual reach to 90% and avoid unselective performance of the relay.
15
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determined accurately for phase-to-phase faults. Phase-to-ground faults are displayed much closer to the relay
as they actually are, as shown in the chart of Figure 3. Using the actual values for Z1 and Z0 would locate faults
much more accurately.
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single-circuit transmission line: Transmission line consisting of three phases of conductors.
single-phase conductor: Conductor in one phase of three-phase transmission lines.
symmetrical three-phase system: Three-phase system having equal impedance and admittance for each
phase, in which the three-phase voltages and currents are of the same amplitude and have a 120° difference in
phase angle.
synchronous measurement: Measurement mode that can synchronously sample voltages and currents.
transposition: Method by which the three-phase conductors change their positions in turn to achieve
symmetrical impedance and admittance among three phases.
zero-sequence, short-circuit impedance: Input zero-sequence impedance of a transmission line at the

sending terminal with a single-phase power source applied when the receiving terminal is shorted to the
ground.
zero-sequence, open-circuit impedance: Input impedance of a transmission line at the sending terminal with
a single-phase power source applied when the receiving terminal is in open-circuit.
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cL coupling capacitance between a conductor from circuit I and another conductor from circuit
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cI-II,0 zero-sequence coupling capacitance between circuit I and circuit II in double-circuit lines, F/
NP
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C1 positive-sequence capacitance of a short-distance transmission line, F
Cii ,0 zero-sequence capacitance related to circuit i, F
Cik ,0 zero-sequence coupling capacitance between circuit i and circuit k, F
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f frequency of a test power source, Hz
fs power frequency or system frequency, Hz
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yaa , ybb , ycc self-admittance of conductors a, or b, or c of an asymmetrical single-circuit line, S
yab , ybc , ycb coupling admittance between conductors a and b, or b and c, or c and a, of an asymmetrical
single-circuit line, S
yii self-admittance of conductor i of asymmetrical multicircuit lines, S
yik , yk i coupling admittance between conductors i and k of asymmetrical multicircuit lines, S
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Yasy admittance matrix of asymmetrical multicircuit lines, S
Yii ,0 zero-sequence self-admittance of circuit i, S
Yik ,0 zero-sequence coupling admittance between circuit i and circuit k, S
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zik , zk i mutual impedance between conductors i and kRIDV\PPHWULFDOPXOWLFLUFXLWOLQHVȍ
zc,0 ]HURVHTXHQFHFKDUDFWHULVWLFLPSHGDQFHRIDVLQJOHSKDVHFRQGXFWRUȍ
zc,1 SRVLWLYHVHTXHQFHFKDUDFWHULVWLFLPSHGDQFHRIDVLQJOHSKDVHFRQGXFWRUȍ
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20
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Z ii ,0 zero-sequence self-impedance of circuit iȍ
Z ik ,0 zero-sequence mutual impedance between circuit i and circuit kȍ
Z I,0 zero-sequence, short-circuit impedance of circuit I of double-circuit lines with one terminal
of circuit II grounded
Z I-II,0 zero-sequence mutual impedance between circuit I and circuit II of double-circuit lines
Z II,0 zero-sequence, short-circuit impedance of circuit II of double-circuit lines with one terminal
of circuit I grounded
Z pg ,0 zero-sequence, short-circuit impedance of circuit I of double-circuit lines with both
terminals of circuit II grounded
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ω 2π f angular frequency
%f frequency deviation from power frequency in an off-frequency measuring method
GPS global positioning system
PMU phasor measurement unit
SNR signal-to-noise ratio
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and instrument damages caused by the induced voltage and current on the line under measurement. Sometimes
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higher. The induced voltage is extremely high when both terminals in open circuit.
21
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The off-frequency power source in off-line measurements should be capable of outputting sinusoidal signals
at a single frequency that can be adjustable. Normally the power source should generate a sinusoidal signal at
f s Δf or f s Δf , where Δf can be 2.5 Hz, 5 Hz, 7.5 Hz, 10 Hz, or other applicable frequencies.
The total harmonic distortion for the voltage output of the power source should be within 3%.
,QVWUXPHQWVIRUGFUHVLVWDQFHPHDVXUHPHQW
The instrument to obtain the dc resistance of a transmission line can be a special instrument or the combination
of a dc power source, a dc voltmeter, and a dc ammeter.
The dc resistance tester can be used, and its class of accuracy should be within 0.5. Alternatively, for the
combined measuring instrument for dc resistance, the power source can be several batteries connected in
series, and the class of accuracy of the dc voltmeter and ammeter should be within 0.5.
*HQHUDOFRQVLGHUDWLRQVGXULQJPHDVXUHPHQW
The following items should be considered before conducting off-line measurements:
D 0DNHVXUHWKDWDOOWKHWHPSRUDU\JURXQGLQJZLUHVDORQJWKHOLQHDUHGLVPDQWOHGDQGQRERG\LVZRUNLQJ
on the transmission line.
b) Pay close attention to the weather condition along the lines during the measurement. The
measurement shall be stopped if the weather is not suitable for measurement, for example, when there
is thunderstorm, rain, or snow along the transmission line.
c) The leads of shunt reactors, capacitors, and capacitive voltage transformers (CVTs) should be
disconnected from the transmission line in the off-line measurement. The transmission line shall be
disconnected from bus-bars.
d) Any series compensation device used in the transmission line shall be bypassed during the
measurement.
e) If the transmission line under measurement is composed of cables and overhead lines, it is
recommended to measure the parameters of the overhead lines and cables, respectively.
f) The substation grounding grid should serve as protective grounding, neutral point grounding, and
short-circuit grounding. The grounding point of a tower is prohibited to be the grounding point of the
measurement.
0HDVXUHPHQWRILQGXFHGYROWDJHDQGFXUUHQW
*HQHUDO
If there is any energized ac transmission line close to the transmission line to be measured, the mutual
inductance and coupling capacitance may lead to a high induced ac voltage on the line to be measured. When
both terminals are grounded, a large induced ac current may emerge on the line to be measured. If there is any
dc transmission line nearby, a high induced dc voltage may appear as well.
Before the measurement, the induced voltage and current should be estimated according to Annex A, and then
the voltage dividers, voltmeters, and ammeters with suitable ranges are selected.
23
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prevent operator injuries and instrument damage.
,WLVUHFRPPHQGHGWRPHDVXUHWKHLQGXFHGFXUUHQW¿UVWDQGWKHQHVWLPDWHWKHDPSOLWXGHRIWKHLQGXFHGYROWDJH
If the induced voltage is safe for operators and instruments, then the induced voltage can be measured directly.
Otherwise, a device to suppress the induced voltage should be installed in parallel.
,QGXFHGFXUUHQWPHDVXUHPHQW
As shown in Figure 4PDNHWKHVHQGLQJDQGUHFHLYLQJWHUPLQDOVRIWKHVLQJOHFLUFXLWOLQHEHVKRUWHGWRWKH
ground, respectively, and measure the ac/dc induced current of each phase.
)LJXUH²,QGXFHGFXUUHQWPHDVXUHPHQW
,QGXFHGYROWDJHPHDVXUHPHQW
The procedures for conducting the induced voltage measurement are as follows:
a) Induced voltage measurement with receiving terminals shorted to the ground:

The induced voltage can be evaluated by means of induced current measurement and the estimated
impedance. If it is safe for operators and instruments, the induced voltage can be measured directly.
Otherwise, a device to suppress the induced voltage should be installed in parallel.
As shown in Figure 5PDNHWKHWKUHHSKDVHUHFHLYLQJWHUPLQDOVVKRUWHGWRWKHJURXQGFRQQHFWD
resistive-capacitive divider between the sending terminal of phase c and the ground, and measure the
ac/dc induced voltages, respectively.
Refer to the same procedures when measuring the other two phases.
)LJXUH²,QGXFHGYROWDJHPHDVXUHPHQWZLWKUHFHLYLQJWHUPLQDOVVKRUWHGWRJURXQG
24
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b) Induced voltage measurement with receiving terminals open:

With both terminals open, the induced voltage may be extremely high, for example, greater than 10
N9ZKLFKLVKLJKHQRXJKWRFDXVHSHUVRQQHOLQMXULHV+HQFHRSHUDWRUVVKDOOEHFDUHIXOGXULQJWKH
measurement and had better evaluate the induced voltage before the measurement (Annex A).
As shown in Figure 6NHHSWKHUHFHLYLQJDQGVHQGLQJWHUPLQDOVRSHQFLUFXLWPHDVXUHWKHLQGXFHG
voltage of phase c at the sending terminal by a resistive-capacitive divider, and measure the ac/dc
induced voltages, respectively.
Refer to the same procedures when measuring the other two phases.
)LJXUH²,QGXFHGYROWDJHPHDVXUHPHQWZLWKUHFHLYLQJWHUPLQDOVRSHQ
3KDVHYHUL¿FDWLRQDQGLQVXODWLRQUHVLVWDQFHPHDVXUHPHQW
*HQHUDO
3KDVHYHUL¿FDWLRQDQGLQVXODWLRQUHVLVWDQFHPHDVXUHPHQWDUHSHUIRUPHGZKHQDOOWKHFRQGXFWRUVDUHQRWLQ
service.
3KDVHYHUL¿FDWLRQLVDGRSWHGWRFKHFNWKHFRQVLVWHQF\RISKDVHODEHOVDWERWKWHUPLQDOVVRDVWRSUHYHQWWKH
power system from serious impacts when the transmission line is switched into service, especially for newly
EXLOWRUUHFRQ¿JXUHGOLQHV
7KHLQVXODWLRQUHVLVWDQFHPHDVXUHPHQWLVDGRSWHGWRFKHFNZKHWKHUDQ\SURWHFWLYHJURXQGLQJZLUHKDVEHHQ
GLVPDQWOHGDORQJWKHQHZO\EXLOWRUUHFRQ¿JXUHGOLQHV
3KDVHYHUL¿FDWLRQXVLQJGFRUDFSRZHUVRXUFHV

'&SRZHUVRXUFHVDUHUHFRPPHQGHGWREHXVHGIRUSKDVHYHUL¿FDWLRQLIWKHLQGXFHGYROWDJHRIWKHPHDVXUHG
OLQHLVDERXWVHYHUDOKXQGUHGYROWV7DNHWKHSKDVHYHUL¿FDWLRQRISKDVHc as an example. The procedures are
as follows.
As shown in Figure 7, let the sending terminals and receiving terminals of phases a and b be shorted to ground,
DQGPDNHWKHUHFHLYLQJWHUPLQDOODEHOHGFƍ be grounded through an ammeter. Connect a power source between
the ground and the sending terminal labeled c. The power source can be a dc voltage source or an ac current
source at off-frequency:
D :KHQDGFYROWDJHVRXUFHLVDSSOLHGFKHFNWKHGFFXUUHQWLQWRWKHJURXQGDWERWKWHUPLQDOV,IWKH
dc currents at both terminals are equal, the phase labels (c and Fƍ) at the terminals are matched, and
there is no grounding point along the conductor of phase c. Otherwise, a short-circuit point exists. If
25
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the dc current at the receiving terminal labeled FƍHTXDOV]HURWKHUHPD\EHEUHDNLQJSRLQWVDORQJWKH

conductor of phase c, or terminal c does not match terminal Fƍ.
b) When an ac current source at off-frequency is applied, a mobile fast Fourier transform (FFT) device
FRQQHFWHGWRD5RJRZVNLFRLOVKRXOGEHFRQ¿JXUHGDWWKHUHFHLYLQJWHUPLQDOWRPHDVXUHWKHFXUUHQW
&KHFNWKHDFFXUUHQWLQWRWKHJURXQGDWERWKWHUPLQDOV,IWKHDFFXUUHQWVDWERWKWHUPLQDOVDUHDOPRVW
equal, the phase labels (c and Fƍ) at both terminals are consistent and there is no grounding point along
the conductor of phase c. Otherwise, a short-circuit point exists. If the ac current at the receiving
terminal labeled Fƍ differs greatly from that at the sending terminal labeled cWKHUHPD\EHEUHDNLQJ
points along the conductor of phase c, or terminal c does not match terminal Fƍ.
5HIHUWRWKHVDPHSURFHGXUHVIRUSKDVHYHUL¿FDWLRQRIWKHRWKHUWZRSKDVHV
)LJXUH²3KDVHYHUL¿FDWLRQXVLQJDSRZHUVRXUFH
3KDVHYHUL¿FDWLRQXVLQJLQVXODWLRQWHVWHUV
Insulation testers are recommended to be used to measure insulation resistance and verify phases if the
LQGXFHGYROWDJHRIWKHPHDVXUHGOLQHLVOHVVWKDQ97DNHSKDVHYHUL¿FDWLRQRISKDVHc as an example. The
procedures are as follows:
a) As shown in Figure 8(a)PDNHWKHWHUPLQDOVRISKDVHcLQRSHQFLUFXLWDQGPDNHWKHVHQGLQJDQG

receiving terminals of the other two phases shorted to the ground; use an insulation tester to measure
the insulation resistance of phase c. If the insulation resistance does not equal zero, the phase labels
(c and F৞) at both terminals may be consistent. Otherwise, the sending terminals labeled as c are
not consistent with the receiving terminal labeled as F৞, or there may be grounding points along the
conductor of phase c.
b) As shown in Figure 8(b)PDNHWKHUHFHLYLQJWHUPLQDOODEHOHGDVF৞JURXQGHGDQGPDNHWKHVHQGLQJ
and receiving terminals of the other two phases shorted to the ground; use an insulation tester to
measure the insulation resistance of phase c. If the insulation resistance equals zero, the phase labels (c
and F৞DWERWKWHUPLQDOVDUHPDWFKHG2WKHUZLVHWKHUHPD\EHEUHDNLQJSRLQWVDORQJWKHFRQGXFWRURI
phase c.
5HIHUWRWKHVDPHSURFHGXUHVIRUSKDVHYHUL¿FDWLRQDQGLQVXODWLRQUHVLVWDQFHPHDVXUHPHQWRIWKHRWKHUWZR
phases.
26
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&RQVLGHUDWLRQV
,IDQHOHFWURPDJQHWLF37LVHTXLSSHGDWDQ\WHUPLQDORIWKHOLQHWREHPHDVXUHGLWLVGLI¿FXOWWRREWDLQWKH
correct result by the method described in item a) of 8.2 and in 8.3. If an insulation tester or dc power source is
used, the electromagnetic PT shall be disconnected.
If the induced voltage on the line to be measured is too high to exceed the rated input voltage of the instrument,
DODUJHFDSDFLWRUFDQEHFRQQHFWHGLQSDUDOOHOZLWKWKHVHQGLQJWHUPLQDORIWKHOLQHWRUHOHDVHWKHFKDUJH7DNH
care that the capacitor shall withstand the current passing through and the induced voltage. The diagram of
charge release through a capacitor is shown in Figure 9.
In addition, there is an alternative method to suppress the induced voltage (see Annex C).
)LJXUH²&KDUJHUHOHDVHGWKURXJKDFDSDFLWRU
27
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'&UHVLVWDQFHPHDVXUHPHQWRIWKUHHSKDVHWUDQVPLVVLRQOLQHV
A dc resistance measurement is not mandatory, and this procedure may not be carried out. However, dc
UHVLVWDQFHPD\EHWDNHQDVDUHIHUHQFHWRYHULI\WKHDFSDUDPHWHUPHDVXUHPHQW$VNQRZQWKHDFUHVLVWDQFHDW
power frequency in per unit length should be slightly higher than the dc resistance. If the ac resistance differs
JUHDWO\IURPWKHGFUHVLVWDQFHWKHUHPD\EHPLVWDNHVGXULQJWKHDFSDUDPHWHUPHDVXUHPHQW
The dc resistance of transmission lines should be measured when the lines are not in service. One method is
to use the combination of a battery, a dc voltmeter, and a dc ammeter, and the alternative method is to use a dc
resistance tester. The procedures are described as follows.
As shown in Figure 10, short-circuit the receiving terminals of the three conductors and apply a dc power
source between phases a and b at the sending terminals; record the dc voltage U ab and the dc current I ab , the
series resistance Rab of conductors a and b can be calculated by Equation (1).
Rab U ab / I ab (1)
)LJXUH²0HDVXUHPHQWRIWKHGFUHVLVWDQFH Rab
Refer to the same procedures for the dc resistance Rbc of conductors b and c as well as the dc resistance Rac
of conductors c and a. The dc resistance of each phase conductor can be given by Equation (2).
Ra = ( Rab + Rca − Rbc ) / 2

Rb = ( Rab + Rbc − Rca ) / 2 (2)
Rc = ( Rca + Rbc − Rab ) / 2
where
Ra is the dc resistance of conductor aȍ

Rb is the dc resistance of conductor bȍ
Rc is the dc resistance of conductor cȍ
The dc resistance of the down-lead should be subtracted from the measuring result when the length of the
measured line is too short.
If the ac induced voltage of the measured line is larger than the withstand voltage of the instrument, a single
grounding point at the sending or the receiving terminal may be selected to reduce the induced voltage.
28
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Record the environmental temperature of both terminals while measuring the dc resistance; then convert the
measured dc resistance Ra of conductor a into the resistance Ra,20 nC at 20 °C by Equation (3).
Ra
Ra , 20 °C = (3)
1 + (t − 20) β
where
t is the average temperature of both terminals, °C

β LVWKHWHPSHUDWXUHFRHI¿FLHQWRIWKHUHVLVWDQFHRIWKHFRQGXFWRU&
For instance, for aluminum, β = 0.00403(1 / °C) ; for copper core cable, β = 0.00393(1 / °C) .
Refer to the same procedures for the dc resistance Rb,20 nC and Rc,20 nC of conductors b and c at 20 °C.
,QGH[IRUSDUDPHWHUPHDVXUHPHQWRIDFWUDQVPLVVLRQOLQHV
The following methods in 10.1 to 10.3 concerning the parameter measurement of ac transmission lines are
recommended in this guide.
2ႇOLQHPHDVXUHPHQW
Off-line measurement refers to the measurement when lines to be measured are not in service and can be
FODVVL¿HGLQWRVL[FDWHJRULHVDVIROORZV
a) Measurement and calculation of the electrical parameters of a single-circuit transmission line (11.1)
b) Measurement and calculation of the electrical parameters of double-circuit lines on the same tower
(11.2)
c) Measurement of the coupling parameters of short-distance double-circuit lines (11.3)
d) Off-line parameter measurement of asymmetrical transmission lines (Clause 12)
e) Eliminating power frequency interference during the off-line measurement (Clause 13)
f) Measurement and calculation of the electrical parameters of four-circuit lines on the same tower
(Annex D)
An open-circuit impedance measurement is a necessary procedure for the parameter measurement. But the
induced voltage should be assessed before the open-circuit impedance measurement. If potential dangers exist
for operators and instruments, installing a device to suppress the induced voltage is recommended (Annex C).
Otherwise the open-circuit impedance measurement shall not be carried out.
=HURVHTXHQFHSDUDPHWHUPHDVXUHPHQWZLWKDGMDFHQWOLQHVLQRSHUDWLRQ
For a zero-sequence parameter measurement with adjacent lines in operation, see Clause 14.
2QOLQHPHDVXUHPHQW
For an online parameter measurement of transmission lines, see Clause 15.
29
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0HDVXUHPHQWDQGFDOFXODWLRQRIWKHHOHFWULFDOSDUDPHWHUVRIVLQJOHFLUFXLW
WUDQVPLVVLRQOLQHV
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The method introduced shall be used when the measured transmission lines are not in service.
Assume that the three-phase conductors are fully transposed; then the electrical parameters of a single-circuit
transmission line can be regarded as symmetrical. Based on this assumption, the physical model of a single-
circuit transmission line is illustrated in Figure 11, where the electrical parameters of the model include the
resistance r, self-inductance l, ground capacitance cg, and conductance g of each conductor as well as the
mutual inductance mp and coupling capacitance cp between different conductors.
)LJXUH²(OHFWULFDOSDUDPHWHUVRIDGLႇHUHQWLDOVHJPHQWRI
DVLQJOHFLUFXLWWUDQVPLVVLRQOLQH
A symmetrical, three-phase ac power source is preferable for measuring the positive-sequence parameters of
a single-circuit transmission line. During the measurement, the neutral point of the power source should be
grounded.
The positive-sequence impedance of a single-circuit transmission line can also be acquired by a nonground,
single-phase power source. The measurement procedures are discussed in Annex B.
The following procedures shall be followed to obtain the electrical parameters of a single-circuit transmission
line:
a) Measure the positive-sequence, short-circuit impedance

b) Measure the positive-sequence, open-circuit impedance
c) Measure the zero-sequence, short-circuit impedance
d) Measure the zero-sequence, open-circuit impedance
e) Calculate the parameters per unit length
30
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0HDVXULQJSRVLWLYHVHTXHQFHVKRUWFLUFXLWLPSHGDQFHRIVLQJOHFLUFXLWOLQHVXVLQJ
As shown in Figure 12, short ground the receiving terminals of the three-phase conductors and apply a
positive-sequence, three-phase power source with frequency f at the sending terminals. Measure the three-
phase voltage USC [U a ,SC U b ,SC U c ,SC ]T and current ISC [ Ia ,SC Ib ,SC Ic ,SC ]T at frequency f. Then the
positive-sequence, short-circuit impedance Z1,SC can be calculated by Equation (4).
aUSC
Z1,SC (4)
aISC
1
with a [1 a a 2 ] , a e j 2π / 3 .
3
The positive-sequence, short-circuit impedance measurement can also be implemented by a nonground single-
phase power source. See Annex B.
)LJXUH²0HDVXULQJSRVLWLYHVHTXHQFHVKRUWFLUFXLWLPSHGDQFH
0HDVXULQJSRVLWLYHVHTXHQFHRSHQFLUFXLWLPSHGDQFHRIVLQJOHFLUFXLWOLQHV
As shown in Figure 13PDNHWKHUHFHLYLQJWHUPLQDOVRIWKHWKUHHSKDVHFRQGXFWRUVRSHQFLUFXLWDQGDSSO\D

positive-sequence, three-phase power source with frequency f at the sending terminals. Measure the three-
phase voltage U OC [U a ,OC U b ,OC U c ,OC ]T and current I OC [ Ia ,OC Ib ,OC Ic ,OC ]T at frequency f. Then
the positive-sequence, open-circuit impedance Z1,OC can be calculated by Equation (5).
aU OC
Z1,OC (5)
aI OC
1
with a [1 a a 2 ] , a e j 2π / 3 .
3
)LJXUH²0HDVXULQJSRVLWLYHVHTXHQFHRSHQFLUFXLWLPSHGDQFH
31
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The positive-sequence, open-circuit impedance measurement can also be implemented by a nonground single-
:$51,1*
If the induced voltage on the open-circuit line is dangerous to the operator and instrument, then the positive-
sequence, open-circuit impedance measurement is not carried out. In such a case, the positive-sequence,
open-circuit impedance could be calculated by the geometry and material characteristics.
0HDVXULQJ]HURVHTXHQFHVKRUWFLUFXLWLPSHGDQFHRIVLQJOHFLUFXLWOLQHV
As shown in Figure 14PDNHWKHUHFHLYLQJWHUPLQDOVRIWKHWKUHHSKDVHFRQGXFWRUVVKRUWHGWRWKHJURXQG

short-circuit the sending terminals, and apply a single-phase power source with frequency f between the
sending terminals and the ground. Measure the voltage U 0,SC and current I0,SC at frequency f. Then the zero-
sequence, short-circuit impedance Z 0,SC can be calculated by Equation (6).
U 0,SC
Z 0,SC (6)
I / 3
0,SC
)LJXUH²0HDVXULQJ]HURVHTXHQFHVKRUWFLUFXLWLPSHGDQFH
0HDVXULQJ]HURVHTXHQFHRSHQFLUFXLWLPSHGDQFHRIVLQJOHFLUFXLWOLQHV
As shown in Figure 15PDNHWKHUHFHLYLQJWHUPLQDOVRIWKHWKUHHSKDVHFRQGXFWRUV¶RSHQFLUFXLWVKRUWFLUFXLW

the sending terminals, and apply a single-phase power source with frequency f between the sending terminals
and the ground. Measure the voltage U 0,OC and current I0,OC at frequency f. Then the zero-sequence, open-
circuit impedance Z 0,OC can be calculated by Equation (7).
U 0,OC
Z 0,OC (7)
I / 3
0,OC
32
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If the induced voltage on the open-circuit line is dangerous to the operator and instrument, then the zero-
sequence, open-circuit impedance measurement is not carried out. In such a case, the zero-sequence, open-
circuit impedance could be calculated by the geometry and material characteristics.
&DOFXODWLQJSDUDPHWHUVSHUXQLWOHQJWKRIVLQJOHFLUFXLWOLQHV
After acquiring the positive-sequence, open-circuit impedance Z1,OC ; positive-sequence, short-circuit

impedance Z1,SC; zero-sequence, open-circuit impedance Z 0,OC ; and zero-sequence, short-circuit impedance
Z 0,SC at frequency f based on 11.1.2 through 11.1.5, calculate the electrical parameters of the single-circuit
transmission line according to the procedures and formulas shown in Table 2.
7DEOH²&DOFXODWLQJSURFHGXUHVRIWKHHOHFWULFDOSDUDPHWHUVSHUXQLWOHQJWKRI
VLQJOHFLUFXLWWUDQVPLVVLRQOLQHVDWIUHTXHQF\f
Positive-sequence parameters Zero-sequence parameters
2ULJLQDOPHDVXUHGGDWDȍ Z1,OC Z1,SC Z 0,OC Z 0,SC
&KDUDFWHULVWLFLPSHGDQFHȍ zc,1 Z1,SC Z1,OC zc,0 Z 0,SC Z 0,OC
arccoth Z1,OC / Z1,SC arccoth Z 0,OC / Z 0,SC

3URSDJDWLRQFRHI¿FLHQWNP γ1 γ0
D D
,PSHGDQFHȍNP z1 zc ,1γ 1 z0 zc , 0 γ 0
$GPLWWDQFH6NP y1 γ 1 zc ,1 y0 γ 0 z c , 0
Resistance of single-phase
FRQGXFWRUVȍNP r Re( z1 )
Self-inductance of single- Im( z0 + 2 z1 )

SKDVHFRQGXFWRUV+NP l=
3ω
Ground capacitance of single- Im( y0 )

SKDVHFRQGXFWRUV)NP cg
ω
Im( z0 − z1 )
,QWHUSKDVHPXWXDOLQGXFWDQFH+NP mp =
3ω
Im( y1 − y0 )
,QWHUSKDVHFRXSOLQJFDSDFLWDQFH)NP cp =
3ω
Re( z0 − z1 )
(DUWKUHVLVWDQFHȍNP rg =
3
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OLQHVRQWKHVDPHWRZHU
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The method introduced here shall be used when the transmission lines to be measured are not in service. This
method is only applicable for double-circuit lines, which are of the same voltage level, the same line type, and
the same length and which are symmetrical installed.
Assume that each of the double-circuit lines is fully transposed. The three-phase electrical parameters of a
single-circuit line can be regarded as symmetrical, and the coupling parameters between the phase conductors
from different circuits are the same.
Based on this assumption, the physical model of double-circuit lines is shown in Figure 16. The electrical
parameters of the model include the parameters of a single-circuit line and the coupling parameters between
the conductors from different circuits. The parameters of a single-circuit line consist of resistance r, self-
inductance l, ground capacitance cg, ground conductance g of each conductor, interphase inductance mp and
capacitance cp. Also, the coupling parameters between the conductors from different circuits include
inductance mL and capacitance cL . In Figure 16, only the case of phase b of circuit I to each conductor of
circuit II is illustrated, but there are also mutual inductance mL and coupling capacitance cL from phase a and
phase c of circuit I to each conductor of circuit II.
)LJXUH²(OHFWULFDOSDUDPHWHUVRIDGLႇHUHQWLDOVHJPHQWRIGRXEOHFLUFXLWOLQHVRQ
WKHVDPHWRZHU
The electrical parameters of double-circuit lines can be obtained as follows:
a) Measuring the positive-sequence, short-circuit impedance of single-circuit lines

b) Measuring the positive-sequence, open-circuit impedance of single-circuit lines
c) Measuring the two-phase, positive-sequence, short-circuit impedance of double-circuit lines
d) Measuring the two-phase, positive-sequence, open-circuit impedance of double-circuit lines
e) Measuring the zero-sequence, short-circuit impedance of double-circuit lines
34
,(((6WG
f) Measuring the zero-sequence, open-circuit impedance of double-circuit lines

g) Calculating the parameters per unit length of double-circuit lines
0HDVXULQJSRVLWLYHVHTXHQFHVKRUWFLUFXLWLPSHGDQFHRIVLQJOHFLUFXLWOLQHV
As shown in Figure 17, short-circuit the receiving terminals of one of the double-circuit lines, and apply a
three-phase, positive-sequence power source with a frequency of f to the sending terminal. Measure the three-
phase voltage USC [U a ,SC U b ,SC U c ,SC ]T and current ISC [ Ia,SC Ib,SC Ic,SC ]T at frequency f. Then
calculate the positive-sequence, short-circuit impedance Z1,SC by Equation (8).
aUSC
Z1,SC (8)
aISC
1
with a [1 a a 2 ] , a e j 2π / 3 .
3
The positive-sequence, short-circuit impedance measurement can also be implemented by a nonground single-
)LJXUH²0HDVXULQJSRVLWLYHVHTXHQFHVKRUWFLUFXLWLPSHGDQFHRIVLQJOHFLUFXLWOLQHV
0HDVXULQJSRVLWLYHVHTXHQFHRSHQFLUFXLWLPSHGDQFHRIVLQJOHFLUFXLWOLQHV
As shown in Figure 18PDNHWKHUHFHLYLQJWHUPLQDOVRIRQHRIWKHGRXEOHFLUFXLWOLQHVRSHQFLUFXLWDQGDSSO\

a three-phase, positive-sequence power source with a frequency of f to the sending terminal. Measure the
three-phase voltage U OC [U a ,OC U b ,OC U c ,OC ]T and current I OC [ Ia ,OC Ib ,OC Ic ,OC ]T at a frequency f.
Then calculate the positive-sequence, open-circuit impedance Z1,OC by Equation (9).
aU OC
Z1,OC (9)
aI OC
1
with a [1 a a 2 ] , a e j 2π / 3 .
3
)LJXUH²0HDVXULQJSRVLWLYHVHTXHQFHRSHQFLUFXLWLPSHGDQFHRIVLQJOHFLUFXLWOLQHV
35
,(((6WG
The positive-sequence, open-circuit impedance measurement can also be implemented by a nonground single-
:$51,1*
0HDVXULQJWZRSKDVHSRVLWLYHVHTXHQFHVKRUWFLUFXLWLPSHGDQFHRIGRXEOHFLUFXLW
OLQHV
As shown in Figure 19PDNHWKHVHQGLQJWHUPLQDOVRIWKUHHSKDVHVRIOLQH,EHVKRUWHGWRJHWKHUWRIRUPDQRGH

Į; then let the sending terminals of the three phases of line II be shorted together to form a node ȕ; short the
receiving terminals of I and II to ground, and then connect a nonground single-phase power source with a
frequency of f between the node Į and node ȕ. Measure the voltages U αβ ,SC and currents Iα ,SC at frequency f.
Then calculate the two-phase, positive-sequence, short-circuit impedance Z1,I-II,SC as shown in Equation (10).
3 U αβ ,SC
Z1,I-II,SC (10)
2 Iα ,SC
)LJXUH²0HDVXULQJWZRSKDVHSRVLWLYHVHTXHQFHVKRUWFLUFXLWLPSHGDQFHRI
GRXEOHFLUFXLWOLQHV
0HDVXULQJWZRSKDVHSRVLWLYHVHTXHQFHRSHQFLUFXLWLPSHGDQFHRIGRXEOHFLUFXLW
OLQHV
As shown in Figure 20PDNHWKHVHQGLQJWHUPLQDOVRIWKHWKUHHSKDVHVRIOLQH,EHVKRUWHGWRJHWKHUWRIRUPD

node Į; then short-circuit the sending terminals of the three phases of line II to form a node ȕPDNHWKH
receiving terminals of I and II open-circuit, and then connect a nonground single-phase power source with a
frequency of f between node Į and node ȕ. Measure the voltages U αβ ,OC and currents Iα ,OC at frequency f.
Then calculate the two-phase, positive-sequence, open-circuit impedance Z1,I-II,OC by Equation (11).
3 U αβ ,OC
Z1,I-II,SC (11)
2 Iα ,OC
36
,(((6WG
)LJXUH²0HDVXULQJWZRSKDVHSRVLWLYHVHTXHQFHRSHQFLUFXLWLPSHGDQFHRI
GRXEOHFLUFXLWOLQHV
:$51,1*
0HDVXULQJWZRSKDVH]HURVHTXHQFHVKRUWFLUFXLWLPSHGDQFHRIGRXEOHFLUFXLWOLQHV
As shown in Figure 21PDNHDOOWKHVHQGLQJWHUPLQDOVRIOLQH,DQGOLQH,,VKRUWFLUFXLWWKHQVKRUWFLUFXLWDOO

the receiving terminals of line I and line II to the ground, and then connect a single-phase power source with a
frequency of f between the sending terminal and the ground. Measure the voltage U 0,SC and current I0,SC at
frequency f. Then calculate the zero-sequence, short-circuit impedance Z 0,I-II,SC by Equation (12).
U 0,SC
Z 0,I-II,SC (12)
I / 6
0,SC
)LJXUH²0HDVXULQJ]HURVHTXHQFHVKRUWFLUFXLWLPSHGDQFHRIGRXEOHFLUFXLWOLQHV
0HDVXULQJWZRSKDVH]HURVHTXHQFHRSHQFLUFXLWLPSHGDQFHRIGRXEOHFLUFXLWOLQHV
As shown in Figure 22VKRUWFLUFXLWDOOWKHVHQGLQJWHUPLQDOVRIOLQH,DQGOLQH,,PDNHDOOWKHUHFHLYLQJ

terminals of line I and line II open-circuit; and then connect a single-phase power source with a frequency of f
between the sending terminal and the ground. Measure the voltage U 0,OC and current I0,OC at frequency f.
Then calculate the zero-sequence, open-circuit impedance Z 0,I-II,OC by Equation (13).
37
,(((6WG
U 0,OC
Z 0,I-II,OC (13)
I / 6
0,OC
)LJXUH²0HDVXULQJ]HURVHTXHQFHRSHQFLUFXLWLPSHGDQFHRIGRXEOHFLUFXLWOLQHV
:$51,1*
&DOFXODWLQJSDUDPHWHUVSHUXQLWOHQJWKRIGRXEOHFLUFXLWOLQHV
After acquiring the three-phase, positive-sequence, short-circuit impedance Z1,SC ; the open-circuit impedance
Z1,OC of the single-circuit line; the two-phase, positive-sequence, short-circuit impedance Z1,I-II,SC ; and the
open-circuit impedance Z1,I-II,OC of double-circuit lines; as well as the zero-sequence, open-circuit impedance
Z 0,OC and the short-circuit impedance Z 0,SC at frequency f from 11.2.2 through 11.2.7, calculate the electrical
parameters of the double-circuit lines according to the procedures and formulas shown in Table 3.
7DEOH²&DOFXODWLQJSURFHGXUHVRIWKHHOHFWULFDOSDUDPHWHUVRI
GRXEOHFLUFXLWOLQHVRQWKHVDPHWRZHUDWIUHTXHQF\f
Three-phase, positive- Two-phase, positive-
Zero-sequence parameters
sequence parameters of sequence parameters of
of double-circuit lines
a single-circuit line double-circuit lines
Original measured Z1,OC Z1,SC Z1,I-II,OC Z1,I-II,SC Z 0,I-II,OC Z 0,I-II,SC
GDWDȍ
Characteristic
LPSHGDQFHȍ zc,1 Z1,OC Z1,SC zc,1,I-II Z1,I-II,OC Z1,I-II,SC zc,0 Z 0,I-II,OC Z 0,I-II,SC
Propagation
FRHI¿FLHQWNP Z1,OC Z1,I-II,OC Z 0,I-II,OC
arccoth arccoth arccoth
Z1,SC Z1,I-II,SC Z 0,I-II,SC
γ1 γ 1,I-II γ0
D D D
,PSHGDQFHȍNP z1 zc ,1γ 1 z0 zc , 0 γ 0
z1,I−II = zc,1,I−II γ 1,I−II
$GPLWWDQFH6NP y1 γ 1 zc ,1 y1,I−II = γ 1,I−II zc,1,I−II y0 γ 0 z c , 0
Resistance of
single-phase r Re( z1 )
FRQGXFWRUȍNP
Table continues
38
,(((6WG
7DEOH²&DOFXODWLQJSURFHGXUHVRIWKHHOHFWULFDOSDUDPHWHUVRI
GRXEOHFLUFXLWOLQHVRQWKHVDPHWRZHUDWIUHTXHQF\f(continued)
Three-phase, positive- Two-phase, positive-
Zero-sequence parameters
sequence parameters of sequence parameters of
of double-circuit lines
a single-circuit line double-circuit lines
Original measured Z1,OC Z1,SC Z1,I-II,OC Z1,I-II,SC Z 0,I-II,OC Z 0,I-II,SC
GDWDȍ
Earth resistance, Re( z0 − r )
ȍNP rg =
6
,QGXFWDQFH+NP
⎡1 −1 0 ⎤ ⎡ l ⎤ ⎡ Im ( z1 ) ⎤
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
ω ⎢1 2 3 ⎥ ⎢ m p ⎥ = ⎢⎢ Im ( z0 ) ⎥⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢1 2 −3⎥ ⎢ m ⎥ ⎢ Im ( z )⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ L ⎦ ⎢⎣ 1,,I-II ⎥⎦
&DSDFLWDQFH)NP
⎡1 3 3⎤ ⎡ cg ⎤ ⎡ Im ( y1 ) ⎤
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
ω ⎢1 0 0⎥ ⎢ c p ⎥ = ⎢⎢ Im ( y0 ) ⎥⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢1 0 6⎥ ⎢ c ⎥ ⎢ Im ( y )⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ L ⎦ ⎢⎣ 1,II-II ⎥⎦
0HDVXUHPHQWRIFRXSOLQJSDUDPHWHUVRIVKRUWGLVWDQFHGRXEOHFLUFXLWOLQHV
The method is applicable for short-distance, double-circuit lines whose sending or receiving terminals are
located at the same substation. The length of the lines can be different. The measurement of the zero-sequence
mutual coupling parameters for short-distance, double-circuit lines needs both lines to be out of service.
%XWLQPRVWFDVHVRUJDQL]DWLRQDOUHDVRQVGRQRWDOORZWZRRUPRUHSDUDOOHOFLUFXLWVWREHWDNHQRXWRIVHUYLFHDW
the same time. Energized parallel circuits might compromise the measurement of zero-sequence impedance.
In such a case, Clause 14 and Clause 15 can be referenced to measure zero-sequence impedance and mutual
impedance.
0HDVXUHPHQWRIFRXSOLQJFDSDFLWDQFHRIVKRUWGLVWDQFHGRXEOHFLUFXLWOLQHV
As shown in Figure 23PDNHDOOWKHUHFHLYLQJWHUPLQDOVRIOLQH,DQG,,RSHQFLUFXLWWKHQPDNHWKHVHQGLQJ

WHUPLQDOVRIOLQH,,EHVKRUWHGWRWKHJURXQGDQGWKHVHQGLQJWHUPLQDOVRIOLQH,VKRUWFLUFXLW¿QDOO\FRQQHFWD
single-phase power source with a frequency of f between the sending terminals of line I and the ground.
Measure the voltage U of line I and current I of line II at frequency f. Then calculate the coupling capacitance
cI-II,0 of short-distance, double-circuit lines by Equation (14).
⎛ I 3 ⎞⎟
cI−II,0 = Im ⎜⎜ ⎟ (14)
⎟⎟⎠
⎜⎝ ωUD
39
,(((6WG
)LJXUH²0HDVXUHPHQWRIFRXSOLQJFDSDFLWDQFHIRUVKRUWGLVWDQFHGRXEOHFLUFXLWOLQHV
:$51,1*
If the induced voltage on the open-circuit line is dangerous to the operator and instrument, then the
measurement of coupling capacitance between double-circuit lines is not carried out. In such a case, the
coupling capacitance between double-circuit lines could be calculated by the geometry and material
characteristics.
0HDVXUHPHQWRIPXWXDOLQGXFWDQFHRIVKRUWGLVWDQFHGRXEOHFLUFXLWOLQHV
As shown in Figure 24PDNHDOOWKHUHFHLYLQJWHUPLQDOVRIOLQH,DQGOLQH,,EHVKRUWHGWRWKHJURXQGWKHQ

VKRUWFLUFXLWWKHVHQGLQJWHUPLQDOVRIOLQH,DVZHOODVWKHVHQGLQJWHUPLQDOVRIOLQH,,¿QDOO\FRQQHFWDVLQJOH
phase power source with a frequency of f between the sending terminals of line I and the ground. Measure the
current I of line I and voltage U of line II at frequency f. Calculate the mutual inductance mIII,0 of short-
distance, double-circuit lines by Equation (15).
⎛ 3U ⎞⎟
mI-II, 0 = Im ⎜⎜ ⎟ (15)
⎟⎟⎠
⎜⎝ ω ID
)LJXUH²0HDVXUHPHQWRIPXWXDOLQGXFWDQFHRIVKRUWGLVWDQFHGRXEOHFLUFXLWOLQHV
0HDVXUHPHQWRIWKH]HURVHTXHQFHPXWXDOFRXSOLQJLPSHGDQFHIRUVKRUWGLVWDQFH
GRXEOHFLUFXLWOLQHV
0HDVXUHPHQWRI]HURVHTXHQFHLPSHGDQFHRIFLUFXLW,DQGFLUFXLW,,
As shown in Figure 25VKRUWFLUFXLWDQGJURXQGWKHUHFHLYLQJWHUPLQDORIFLUFXLW,0DNHVXUHWKDWDOOSDUDOOHO

circuits are out of service and not grounded at least at one end of the circuit. Short-circuit the sending terminals
40
,(((6WG
a, b, and c of circuit I but do not ground them. Use a single-phase power source to measure the impedance of
loop abc-g of circuit I. The zero-sequence, short-circuit impedance of circuit I is calculated by Equation (16).
3U I
Z I,0 = 3× Z I,abc− g = (16)
II
)LJXUH²=HURVHTXHQFHLPSHGDQFHPHDVXUHPHQWRIVLQJOHWUDQVPLVVLRQOLQH,
As shown in Figure 26VKRUWFLUFXLWDQGJURXQGWKHUHFHLYLQJWHUPLQDORIFLUFXLW,,0DNHVXUHWKDWDOOSDUDOOHO

circuits are out of service and not grounded at least at one end of the circuit. Short-circuit the sending terminals
a, b, and c of circuit II but do not ground them. Use a single-phase power source to measure the impedance of
loop abc-g of circuit II. The zero-sequence, short-circuit impedance of circuit II is calculated by Equation (17).
3U II
Z II,0 = 3× Z II, abc− g = (17)
III
)LJXUH²=HURVHTXHQFHLPSHGDQFHPHDVXUHPHQWRIVLQJOHWUDQVPLVVLRQOLQH,,
0HDVXUHPHQWRI]HURVHTXHQFHLPSHGDQFHRIFLUFXLW,ZLWKFLUFXLW,,VKRUWHGWR
JURXQGDWERWKWHUPLQDOV
As shown in Figure 27, short-circuit and ground the receiving terminal of circuit I. Short-circuit the sending
terminals a, b, and c of circuit I but do not ground them. Short-circuit and ground both terminals of circuit
II. Use a single-phase power source to measure the impedance of loop abc-g of circuit I. Calculate the zero-
sequence impedance of parallel lines shorted to ground by Equation (18).
3U pg
Z pg , 0 = 3× Z pg , abc− g = (18)
I pg
41
,(((6WG
)LJXUH²=HURVHTXHQFHLPSHGDQFHPHDVXUHPHQWRIFLUFXLW,ZLWKFLUFXLW,,
VKRUWJURXQGHGDWERWKWHUPLQDOV
The mutual impedance Z III,0 between circuit I and circuit II can be calculated by Equation (19).
Z I−II,0 = ( Z I,0 − Z pg ,0 ) Z II,0 (19)
NOTE—,QPRVWFDVHVRUJDQL]DWLRQDOUHDVRQVGRQRWDOORZIRUWDNLQJWZRRUPRUHSDUDOOHOFLUFXLWVRXWRIVHUYLFHDWWKH
same time. The determination of the mutual coupling impedance Z III,0 requires accurate determination of the zero-
sequence impedance Z I,0 and Z II,0 , which might be compromised by energized parallel circuits. Furthermore, the
impedance Z pg ,0 cannot be measured if the parallel circuit is energized. In this case, the mutual coupling impedance can
be determined by the method provided in Clause 14 and Clause 15.5
2ႇOLQHSDUDPHWHUPHDVXUHPHQWRIDV\PPHWULFDOWUDQVPLVVLRQOLQHV
*HQHUDO
Zero-sequence current-through may be caused by asymmetrical electrical parameters of multicircuit lines
when the lines are not transposed, and the lines may be tripped when zero-sequence current-through exceeds
the protective setting. In such a case, it is necessary to measure the asymmetrical parameters of the lines to
instruct phase exchange of conductors, thereby reducing the zero-sequence current-through.
For n-circuit transmission lines on the same tower or parallel lines along the same corridor, each circuit
line consists of three phases: a, b, and c. Therefore, n-circuit transmission lines have 3n phase conductors
numbered as 1, 2, 3, ···, 3n.
The method introduced here can only be used when the measured transmission lines are not in service.
5
1RWHVLQWH[WWDEOHVDQG¿JXUHVRIDVWDQGDUGDUHJLYHQIRULQIRUPDWLRQRQO\DQGGRQRWFRQWDLQUHTXLUHPHQWVQHHGHGWRLPSOHPHQWWKLV
standard.
42
,(((6WG
,PSHGDQFHPHDVXUHPHQWRIDV\PPHWULFDOOLQHV
%DVLFSULQFLSOH
As shown in Figure 28PDNHDOOWKHUHFHLYLQJWHUPLQDOVRIn-circuit lines grounded. If 3n single-phase currents

were injected into the 3n sending terminals, the 3nSRUWQHWZRUNFDQEHGHVFULEHGE\DQLPSHGDQFHPDWUL[DV
in Equation (20).
⎡ U1 ⎤ ⎡ z1−1 z1−i z1− j z1−3n ⎤ ⎡ I1 ⎤

⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ U ⎥ ⎢ z zi−i zi − j zi−3n ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢ Ii ⎥⎥
⎢ i ⎥ ⎢ i−1
⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢ ⎥⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ (20)
⎢ ⎥ ⎢z z j −i z j− j z j −3n ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢ I j ⎥⎥
⎢ U j ⎥ ⎢ j −1
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣U 3n ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ z3n−1 z3n−i z3 n − j z3n−3n ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ I3n ⎥⎦
where zii is the self-impedance of the ith conductor; zi− j = z j −i (i, j = 1, 2, 3, …, 3n; ij) is the mutual
impedance between the ith conductor and the jth conductor.
)LJXUH²nSRUWQHWZRUNRInFLUFXLWOLQHVJURXQGVKRUWHGDWUHFHLYLQJWHUPLQDOV
If only the current Ii is injected into the ith conductor while other terminals opened as I j 0 (j = 1, 2, 3, ...,
3n; ji), then Equation (20) can be rewritten as in Equation (21).
43
,(((6WG
⎡ U1 ⎤ ⎡ z1−i ⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ U ⎥ ⎢ z ⎥
⎢ i ⎥ ⎢ i−i ⎥
⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥ I
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ i (21)
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ U j ⎥ ⎢ j −i ⎥
z
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣U 3n ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ z3n−i ⎥⎦
6HOILPSHGDQFHDQGPXWXDOLPSHGDQFHPHDVXUHPHQWUHODWLYHWRWKHiWKFRQGXFWRU
If the injected current is at power frequency, and to eliminate the induced voltage and current interferences
inside the n-circuit lines at power frequency, the impedance measurement can be conducted as follows:
a) Short ground all the receiving terminals as Figure 29 shows.

b) Apply a single-phase power source at the sending terminal of the ith conductor; sample the current
Ii(1) and voltages U1(1) , U 2(1) , …, U i(1) , …, U (j1) , …, U 3(1n) as Figure 29(a) shows.
c) Reverse the power source at the sending terminal of the ith conductor; sample the current Ii( 2 ) and
voltages U ( 2 ) , U ( 2 ) , …, U ( 2 ) ,…, U ( 2 ) ,…, U ( 2 ) as Figure 29(b) shows.
1 2 i j 3n
d) Calculate the impedance related to the ith conductor by Equation (22).

⎡ z1−i ⎤ ⎡ (U1( 2 ) −U1(1) ) ( Ii( 2 ) − Ii(1) ) ⎤⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ z ⎥ ⎢ (U ( 2 ) −U (1) ) ( Ii( 2 ) − Ii(1) ) ⎥⎥
⎢ i−i ⎥ ⎢ i i
⎢ ⎥=⎢
⎥ (22)
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ z ⎥ ⎢ ( 2 ) (1) ⎥
⎢ j −i ⎥ ⎢ (U U j −U j ) ( Ii( 2 ) − Ii(1) )⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ( 2 ) (1)
⎥
⎢
⎢⎣ z3n−i ⎥⎦ ⎣ (U 3n −U 3n ) ( I i − I i ) ⎥⎦
( 2) (1)
)LJXUH²6HOILPSHGDQFHDQGPXWXDOLPSHGDQFHPHDVXUHPHQWRIWKHiWKFRQGXFWRU
44
,(((6WG
If the injected current is at an off frequency, there is no need to reverse the power source any more. The current
I( 2 ) and voltages U ( 2 ) , U ( 2 ) , …, U ( 2 ) , …, U ( 2 ) , …, U ( 2 ) in Equation (22) can be regarded as I( 2 ) = 0, U ( 2 ) =
i 1 2 i j 3n i i
0 (i = 1, 2, 3, …, 3n).
&RQVWLWXWHWKHLPSHGDQFHPDWUL[
After acquiring the impedance vectors ⎡⎢⎣ z1−i ," , zi−i ," , z j −i ," , z3n−i ⎤⎥⎦ (i = 1, 2, 3, …, 3n) for each conductor
T
of the n-circuit lines, constitute the impedance matrix Z of the asymmetrical n-circuit line as given by
Equation (23). The dimension of matrix Z is 3n × 3n.
⎡ z1−1 z1−i z1− j z1−3n ⎤

⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢z zi−i zi − j zi−3n ⎥⎥
⎢ i−1
Z = ⎢⎢ ⎥⎥ (23)
⎢z z j −3n ⎥⎥
⎢ j −1 z j −i z j− j
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ z3n−1 z3n−i z3 n − j z3n−3n ⎦⎥
Theoretically, zi j = z j i . Slight errors may be brought by the measurement, however. Therefore, the mean
values in Equation (24) are calculated to minimize the errors.
1
Zasy =
2
(Z + Z T ) (24)
where
ZT is the transposition of matrix Z

Zasy is the impedance matrix of the asymmetrical lines
$GPLWWDQFHPHDVXUHPHQWRIDV\PPHWULFDOOLQHV
%DVLFSULQFLSOH
As shown in Figure 30PDNHDOOWKHUHFHLYLQJWHUPLQDOVRSHQFLUFXLW,In single-phase voltage sources are

applied to the 3n sending terminals, then the 3nSRUWQHWZRUNFDQEHGHVFULEHGE\WKHDGPLWWDQFHPDWUL[DVLQ
Equation (25).
⎡ I1 ⎤ ⎡ y1−1 y1−i y1− j y1−3n ⎤ ⎡ U1 ⎤

⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ I ⎥ ⎢ y yi−i yi− j yi−3n ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢ U i ⎥⎥
⎢ i ⎥ ⎢ i−1
⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢ ⎥⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ (25)
⎢ ⎥ ⎢y y j −i y j − j y j −3n ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢ U j ⎥⎥
⎢ I j ⎥ ⎢ j −1
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ I3n ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ y3n−1 y3n−i y3n− j y3n−3n ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣U 3n ⎥⎦
45
,(((6WG
)LJXUH²nSRUWQHWZRUNRInFLUFXLWOLQHVRSHQHGDWUHFHLYLQJWHUPLQDOV
If only the voltage U i is applied to the sending terminal of the ith conductor while other conductors are
directly grounded as U j 0 (j = 1, 2, 3, …, 3n; ji), then Equation (25) becomes as in Equation (26).
⎡ I1 ⎤ ⎡ y1−i ⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ I ⎥ ⎢ y ⎥
⎢ i ⎥ ⎢ i−i ⎥
⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥ U
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ i (26)
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ I j ⎥ ⎢ y j −i ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ I3n ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ y3n−i ⎥⎦
$GPLWWDQFHPHDVXUHPHQWUHODWLYHWRWKHiWKFRQGXFWRU
If the applied voltage is at power frequency, and to eliminate the interferences of induced voltage and current
inside the n-circuit at power frequency, the measurement can be conducted as follows:
a) Open the receiving terminals of all the conductors as Figure 31 shows.

b) Apply a single-phase power source at the sending terminal of the ith conductor; sample the voltage
U i(1) and currents I1(1) , I2(1) , …, Ii(1) , …, I(j1) , …, I3(1n) as Figure 31(a) shows.
c) Reverse the power source at the ith conductor; sample the voltage U i( 2 ) and currents I1( 2 ) , I2( 2 ) , …,
I( 2 ) , …, I( 2 ) , …, I( 2 ) as Figure 31(b) shows.
i j 3n
46
,(((6WG
d) Calculate the admittance by Equation (27).

⎡ y1−i ⎤ ⎡ ( I1( 2 ) − I1(1) ) (U i( 2 ) −U i(1) ) ⎤⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ y ⎥ ⎢ ( I( 2 ) − I(1) ) (U i( 2 ) −U i(1) ) ⎥⎥
⎢ i −i ⎥ ⎢ i i
⎢ ⎥=⎢
⎥ (27)
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ y ⎥ ⎢ ( 2 ) (1) ⎥
⎢ j −i ⎥ ⎢ (II j − I j ) (U i( 2 ) −U i(1) )⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ y3n−i ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ ( I3(n2 ) − I3(1n) )
(U i −U i ) ⎥⎦
( 2) (1)
Attention should be paid to Figure 31, where the direction of current I j (j = 1, 2, 3, …, 3n; ji) is reversed
from Figure 30. This means that the coupling admittance calculated by Equation (27) is negative.
If the applied voltage is at an off frequency, then there is no need to reverse the power source any more. The
current U i( 2 ) and voltages I1( 2 ) , I2( 2 ) , …, Ii( 2 ) , …, I(j 2 ) , …, I3(n2 ) in Equation (27) can be regarded as U i( 2 ) = 0,
I( 2 ) = 0 (i = 1, 2, 3, …, 3n).
i
:$51,1*
In this part, the ith conductor, which is intended to connect a single-phase power source, is instead in open-
circuit at the receiving terminal. As a result, an induced voltage may exist that is dangerous to the operator
and the instrument. If so, the self-admittance and coupling admittance measurement shall be stopped.
Instead, the admittance can be calculated by geometry and material characteristics.
)LJXUH²6HOIDGPLWWDQFHDQGFRXSOLQJDGPLWWDQFHPHDVXUHPHQWRIWKHiWKFRQGXFWRU
47
,(((6WG
&RQVWLWXWHWKHDGPLWWDQFHPDWUL[
After acquiring the admittance vectors ⎡⎢⎣ y1−i ," , yi−i ," , y j −i ," , y3n−i ⎥⎦⎤ (i = 1, 2, 3, …, 3n) for each phase
T
conductor of the n-circuit lines, constitute the admittance matrix Y of the asymmetrical n-circuit line as given
by Equation (28). The dimension of matrix Y is 3n × 3n.
⎡ y1−1 y1−i y1− j ⎤

y1−3n
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢y yi−i yi− j ⎥
yi−3n
⎢ i−1 ⎥
Y = ⎢⎢ ⎥
⎥ (28)
⎢y y j −3n ⎥⎥
⎢ j −1 y j −i y j− j
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ y3n−1 y3n−i y3n− j y3n−3n ⎦⎥
Theoretically, yi j = y j i . Slight errors may be brought by the measurement, however. Therefore, the mean
values in Equation (29) are calculated to minimize the errors.
1
Yasy =
2
(Y + Y T ) (29)
where
YT is the transposition of matrix Y

Yasy is the admittance matrix of the asymmetrical single-circuit line
(OLPLQDWLQJSRZHUIUHTXHQF\LQWHUIHUHQFHGXULQJRႇOLQHPHDVXUHPHQW
*HQHUDO
In the transmission system, especially for multicircuit transmission lines on the same tower or along the same
corridor, the induced voltage on the lines may be hundreds or even thousands of volts due to electromagnetic
and electrostatic effects. The induced voltage may injure operators or damage instruments during the
measurement and affect the measurement accuracy of the line parameters. Furthermore, a line parameter
measurement is not able to be implemented if the induced voltage is extremely high.
To improve the measurement accuracy of the line parameters and get rid of the induced voltage effect,
PHDVXUHVVKRXOGEHWDNHQWRHOLPLQDWHSRZHUIUHTXHQF\LQWHUIHUHQFH
,QFUHDVLQJYROWDJHRIWHVWSRZHUVRXUFHV
Increasing the voltage of test power sources, that is, enlarging the SNR, is effective when the induced
voltage is not so high. As the lines on the same tower or along the same corridor are compactly arranged, the
electromagnetic coupling effect is strong, and high induced voltage emerges. In such a situation, to increase
the SNR, the voltage output of the test power source should be increased. Nevertheless, the increase of SNR
calls for higher voltage output, larger size, and heavier weight of the test power source. Thus, the use of this
method is somehow restricted.
48
,(((6WG
6XGGHQFKDQJHVRIWHVWSRZHUVRXUFHRXWSXW
$VVXPHWKDWWKHSRZHUÀRZLQWKHV\VWHPUHPDLQVFRQVWDQWGXULQJWKHPHDVXUHPHQWLQWHUYDO7KHDPSOLWXGH
and phase angle of the induced voltage on the measured lines can be deemed to be constant before and after the
sudden changes of the test power source output.
As shown in Figure 32, the impedance ZS is the parameter to be measured, E int is the interference potential,
and U is the voltage of the test power source. Assume that E is constant during the measurement; then the
int
circuit is expressed as in Equation (30).
U = E int + Z S I (30)
)LJXUH²3ULQFLSOHVRIVXGGHQFKDQJHVRIWHVWSRZHUVRXUFHRXWSXW
There are three successive sampling windows in Figure 33, with a sudden change in amplitude or phase angle
of the power source in Window 2. Equation (30) can be rewritten as Equation (31) and as Equation (32) for
Window 1 and Window 3.
U (1) = E int + Z S I(1) (31)
U (3) = E int + Z S I(3) (32)
where the superscripts (1) and (3) refer to Window 1 and Window 3, respectively.
)LJXUH²6DPSOLQJZLQGRZV
49
,(((6WG
Therefore, the impedance ZS to be measured can be calculated as in Equation (33).
U (3) −U (1) ΔU

ZS = = (33)
I(3) − I(1) ΔI
In general, the greater the voltage increment ΔU = U (3) −U (1) , the smaller the error of impedance ZS.
Therefore, the optimal ΔU FDQEHREWDLQHGE\PDNLQJ U (3) and U (1) in opposite phases.
8VLQJRႇIUHTXHQF\VRXUFHV
The following steps provide an overview on using off-frequency sources:
a) General:
If no induced voltage exists on the line at power frequency, for instance, in the case of measuring
underground cable parameters, a power frequency test source can be directly used.
If induced voltage exists on the measured line at power frequency, an off-frequency source can help
eliminate the power frequency interference. Generally, the two frequency points f S Δf and
f S Δf should be selected for the measurement, where fS is the power frequency and Δf can be 2.5
Hz, 5 Hz, 7.5 Hz, 10 Hz, or other frequency deviation.
b) Measurement and calculation of power frequency parameters:
In off-frequency measurement, three steps should be followed to obtain power frequency parameters.
7DNHWKHPHDVXUHPHQWDQGFDOFXODWLRQRIHOHFWULFDOSDUDPHWHUVRIVLQJOHFLUFXLWWUDQVPLVVLRQ
lines) for example.
1) Replace the frequency of power source f by f S Δf in 11.1.2 to 11.1.5, and the procedures for
impedance measurement remain the same. Measure Z1,OC ( f S − Δf ) , Z1,SC ( f S − Δf ) ,
Z 0,OC ( f S − Δf ) , and Z 0,SC ( f S − Δf ) at frequency f S Δf , respectively. Calculate the electrical
parameters r ( f S − Δf ) , l ( f S − Δf ) , cg ( f S − Δf ) , m p ( f S − Δf ) , and c p ( f S − Δf ) of the
single-circuit transmission lines at frequency f S Δf according to the procedures and formulas
shown in Table 1.
2) Replace the frequency of power source f by f S Δf in 11.1.2 to 11.1.5, and the procedures for
the impedance measurement remain the same. Measure Z1,OC ( f S + Δf ) , Z1,SC ( f S + Δf ) ,
Z 0,OC ( f S + Δf ) , and Z 0,SC ( f S + Δf ) at frequency f S Δf , respectively. Calculate the electrical
parameters r ( f S + Δf ) , l ( f S + Δf ) , cg ( f S + Δf ) , m p ( f S + Δf ) , and c p ( f S + Δf ) of the
single-circuit transmission lines at frequency f S Δf according to the procedures and formulas
shown in Table 1.
3) The parameters r ( f S ) , l ( f S ) , cg ( f S ) , c p ( f S ) , and m p ( f S ) at power frequency f S can be
calculated by
1
r ( f S ) = [ r ( f S − Δf ) + r ( f S + Δf ) ] (34)
2
1
l ( f S ) = [l ( f S − Δf ) + l ( f S + Δf ) ] (35)
2
50
,(((6WG
1⎡
cg ( f S ) = cg ( f S − Δf ) + cg ( f S + Δf )⎤⎥⎦ (36)
2 ⎢⎣
1⎡
cp ( fS ) = c p ( f S − Δf ) + c p ( f S + Δf )⎤⎥⎦ (37)
2 ⎢⎣
1⎡
mp ( fS ) = m p ( f S − Δf ) + m p ( f S + Δf )⎤⎥⎦ (38)
2 ⎢⎣
When the off-frequency method is applied to the parameter measurement of double-circuit lines on the same
tower and asymmetrical transmission lines (see 11.2 and Clause 12), these three steps can be referred to as
well.
=HURVHTXHQFHPXWXDOSDUDPHWHUPHDVXUHPHQWZLWKDGMDFHQWOLQHVLQ
RSHUDWLRQ
*HQHUDO
For n-circuit lines along the same corridor, it is necessary to measure the zero-sequence self-impedance of
each line and the mutual impedances between different lines. To improve service reliability for customers,
however, the lines to be measured cannot be all disconnected from the power system. But it is possible that one
of the n-circuit lines is not in service.
For short-distance, nFLUFXLWOLQHVZLWKDOHQJWKRIOHVVWKDQNPDOXPSHGHTXLYDOHQWPRGHOFDQEHXVHG

as detailed in 14.2)RUGRXEOHFLUFXLWOLQHVJUHDWHUWKDQONPGLVWULEXWHGSDUDPHWHUVDUHSUHIHUDEOHZLWKWKH
details given by 14.3.
To obtain zero-sequence coupling inductances and capacitances among n-circuit lines along the same corridor,
independent measurements are performed for n times to get n equations, each of which synchronously samples
the voltages and currents at both terminals of all the lines. The voltages and currents to be measured for the jth
measurement include the following:
— U i(, 0j ), s is the zero-sequence voltage at the sending terminal of line i

— Ii(, 0j ), s is the zero-sequence current at the sending terminal of line i
— U i(, 0j ), r is the zero-sequence voltage at the receiving terminal of line i
— Ii(, 0j ), r is the zero-sequence current at the receiving terminal of line i
where the subscript i (i = 1, 2, ···, n) represents the line number, and the superscript j (j = 1, 2, ···, n) indicates
the jth measurement; the subscript 0 refers to the zero-sequence component, and the subscripts r and s represent
the receiving and sending terminals, respectively.
To improve the SNR of the measurement, the power source used in this clause can be power frequency or off-
frequency. Off-frequency power sources of large capacity are hard to achieve, whereas large-capacity power
frequency sources are easy to obtain. It is preferable, however, to use off-frequency power sources of large-
capacity if possible.
51
,(((6WG
&RXSOLQJSDUDPHWHUPHDVXUHPHQWRIVKRUWGLVWDQFHOLQHV
9ROWDJHDQGFXUUHQWPHDVXUHPHQWE\DSSO\LQJDQH[WHUQDOSRZHUVRXUFHWRFLUFXLW
As shown in Figure 34WDNHWKH¿UVWPHDVXUHPHQWj = 1). Keep circuit 1 out of service and the other (n – 1)
circuits in service, ground all the receiving terminals of circuit 1, and connect all the sending terminals of
circuit 1 together. Then connect an external power source at frequency f between the ground and the sending
terminal of circuit 1. By using the GPS technology, synchronously measure the zero-sequence voltages U (1) i ,0, s
and currents Ii(,10), s at all the sending terminals as well as the zero-sequence voltage U i(,10), r and the current Ii(,10), r
at all the receiving terminals (i = 1, 2, 3, ···, n). Therefore, the voltage vectors U1(1) , U (1)
2 and the current
vectors I1 , I 2 IRUWKH¿UVWPHDVXUHPHQWFDQEHJLYHQE\Equation (39) through Equation (42).
(1) (1)
)LJXUH²9ROWDJHDQGFXUUHQWPHDVXUHPHQWE\DSSO\LQJDQH[WHUQDOSRZHUVRXUFH
RQFLUFXLW
⎡ U1,0,s
(1)
−U1,0,r
(1) ⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
U1(1) = ⎢⎢U (j1,0,s
) ) ⎥
−U (j1,0,r ⎥ (39)
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ (1) (1) ⎥
⎢⎣ n ,0,s
U − U n ,0,r ⎥⎦
52
,(((6WG
⎡ U1,0,s
(1)
+ U1,0,r
(1) ⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
U (21) = ⎢⎢U (j1,0,s
) ) ⎥
+ U (j1,0,r ⎥ (40)
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ (1) (1) ⎥
⎢⎣U n ,0,s + U n ,0,r ⎥⎦
⎡ I1(,10), s − I1(,10), r ⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
I1(1) ⎢
= ⎢ I j , 0, s − I j , 0, r ⎥⎥
(1 ) ( 1 )
(41)
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ (11) (1) ⎥
⎢⎣ I n , 0, s − In , 0, r ⎥⎦
⎡ I1(,10), s + I1(,10), r ⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
I (1)
2 = ⎢⎢ I(j1, 0) , s + I(j1, 0) , r ⎥⎥ (42)
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ (11) (1) ⎥
⎢⎣ I n , 0, s + I n , 0, r ⎥⎦
9ROWDJHDQGFXUUHQWPHDVXUHPHQWE\DSSO\LQJDQH[WHUQDOSRZHUVRXUFHWRWKHjWK
FLUFXLW
As shown in Figure 35, in the jWKPHDVXUHPHQWNHHSWKHjth circuit out of service and the other (n – 1) circuits
in operation, ground all the receiving terminals of the jth circuit, and connect all the sending terminals of the
jth circuit together. Then connect an external power source at frequency f between the ground and the sending
terminal of the jth circuit. By using the GPS technology, synchronously measure the zero-sequence voltages
U i(, 0j ), s and currents Ii(, 0j ), s at all the sending terminals, as well as the zero-sequence voltage U i(, 0j ), r and the current
I( j ) at all the receiving terminals (i = 1, 2, 3, ···, n). Therefore, the voltage vectors U (j ) , U (j ) and the current
i ,0, r 1 2
vectors I1(j ) , I (2j ) for the jth measurement can be obtained by Equation (43) through Equation (46).
53
,(((6WG
)LJXUH²9ROWDJHDQGFXUUHQWPHDVXUHPHQWE\DSSO\LQJDQH[WHUQDOSRZHUVRXUFHRQ
WKHjWKFLUFXLW
⎡ U1,0,s
(j )
−U1,0,r
(j ) ⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
(j ) ⎢
U1 = ⎢U j ,0,s −U j ,0,r ⎥⎥
(j ) (j )
(43)
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ (j ) (j ) ⎥
⎢⎣U n ,0,s −U n ,0,r ⎥⎦
⎡ U1,0,s
(j )
+ U1,0,r
(j ) ⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
U (2j ) = ⎢⎢U (jj,0,s
) ) ⎥
+ U (jj,0,r ⎥ (44)
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ (j ) (j ) ⎥
⎢⎣ n ,0,s
U + U n ,0,r ⎥⎦
⎡ I1(, 0j ), s − I1(, 0j ), r ⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
I1 = ⎢ I j , 0, s − I j , 0, r ⎥⎥
(j) ⎢ ( j ) ( j )
(45)
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ( j ) ( j) ⎥
⎢⎣ I n , 0, s − In , 0, r ⎥⎦
54
,(((6WG
⎡ I1(, 0j ), s + I1(, 0j ), r ⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
I (j) = ⎢ I( j ) + I( j ) ⎥ (46)
2 ⎢ j , 0, s j , 0, r ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ( j ) ( j) ⎥
⎢⎣ I n , 0, s + I n , 0, r ⎥⎦
where j = 1, 2, ···, n.
&DOFXODWLRQRI]HURVHTXHQFHSDUDPHWHUV
To measure the zero-sequence parameters of n circuits, each circuit should be arranged to be disconnected from
the power system in turn with the other (n – 1) circuits in operation. Thus, there are n times of measurements
for the n circuits. The method for each measurement can be referred to by 14.2.1 or 14.2.2.
After getting all the voltage vectors U1(j ) , U(2j ) and the current vectors I1(j ) , I(2j ) (j = 1, 2, ···, n), the matrices U1,
U2 , I1 , and I2 can be formed as given by Equation (47) through Equation (50).
U1 = ⎡⎣ U1(1) U1( j ) U1( n ) ⎤⎦

⎡ U1,0,s
(1)
− U (1) U (j ) − U (j )
1,0,r 1,0,s 1,0,r U1,0,s
(n )
− U1,0,r
(n )
⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ (47)
= ⎢U (j1,0,s
)
− U (j1,0,r
)
U (jj,0,s
)
− U (jj,0,r
)
U (jn,0,s
)
− U (jn,0,r) ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢U (1) − U n(1,0,r
)
U n(j,0,s
)
− U n(j,0,r
)
U n(n,0,s
)
− U n(n,0,r) ⎥⎦
⎣ n ,0,s
U 2 = ⎡⎢⎣ U (21) U (2 j ) U (2n ) ⎤⎥⎦

⎡ (1) (1) (j ) (j ) (n ) (n ) ⎤
⎢ U1,0,s + U1,0,r U1,0,s + U1,0,r U1,0,s + U1,0,r ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ (48)
= ⎢⎢U (j1,0,s
)
+ U (j1),0,r
)
U (jj,0,s
)
+ U (jj,0,r
)
U (jn,0,s
)
+ U (jn,0,r) ⎥⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ (1)) (n ) ⎥
⎢⎣ n ,0,s
U + U (1)
n ,0,r U (j )
n ,0,s + U (j )
n ,0,r U (n )
n ,0,s + U n ,0,r ⎥⎦
I1 = ⎡⎣⎢ I1(1) I1( j ) I1( n ) ⎤⎥⎦

⎡ I1,0,s
(1)
− I1,0,r
(1)
I1,0,s
(j )
− I1,0,r
(j )
I1,0,s
(n )
− I1,0,r
(n ) ⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ (49)
= ⎢ I j ,0,s − I j ,0,r I j ,0,s − I j ,0,r I j ,0,s − I j ,0,r ⎥⎥
⎢ (1 ) ( 1)) ( j ) ( j ) ( n ) ( n )
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ (1)) (n ) ⎥
⎢⎣ I n ,0,s − In ,0,r In ,0,s − In ,0,r In ,0,s − In ,0,r ⎥⎦
(1) (j ) (j ) (n )
I 2 = ⎡⎢⎣ I (21) I (2 j ) I (2n ) ⎤⎥⎦

⎡ I1,0,s
(1)
+ I1,0,r
(1)
I1,0,s
(j )
+ I1,0,r
(j )
I1,0,s
(n )
+ I1,0,r
(n ) ⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ (50)
= ⎢⎢ I(j1,0,s
)
+ I(j1),0,r
)
I(jj,0,s
)
+ I(jj,0,r
)
I(jn,0,s
)
+ I(jn,0,r) ⎥⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ (1)) (n ) ⎥
⎢⎣ n ,0,s
I + I (1)
n ,0,r I (j )
n ,0,s + I (j )
n ,0,r I (n )
n ,0,s + I n ,0,r ⎥⎦
55
,(((6WG
Then the zero-sequence parameters can be calculated from Equation (51) and from Equation (52).
⎡ Z1-1,0 Z1− j , 0 Z1−n ,0 ⎤

⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢Z ⎥
⎢ 1− j , 0 Z j -j , 0 Z j −n ,0 ⎥ = 2(U1 × I 2 )
−1
(51)
⎢ ⎥⎥
⎢
⎢Z ⎥
⎢⎣ 1−n ,0 Z j −n ,0 Z n−n ,0 ⎥⎦
⎡ Y1-1,0 Y1− j , 0 Y1−n ,0 ⎤

⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢Y Y Y ⎥ = 2(I × U−1 ) (52)
⎢ 1− j , 0 j -j , 0 j − n ,0 ⎥ 1 2
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢Y ⎥
⎢⎣ 1−n ,0 Y j −n ,0 Yn−n , 0 ⎥⎦
In Equation (51) and Equation (52), the diagonal elements of the matrix indicate self-impedances and
self-admittances, and the off-diagonal elements represent the mutual impedances and coupling admittances;
the subscript i indicates the line number, and subscript 0 indicates the zero-sequence component. For
example, the diagonal element Z i−i , 0 = Ri−i , 0 + jω Li−i , 0 (ω = 2π f ) represents the zero-sequence, self-
impedance of circuit i, and the off-diagonal element Z i− j , 0 = Ri− j , 0 + jω Li− j , 0 (ω = 2π f ) indicates the
zero-sequence mutual impedance between circuit i and circuit j.
The coupling capacitances are calculated by Equation (53).
⎡ C1-1,0 C1− j ,0 C1−n ,0 ⎤

⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ 2
⎢C ⎥
⎢ 1− j ,0 C j -j ,0 C j −n ,0 ⎥ = ω Im(I1 × U 2 )
−1
(53)
⎢ ⎥⎥
⎢
⎢C ⎥
⎢⎣ 1−n ,0 C j −n ,0 Cn−n ,0 ⎥⎦
where Im( × ) is the imaginary component and ω 2π f .
In Equation (53), the self-capacitances of each circuit include the capacitance to ground and the coupling
FDSDFLWDQFHZLWKUHVSHFWWRWKLVFLUFXLW7DNHWKHVHOIFDSDFLWDQFHC1-1,0 of circuit 1, for example; it includes the
capacitance to ground C11. g and the coupling capacitances C1-2, 0 ," , C1-n , 0 as shown in Equation (54).
C1−1, 0 = C1-1, g + C1−2, 0 + " + C1-n , 0 (54)
3DUDPHWHUPHDVXUHPHQWRIGRXEOHFLUFXLWORQJGLVWDQFHOLQHV
*HQHUDO
The method in this subclause is only suitable for the double-circuit lines with the same type of conductors,
LQVWDOOHGRQWKHVDPHWRZHURULQSDUDOOHODORQJWKHVDPHFRUULGRUZLWKDOHQJWKJUHDWHUWKDQNP
56
,(((6WG
9ROWDJHDQGFXUUHQWPHDVXUHPHQWE\DSSO\LQJH[WHUQDOSRZHUVRXUFHWRFLUFXLW,
As shown in Figure 33NHHSFLUFXLW,RXWRIVHUYLFHDQGFLUFXLW,,LQRSHUDWLRQJURXQGDOOWKHUHFHLYLQJWHUPLQDOV

of circuit I, and short all the sending terminals of circuit I together. Then connect an external power source
at frequency f between the sending terminal of circuit I and the ground. By adopting the GPS technology,
synchronously measure the voltages and currents illustrated in Figure 36, where
— U I,0,s is the voltage of the sending terminal of circuit I

— II,0,s is the current of the sending terminal of circuit I
— U I,0,r is the voltage of the receiving terminal of circuit I
— II,0,r is the current of the receiving terminal of circuit I
— U II,0,s is the voltage of the sending terminal of circuit II
— III,0,s is the current of the sending terminal of circuit II
— U II,0,r is the voltage of the receiving terminal of circuit II
— III,0,r is the current of the receiving terminal of circuit II
)LJXUH²9ROWDJHDQGFXUUHQWPHDVXUHPHQWE\DSSO\LQJDQH[WHUQDOSRZHUVRXUFH
WRFLUFXLW,
=HURVHTXHQFHSDUDPHWHUFDOFXODWLRQRIGRXEOHFLUFXLWORQJGLVWDQFHOLQHV
The procedures to obtain the zero-sequence parameters of double-circuit, long-distance lines are as follows:
a) Calculate the characteristic impedance zc,I DQGSURSDJDWLRQFRHI¿FLHQWγ I for circuit I by Equation (55)
and Equation (56).
1 ⎡ (U + U II,0,s )( II,0,s + III,0,s ) + (U I,0,r + U II,0,r )( II,0,r + III,0,r ) ⎤

γI = arccosh ⎢⎢ I,0,s ⎥
⎥ (55)

D ⎢⎣ (U I,0,r + U II,0,r )( I I,0,s + I II,0,s ) + (U I,0,s + U II,0,s )( I I,0,r + I II,0,r ) ⎥⎦
(U I,0,s + U II,0,s ) − (U I,0,r + U II,0,r ) cosh(γ I D)

zc , I = (56)
( I + I ) sinh(γ D)
I,0,r II,0,r I
57
,(((6WG
b) Calculate the characteristic impedance zc,II DQG SURSDJDWLRQ FRHI¿FLHQW γ II for circuit II by
Equation (57) and Equation (58).
1 ⎡ (U −U II,0,s )( II,0,s − III,0,s ) + (U I,0,r −U II,0,r )( II,0,r − III,0,r ) ⎤
γ II = arccosh ⎢⎢ I,0,s ⎥
⎥ (57)

D ⎢⎣ (U I,0,r −U II,0,r )( I I,0,s − I II,0,s ) + (U I,0,s −U II,0,s )( I I,0,r − I II,0,r ) ⎥⎦
(U I,0,s −U II,0,s ) − (U I,0,r −U II,0,r ) cosh(γ II D)

zc , II = (58)
( I − I ) sinh(γ D)
I,0,r II,0,r II
c) Calculate the zero-sequence parameters per unit length according to the procedures and formulas
shown in Table 4.
7DEOH²&DOFXODWLRQRIWKH]HURVHTXHQFHSDUDPHWHUVSHUXQLWOHQJWKRI
GRXEOHFLUFXLWOLQHVDWIUHTXHQF\f
1
5HVLVWDQFHRIDVLQJOHFLUFXLWOLQHȍNP rI,0 = rII,0 = Re(γ I zc , I + γ II zc , II )
2
1
6HOILQGXFWDQFHRIDVLQJOHFLUFXLWOLQH+NP lI,0 = lII,0 = Im(γ I zc,I + γ II zc , II ), ω = 2π f
2ω
1 γI γ II
*URXQGFDSDFLWDQFHRIDVLQJOHFLUFXLWOLQH)NP cI,g = cII,g = Im( + ), ω = 2π f
2ω zc,I zc,II
1
0XWXDOLQGXFWDQFHEHWZHHQFLUFXLWV+NP mI-II,0 = Im(γ I zc ,I − γ II zc ,II ), ω = 2π f
2ω
1 γI γ II
&RXSOLQJFDSDFLWDQFHEHWZHHQFLUFXLWV)NP cI-II,0 = Im( + ), ω = 2π f
2ω zc ,I zc , II
1
(DUWKUHVLVWDQFHȍNP rg = Re(γ I zc , I − γ II zc ,II )
2
NOTE 1—In this table, r ( rI,0 II,0 ) , lI,0 (lII,0 ) , and cI,g (cII,g ) indicate the resistance, self-inductance, and ground
capacitance of circuit I (circuit II), of which the three-phase conductors are parallel connected.
NOTE 2—In this table, mI-II,0 and cI-II,0 indicate the mutual inductance and coupling capacitance between
circuit I and circuit II, where the three-phase conductors of circuit I and circuit II are parallel connected,
respectively.
2QOLQHSDUDPHWHUPHDVXUHPHQWRIWUDQVPLVVLRQOLQHV
*HQHUDO
2QOLQHPHDVXUHPHQWPDNHVXVHRIWKHV\QFKURQRXVYROWDJHDQGFXUUHQWVLJQDOVWRFDOFXODWHOLQHSDUDPHWHUV
6\QFKURQRXVPHDVXUHPHQWHTXLSPHQWOLNH308ZKLFKFDQVDPSOHYROWDJHDQGFXUUHQWVLJQDOVV\QFKURQRXVO\
should therefore be installed in advance at the sending and receiving terminals of all the lines to be measured.
Generally, only the positive-sequence parameters can be acquired when the power system is in normal
operation. The zero-sequence parameters can also be obtained by analyzing the fault recording data in
abnormal operation, for example, single-phase ground faults.
58
,(((6WG
If shunt reactors are installed at one or both terminals of a long-distance line, the current through the shunt
reactors will be included in the current measured at the line terminals. So the errors introduced by the shunt
UHDFWRUVVKRXOGEHWDNHQLQWRDFFRXQW
3RVLWLYHVHTXHQFHOXPSHGSDUDPHWHUPHDVXUHPHQWRIVKRUWGLVWDQFHVLQJOH
FLUFXLWOLQHV
As shown in Figure 37, sample the voltage and current signals of both terminals by synchronous measurement
equipment. Then extract the positive-sequence voltage U1, s and current I1, s at the sending terminal as well as
the positive-sequence voltage U and current I at the receiving terminal.
1, r 1, r
Calculate the positive-sequence lumped parameters of resistance R1 , inductance L1 , and capacitance C1 by

Equation (59) through Equation (61).
⎡ 2(U1, s −U1, r ) ⎤
R1 = Re ⎢⎢ ⎥
⎥ (59)

⎢⎣ I1, s + I1, r ⎥⎦
1 ⎡ 2(U1, s −U1, r ) ⎤
L1 = Im ⎢⎢ ⎥ (60)
ω ⎢⎣ I1, s + I1, r ⎥⎥⎦
1 ⎡ 2( I − I1, r ) ⎤
C1 = Im ⎢⎢ 1, s ⎥ (61)
ω ⎢⎣ U1, s + U1, r ⎥⎥⎦
)LJXUH²3RVLWLYHVHTXHQFHOXPSHGSDUDPHWHUPHDVXUHPHQWRIVKRUWOLQHV
3RVLWLYHVHTXHQFHGLVWULEXWHGSDUDPHWHUPHDVXUHPHQWRIORQJGLVWDQFH
VLQJOHFLUFXLWOLQHV
As shown in Figure 37, sample the voltage and current signals of both terminals by synchronous measurement
equipment. Then extract the positive-sequence voltage U1, s and current I1, s at the sending terminal as well as
the positive-sequence voltage U and current I at the receiving terminal. Calculate the distributed
1, r 1, r
parameters per unit length according to the formulas shown in Table 5.
59
,(((6WG
7DEOH²&DOFXODWLRQRISRVLWLYHVHTXHQFHGLVWULEXWHGSDUDPHWHUVSHUXQLWOHQJWKRI
ORQJGLVWDQFHOLQHVDWSRZHUIUHTXHQF\
U 1, s − U 1, r cosh(γ 1 D )
&KDUDFWHULVWLFLPSHGDQFHȍ zc ,1 =
I sinh(γ D )
1, r 1
1 ⎡ U 1, s I1, s + U 1, r I1, r ⎤
3URSDJDWLRQFRHI¿FLHQWNP γ1 = arccosh ⎢ ⎥
D ⎢ U I + U I ⎥
⎣ 1. s 1, r 1, r 1, s ⎦
5HVLVWDQFHȍNP r1 Re( zc ,1γ 1 )
Im( zc ,1γ 1 )
,QGXFWDQFH+NP l1
ω
Im(γ 1 zc ,1 )
&DSDFLWDQFH)NP c1
ω
=HURVHTXHQFHSDUDPHWHUPHDVXUHPHQW
*HQHUDWLRQRI]HURVHTXHQFHFRPSRQHQWV
This method is suitable for measuring the zero-sequence coupling parameters of n-circuit lines.
It is hard to extract the zero-sequence voltage and current of the lines in normal operation, but the zero-
sequence components can be obtained under fault conditions of the lines. There are two ways to generate zero-
sequence components, including the following:
a) Capturing the zero-sequence components through the PMU or fault recording data when such ground
IDXOWVDVOLJKWQLQJVWULNHVDQGÀDVKRYHUDUHSUHVHQWRQWKHOLYHOLQH7KLVLVIHDVLEOHIRUVLQJOHFLUFXLW
OLQHV$FTXLULQJWKHJURXQGIDXOWLQIRUPDWLRQRIHDFKOLQHKRZHYHULVGLI¿FXOWZKHQWKHSDUDPHWHUVRI
the n-circuit lines are measured using this method.
E 0DNLQJRQHRIWKHOLQHVRSHUDWHLQRSHQSKDVHVWDWXVIRUDVKRUWLQWHUYDO7KHJHQHUDWLRQRI]HUR
sequence components is illustrated in Figure 38. The procedures of this method are described as
follows:
7ULSEUHDNHUVDWERWKWHUPLQDOVRIDVLQJOHSKDVHFRQGXFWRUE\WULJJHULQJSURWHFWLYHUHOD\V
2) Sample 10 to 20 cycles of the voltage and current signals after the temporary process.
&ORVHWKHEUHDNHUVDWERWKWHUPLQDOVRIWKHOLQHE\DXWRUHFORVHUVDQGUHVWRUHWKHOLQHLQWRQRUPDO
operation.
These procedures will severely impact the power system, so power system stability analysis should be
implemented prior to the test, and safety precautions shall be listed in detail in the test plan as well as reviewed
and approved by the authority of the power system.
)LJXUH²*HQHUDWLRQRI]HURVHTXHQFHFRPSRQHQWV
60
,(((6WG
=HURVHTXHQFHOXPSHGSDUDPHWHUPHDVXUHPHQWRIVKRUWGLVWDQFHnFLUFXLWOLQHV
The principles of online measurement and parameter calculation for short-distance n-circuit lines are similar
to the method introduced in 14.2, where the zero-sequence components are acquired by injecting a zero-
sequence power source into a line out of service. The zero-sequence components are acquired by open-phase
RSHUDWLRQRIDOLQHZKLOHDOOWKHRWKHUOLQHVDUHNHSWLQRSHUDWLRQ
9ROWDJHDQGFXUUHQWPHDVXUHPHQWE\RSHQSKDVHRSHUDWLRQRIFLUFXLW
As shown in Figure 39WDNHWKH¿UVWPHDVXUHPHQWj = 1). Keep circuit 1 in open-phase operation for a short
interval and the other (n – 1) circuits in normal operation. Through use of the GPS technology, synchronously
measure the zero-sequence voltages U i(,10), s and currents Ii(,10), s at all the sending terminals as well as the zero-
sequence voltage U (1) and the current I(1) at all the receiving terminals (i = 1, 2, 3, ···, n). Therefore, the
i , 0, r i , 0, r
voltage vectors U1(1) , U (1)

2 and the current vectors I1(1) , I (1)
2 IRUWKH¿UVWPHDVXUHPHQWFDQEHH[SUHVVHGDV
Equation (62) through Equation (65).
)LJXUH²9ROWDJHDQGFXUUHQWPHDVXUHPHQWE\RSHQSKDVHRSHUDWLRQRIFLUFXLW
61
,(((6WG
⎡ U1,0,s
(1)
−U1,0,r
(1) ⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
U1(1) = ⎢⎢U (j1,0,s
) ) ⎥
−U (j1,0,r ⎥ (62)
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ (1) (1) ⎥
⎢⎣U n ,0,s −U n ,0,r ⎥⎦
⎡ U1,0,s
(1)
+ U1,0,r
(1) ⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
U (21) ⎢
= ⎢U j ,0,s + U j ,0,r ⎥⎥
(1 ) (1 )
(63)
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ (1) (1) ⎥
⎢⎣U n ,0,s + U n ,0,r ⎥⎦
⎡ I1(,10), s − I1(,10), r ⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
I1(1) = ⎢⎢ I(j1, 0) , s − I(j1, 0) , r ⎥⎥ (64)
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ (11) (1) ⎥
⎢⎣ I n , 0, s − I n , 0, r ⎥⎦
⎡ I1(,10), s + I1(,10), r ⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
I 2 = ⎢ I j , 0, s + I j , 0, r ⎥⎥
(1) ⎢ (1 ) ( 1 )
(65)
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ (11) (1) ⎥
⎢⎣ I n , 0, s + In , 0, r ⎥⎦
9ROWDJHDQGFXUUHQWPHDVXUHPHQWE\RSHQSKDVHRSHUDWLRQRIWKHjWKFLUFXLW
As shown in Figure 40PDNHWKHjth line in open-phase operation for a short interval and the other (n – 1)
circuits in normal operation. Through the use of GPS technology, synchronously measure the zero-sequence
voltages U i(, 0j ), s and currents Ii(, 0j ), s at all the sending terminals as well as the zero-sequence voltage U i(, 0j ), r and the
current I( j ) at all the receiving terminals (i = 1, 2, 3, ···, n). Therefore, the voltage vectors U (j ) , U (j ) and the
i ,0, r 1 2
(j ) (j )
current vectors I , I 1 2 for the jth measurement can be represented as Equation (66) through Equation (69).
⎡ U1,0,s
(j )
−U1,0,r
(j ) ⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
U1 = ⎢U j ,0,s −U j ,0,r ⎥⎥
(j ) ⎢ (j ) (j )
(66)
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ (j ) (j ) ⎥
⎢⎣U n ,0,s −U n ,0,r ⎥⎦
⎡ U1,0,s
(j )
+ U1,0,r
(j ) ⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
U (2j ) = ⎢⎢U (jj,0,s
) ) ⎥
+ U (jj,0,r ⎥ (67)
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ (j ) (j ) ⎥
⎢⎣U n ,0,s + U n ,0,r ⎥⎦
62
,(((6WG
⎡ I1(, 0j ), s − I1(, 0j ), r ⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
I1( j ) = ⎢⎢ I(j ,j0), s − I(j ,j0), r ⎥⎥ (68)
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ( j ) ( j) ⎥
⎢⎣ I n , 0, s − I n , 0, r ⎥⎦
⎡ I1(, 0j ), s + I1(, 0j ), r ⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
I (2 j ) ⎢
= ⎢ I j , 0, s + I j , 0, r ⎥⎥
( j ) ( j )
(69)
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ( j ) ( j) ⎥
⎢⎣ I n , 0, s + In , 0, r ⎥⎦
)LJXUH²9ROWDJHDQGFXUUHQWPHDVXUHPHQWE\RSHQSKDVHRSHUDWLRQRIWKHjWKOLQH
&DOFXODWLRQRI]HURVHTXHQFHSDUDPHWHUV
To measure the zero-sequence coupling parameters of n-circuits, each circuit should be in open-phase operation
in turn with the other (n – 1) circuits in operation. Therefore, there are at least n times of measurements for the
n circuits. The procedures for each time of the measurements can be referred to by 15.4.2.1 or 15.4.2.2.
63
,(((6WG
After getting all the voltage vectors U1(j ) , U (2j ) and the current vectors I1(j ) , I (2j ) (j = 1, 2, ···, n), the square
matrices U1 , U 2 , I1 , I 2 can be formed as given by Equation (70) through Equation (73).
U1 = ⎡⎣ U1(1) U1( j ) U1( n ) ⎤⎦

⎡ U1(,0,
1)
s − U (1) U (j ) − U (j )
1,0,r 1,0,s 1,0,r U1,0,
(n ) (n )
s − U1,0,r
⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ (70)
= ⎢U (j1,0,) s − U (j1,0,) r U (jj,0,) s − U (jj,0,) r U (n )
− U (n ) ⎥
⎢ j ,0,s j ,0,r
⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢U (1) − U n(1,0,) r U n(j,0,) s − U n(j,0,) r U n(n,0,) s (n ) ⎥
− U n ,0,r ⎦
⎣ n ,0,s
U 2 = ⎡⎢⎣ U (21) U (2 j ) U (2n ) ⎤⎥⎦

⎡ (1) (1) (j ) (j ) (n ) (n ) ⎤
⎢ U1,0,s + U1,0,r U1,0,s + U1,0,r U1,0,s + U1,0,r ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ (71)
= ⎢⎢U (j1,0,) s + U (j1),0,) r U (jj,0,) s + U (jj,0,) r U (jn,0,) s + U (jn,0,) r ⎥⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ (1)) (n ) ⎥
⎢⎣U n ,0,s + U n ,0,r U n ,0,s + U n ,0,r U n ,0,s + U n ,0,r ⎥⎦
(1) (j ) (j ) (n )
I1 = ⎡⎣⎢ I1(1) I1( j ) I1( n ) ⎤⎥⎦

⎡ (1) (1) (j ) (j ) (n ) (n ) ⎤
⎢ I1,0,s − I1,0,r I1,0,s − I1,0,r I1,0,s − I1,0,r ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ (72)
= ⎢ I j ,0,s − I j ,0,r I j ,0,s − I j ,0,r I j ,0,s − I j ,0,r ⎥⎥
⎢ (1) (1)) (j ) (j ) (n ) (n )
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ (1)) (n ) ⎥
⎢⎣ I n ,0,s − I n ,0,r I n ,0,s − I n ,0,r I n ,0,s − I n ,0,r ⎥⎦
(1) (j ) (j ) (n )
I 2 = ⎡⎢⎣ I (21) I (2 j ) I (2n ) ⎤⎥⎦

⎡ (1) (1) (j ) (j ) (n ) (n ) ⎤
⎢ I1,0,s + I1,0,r I1,0,s + I1,0,r I1,0,s + I1,0,r ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ (73)
= ⎢⎢ I(j1,0,) s + I(j1),0,) r I(jj,0,) s + I(jj,0,) r I(jn,0,) s + I(jn,0,) r ⎥⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ (1)) (n ) ⎥
⎢⎣ I n ,0,s + In ,0,r In ,0,s + In ,0,r In ,0,s + In ,0,r ⎥⎦
(1) (j ) (j ) (n )
Then the zero-sequence parameters can be calculated by Equation (74) to Equation (75).
⎡ Z1−1,0 Z1− j , 0 Z1−n ,0 ⎤

⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢Z ⎥
⎢ 1− j , 0 Z j − j , 0 Z j −n ,0 ⎥ = 2(U1 × I 2 )
−1
(74)
⎢ ⎥⎥
⎢
⎢Z ⎥
⎢⎣ 1−n ,0 Z j −n ,0 Z n−n ,0 ⎥⎦
64
,(((6WG
⎡ Y1−1,0 Y1− j , 0 Y1−n ,0 ⎤

⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢Y ⎥ −1
⎢ 1− j , 0 Y j − j , 0 Y j − ,0 ⎥ = 2(I1 × U 2 )
n (75)
⎢ ⎥⎥
⎢
⎢Y ⎥
⎢⎣ 1−n ,0 Y j −n , 0 Yn−n ,0 ⎥⎦
In Equation (74) and Equation (75), the diagonal elements of the matrices indicate the self-impedances and
self-admittances, and the off-diagonal elements represent the coupling impedances and admittances, where
the subscript i indicates the corresponding number of the line and subscript 0 indicates zero-sequence. For
example, the diagonal element Z i−i , 0 = Ri−i , 0 + jω Li−i , 0 represents the zero-sequence self-impedance of the
ith circuit; the off-diagonal element Z i− j , 0 = Ri− j , 0 + jω Li− j , 0 indicates the zero-sequence coupling impedance
between the ith circuit and the jth circuit.
The coupling capacitances are calculated by Equation (76).
⎡ C1−1,0 C1− j ,0 C1−n ,0 ⎤

⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ 2
⎢C ⎥
⎢ 1− j ,0 C j − j ,0 C j −n ,0 ⎥ = ω Im(I1 × U 2 )
−1
(76)
⎢ ⎥⎥
⎢
⎢C ⎥
⎢⎣ 1−n ,0 C j −n ,0 Cn−n ,0 ⎥⎦
where Im( × ) is the imaginary component.
In Equation (76), the self-capacitances of each circuit include the ground capacitance and coupling capacitance
ZLWKUHVSHFWWRWKLVFLUFXLW7DNHWKHVHOIFDSDFLWDQFH C11,0 of circuit 1, for example. It includes the ground
capacitance C11, g and the coupling capacitances C12, 0 ," , C1n , 0 as shown in Equation (77).
C1−1, 0 = C1−1, g + C1−2, 0 + " + C1−n , 0 (77)
65
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LQIRUPDWLYH
$UUDQJHPHQWDQGSDUDPHWHUFDOFXODWLRQRIPXOWLFLUFXLWOLQHV
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For the multicircuit lines erected on the same tower, the arrangement of circuits and phases varies with a
number of factors such as branch, line path, and so on. The conventional types of tower tops and circuit arrays
of multicircuit ac lines are shown in Figure A.1 through Figure A.10.
$ 'RXEOHFLUFXLWWUDQVPLVVLRQOLQHVRQWKHVDPHWRZHU
Figure A.1 shows the three-phase conductors of each circuit arranged vertically on one side of the tower.
)LJXUH$²$UUDQJHPHQWRIGRXEOHFLUFXLWOLQHV
$ 7KUHHFLUFXLWOLQHVRQWKHVDPHWRZHU
Figure A.2 and Figure A.3 show two types of arrangement of three-circuit lines.
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66
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$ )RXUFLUFXLWOLQHVRQWKHVDPHWRZHU
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GHSHQGLQJRQWKHQXPEHURIWKHLUFURVVDUPOD\HUV7KHWKUHHOD\HUIRXUOD\HU¿YHOD\HUDQGVL[OD\HUWRZHU
tops and their circuit arrangements are shown in Figure A.4 to Figure A.10, respectively.
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68
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According to the design and operation experience, the transposition of three-phase conductors is to improve
the symmetry of impedance and admittance, thereby reducing the unbalanced degree of the three-phase
voltage and current.
,QWKHGHVLJQRIN9WRN9RYHUKHDGWUDQVPLVVLRQOLQHVWKHIROORZLQJPHDVXUHVFDQEHWDNHQ
D ,WLVEHWWHUWRSHUIRUPWUDQVSRVLWLRQIRUWUDQVPLVVLRQOLQHVORQJHUWKDQNPLQWKHSRZHUJULGZLWK
QHXWUDOSRLQWGLUHFWO\JURXQGHG7KHWUDQVSRVLWLRQLQWHUYDOPD\QRWH[FHHGNP
E :KHQHDFKRXWJRLQJFLUFXLWDWDFHUWDLQYROWDJHFODVVRIDVXEVWDWLRQLVOHVVWKDQNPEXWWKHWRWDO
OHQJWKH[FHHGVNPWUDQVSRVLWLRQRUFKDQJHRIWKHSKDVHVHTXHQFHRILQGLYLGXDOFLUFXLWVPD\EH
used to balance the asymmetrical current.
,QWKHGHVLJQRIN9RYHUKHDGWUDQVPLVVLRQOLQHVWKHIROORZLQJPHDVXUHVFDQEHWDNHQ
c) Transposition should be performed for single-circuit transmission lines if the three-phase conductors
DUHDUUDQJHGKRUL]RQWDOO\ZLWKDOHQJWKJUHDWHUWKDQNP
69
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d) For three-phase conductors of a single-circuit line in triangular arrangement, or double-circuit lines

with the circuits arranged vertically on the sides of the tower and in reverse sequences (for example,
the phase sequence of one circuit is arranged as abc from up to down while the other circuit is arranged
as cba from up to down), the transposition interval can be extended.
H ,I WKH RXWJRLQJ OLQHV RI D VXEVWDWLRQ DUH OHVV WKDQ NP EXW WKH WRWDO OHQJWK H[FHHGV NP
transposition can be carried out, or change of the phase sequence of individual circuits may be used, to
balance the asymmetrical voltages and currents.
The typical transposition of double-circuit lines are shown in Figure A.11 and Figure A.12.
)LJXUH$²7UDQVSRVLWLRQRIIRXUVHJPHQWV D 6 + D 3+ D 3+ D 6 IRUGRXEOHFLUFXLWOLQHV
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7KHWUDQVSRVLWLRQRIWKHOLQHVZLWKPRUHWKDQGRXEOHFLUFXLWVRQWKHVDPHWRZHULVGLI¿FXOWGXHWRWKHFRPSOH[
tower structure, the large conductor number, and the compact electrical clearance. But for such lines of short
distance, transposition is usually necessary. However, if the unbalanced voltage or current is out of limit, it is
advised to transpose at the segments of a single circuit or double circuits.
70
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The relationship between the voltage drops along the differential segment of transmission lines and their
currents is expressed by Equation (A.1).
⎡ dU1 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎢ dx ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎡z z1−i z1−n ⎤ ⎡ I1 ⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 1−1 ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎢ ⎥⎥
⎢ dU ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
− ⎢⎢ i ⎥⎥ = ⎢⎢ zi−1 zi−i zi−n ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢ Ii ⎥⎥ (A.1)
⎢ dx ⎥ ⎢
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢ ⎥⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎣ zn−1 zn−i zn−n ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ In ⎥⎦
⎢ dU n ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ dx ⎦
where
U i is the potential of conductor i to the ground, V

Ii
is the current through conductor i, A
zi j is the element in the impedance matrix of n-phase conductors, representing the
VHOILPSHGDQFHVDQGPXWXDOLPSHGDQFHVRIWKHFRQGXFWRUVȍP
a) Self-impedance of conductor i, zi-i;

The self-impedance of the conductor includes the three components shown in Equation (A.2).
zi−i = jω Li−i + zin + z g (A.2)
Li-i in Equation (A.2) is the inductance between conductor i and the ground (both treated as an ideal
conductor), as represented by Equation (A.3)ȍP
μ0 2hi 2h
Li−i = ln = 2×10−7 ln i (A.3)
2π ri ri
where
μ0 is the magnetic permeability of a conductor, μ0 = 4π ×10−7 H/m

ri is the radius of conductor i, m
hi is the average height of conductor i, m
zin in Equation (A.2) represents the internal impedance of a conductor, as expressed in Equation (A.4),
ȍP
zin = Rin + jω Lin (A.4)
where
Rin LVWKHDFUHVLVWDQFHRIDFRQGXFWRUȍP
Lin is the internal inductance of a conductor, H/m
ρ
Rin f R (A.5)
π ri 2
71
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μ0
Lin f X (A.6)
8π
mri ⎡ ber ( mr ) bei ' ( mr ) − bei ( mr ) ber ' ( mr ) ⎤

fR = ⎢ i i i i
⎥ (A.7)
⎢ ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ⎥
2 2
2
⎣ ber ' mri + bei ' mri ⎦
4 ⎡ bei ( mr ) bei ' ( mr ) + ber ( mr ) ber ' ( mr ) ⎤

fX = ⎢ i i i i
⎥ (A.8)
⎢ ( ( ) ) ( ( ) ) ⎥
2 2
mri
⎣ ber ' mr i + bei ' mri ⎦
where
ri is the radius of conductor i, m

ρ LVWKHUHVLVWLYLW\RIDFRQGXFWRUȍāP
ber(¸) , bei(¸) , ber ′(⋅) , bei ′(⋅) are the Bessel functions with the variable mri and variable m
expressed by
ωμ0
m (A.9)
ρ
where
ω is the angular frequency, rad/s
zg in Equation (A.2) represents the internal impedance of the ground, as expressed in Equation (A.10).
z g = Rg + jX g (A.10)
7KH PRGL¿FDWLRQ FRHI¿FLHQWV RI WKH VHOILPSHGDQFH DQG PXWXDO LPSHGDQFH FDQ EH DFTXLUHG E\
DQDO\]LQJWKHHOHFWURPDJQHWLF¿HOGRIWKHLPDJHFLUFXLWLQWKHJURXQG7KHVHULHVVROXWLRQVRI&DUVRQ
integral are commonly used.
7KHPRGL¿FDWLRQFRHI¿FLHQWVDWSRZHUIUHTXHQF\FDQEHDSSUR[LPDWHO\H[SUHVVHGE\
Rg ≈ 10−7 ×π 2 × f (A.11)
μ0 e0.616
Xg ω ln (A.12)
2π k
f
k = 4π 5 ×10−4 × 2hi × (A.13)
ρ0
where
f is the frequency, Hz
ρ0 LVWKHHDUWKUHVLVWLYLW\ȍÂP
72
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b) Mutual impedance between conductors, zi-j;

The mutual impedance zi-j between conductors i and j is expressed by Equation (A.14).
zi− j = jω Li− j + z gm (A.14)
Li-j in Equation (A.14) is the mutual inductance between conductors i and j, and it is expressed by
Equation (A.15), H/m.
μ0 Di− j Di− j
Li− j = ln = 2×10−7 ln (A.15)
2π di− j di− j
where
di j is the distance between conductors i and j, m

Di j is the distance between conductor i and the image conductor j, m
zgm in Equation (A.14) is the mutual impedance between conductor i and the ground, as expressed in
Equation (A.16)ȍP
z gm = Rgm + jX gm (A.16)
with
Rgm ≈ 10−7 ×π 2 × f (A.17)
μ0 e0.616
X gm ω ln (A.18)
2π k
For the mutual impedance between conductors i and j,
f
k = 4π 5 ×10−4 × Di− j × (A.19)
ρ0
The diagonal element zi-i and off-diagonal element zi-j at power frequency can be approximately
expressed as Equation (A.20) through Equation (A.23).
Df
zi−i = Rin + 10−7 ×π 2 × f + jω × 2×10−7 × ln (A.20)
ri ′
Df
zi− j = 10−7 ×π 2 × f + jω × 2×10−7 × ln (A.21)
di− j
ρ0
D f x 660 (A.22)
f
fX
−
ri ′ = ri e 4
(A.23)
Rin is the ac resistance of the conductor, as shown in Equation (A.4), and f X is expressed by
Equation (A.8). ri a indicates the equivalent radius of subconductor i for internal inductance
calculation, m.
73
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Assuming that n lines are paralleled with each other, the relationship between the potential to ground and the
charge density of conductor i is expressed in Equation (A.24) and Equation (A.25).
⎡ u1 ⎤ ⎡ p1−1 p1−i p1−n ⎤ ⎡ q1 ⎤

⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢u ⎥ = ⎢ p ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ i ⎥ ⎢ i−1 pi−i pi−n ⎥ ⎢ qi ⎥ (A.24)
⎢⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢ ⎥⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢
⎢u ⎥ ⎢ p ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ n ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ n−1 pn−i pn−n ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ qn ⎥⎦
⎪⎧⎪ 1 2h 2h
⎪⎪ pi−i = ln i = 18×109 ln i
⎪⎪ 2πε 0 ri ri
⎨ (A.25)
⎪⎪ 1 D i− j Di− j
⎪⎪ pi− j = ln = 18×109 ln
⎪⎪⎩ 2πε 0 d i− j di− j
where
ui is the potential of conductor i to the ground, V

qi is the charge density of conductor i, C/m
pii LVWKHVHOISRWHQWLDOFRHI¿FLHQWRIFRQGXFWRUi, m/F
pi j LVWKHFRXSOLQJSRWHQWLDOFRHI¿FLHQWEHWZHHQFRQGXFWRUVi and j, m/F
1
ε0 is the dielectric constant in air, ε 0 = F/m
36π ×109
Equation (A.24) can be rewritten as a matrix, such as in Equation (A.26).
U = PQ (A.26)
and
Q = P−1U = CU (A.27)
C = P−1 (A.28)
⎡ c1−1 c1−i c1−n ⎤

⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
C = ⎢⎢ ci−1 ci−i ci−n ⎥⎥ (A.29)
⎢ ⎥⎥
⎢
⎢c ⎥
⎣⎢ n−1 cn−i cn−n ⎥⎦
where
P LVWKHPDWUL[RIWKHSRWHQWLDOFRHI¿FLHQWV
C LVWKHPDWUL[RIWKHFDSDFLWDQFHFRHI¿FLHQWV
The elements ci j of C can be solved by the inversion of P.
Elements in P and C are related to the radius, the height of conductors, the distance between conductors, and
so on. Therefore, the elements of matrix C are different when the conductors are not transposed.
74
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JURXQGZLUHWKURXJKPDWUL[RSHUDWLRQ
When the ground wires of transmission lines are well grounded, the voltage drops along the ground wires
DUH]HUR7KHUHIRUHWKHLPSHGDQFHPDWUL[FDQEHVLPSOL¿HGE\HOLPLQDWLQJWKHHOHPHQWVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKH
ground wires.
$FFRUGLQJWRWKHEORFNPDWULFHVRIWKHFRQGXFWRUVDQGJURXQGZLUHVEquation (A.1) can be rewritten as in

Equation (A.30).
d ⎡⎢ U LL ⎤⎥ ⎡⎢ Z LL Z LG ⎤ ⎡ I LL ⎤
⎥⎢ ⎥
− = (A.30)
dx ⎢⎣ U GG ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ ZGL ZGG ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ I GG ⎥⎦
where
d
− U GG = 0 (A.31)
dx
According to Equation (A.30) and Equation (A.31),
d
− U LL = Z E I LL (A.32)
dx
the impedance matrix Z E after eliminating the elements associated with the ground wires through matrix
operation can be written as Equation (A.33).
Z E = Z LL Z LG ZGG 1 ZGL (A.33)
$V IRU FDSDFLWDQFH PDWUL[ WKH EORFN PDWULFHV RI WKH FRQGXFWRUV DQG JURXQG ZLUHV FDQ EH UHZULWWHQ DV LQ
Equation (A.34).
⎡ U LL ⎤ ⎡ PLL PLG ⎤ ⎡ Q LL ⎤
⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ (A.34)
⎢ U GG ⎥ ⎢ PGL PGG ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣QGG ⎥⎦
⎣ ⎦ ⎣
where
U GG 0 (A.35)
According to Equation (A.34) and Equation (A.35),
U LL PE Q LL (A.36)
the capacitance matrix CE after eliminating the elements associated with the ground wires through matrix
operation can be written as Equation (A.37) and Equation (A.38).
PE = PLL PLG PGG 1 PGL (A.37)
CE = PE−1 (A.38)
75
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For bundle wires, the geometric mean radius of a single-phase conductor can be used to represent the radius of
bundle wires.
The geometric mean radius rce for the capacitance can be expressed as in Equation (39) and Equation (40).
N −1
rce = N NrW
i (A.39)
d
W (A.40)
π
2sin
N
where
ri is the radius of subconductor i, m

N is the number of subconductor
d is the bundle spacing, m
The geometric mean radius rze for the impedance can be expressed as
rze = N Nri ′ W N −1 (A.41)
In addition to these equations, electromagnetic transient programs, such as ATP-EMTP and PSCAD, can be
used for calculating transmission line parameters.
$ &DOFXODWLRQRILQGXFHGYROWDJHDQGFXUUHQWIRUPXOWLFLUFXLWOLQHVRQWKH
VDPHWRZHU
If energized transmission lines are arranged on the same tower, or in parallel with the lines to be measured,
great voltage and current will be induced on the measured lines at power frequency. The induced voltage and
FXUUHQWDUHUHODWHGWRWKHVWDWHRIWKHSRZHUV\VWHPWKHSRZHUÀRZDQGGLUHFWLRQWKHGLVWDQFHWRWKHHQHUJL]HG
circuits, and the arrangement of the three-phase conductors of energized circuits.
$FFRUGLQJWRWKHGDWDRIN9N9DQGN9WUDQVPLVVLRQOLQHVRQWKHVDPHWRZHULQWKHVRXWKHUQ
area of China, the following assumptions for the calculation of induced voltage are made:
D 7KHKLJKHVWYROWDJHVRQN9DQGN9WUDQVPLVVLRQOLQHVDUHUN (UN, nominal voltage of the

power system).
E 7KHKLJKHVWYROWDJHVRQN9WUDQVPLVVLRQOLQHVDUHUN.
c) The current density for a conductor is 0.6 A/mm2.
d) Both terminals of the transmission line to be calculated are open-circuit.
The assumptions for induced current calculation are as follows:
— Both terminals of the transmission line to be calculated are grounded; the length of the line is less than
NPZLWKRXWWUDQVSRVLWLRQ
— The voltage on the transmission lines in operation is 1.05UN.
76
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² )RUIRXUFLUFXLWOLQHVRQWKHVDPHWRZHUIRUH[DPSOHîN9îN9IRXUFLUFXLWOLQHV
ZKHQ WKH WZR FLUFXLWV RI WKH LGHQWLFDO YROWDJH DUH LQ RSHUDWLRQ WKH WRWDO SRZHU ÀRZ RI WKH WZR
circuits transmitting is 1.1 times the transmission capacity of the single-circuit line with a conductor
temperature of 80 °C and an ambient temperature of 35 °C.
— When one of the double-circuit lines is not in service, the total power is 0.9 times the transmission
capacity of the single-circuit line: 80 °C with a conductor temperature of 80 °C and an ambient
temperature of 35 °C.
Based on these assumptions, the calculated induced voltages and currents in rms are listed in Table A.1.
7DEOH$²,QGXFHGYROWDJHDQGFXUUHQWVLQUPV
Type of Aluminum area of Induced
Type of Length Induced
multicircuit cross section of a voltage
Tower top (km) current (A)
lines conductor (mm2) (kV)
1 × 240
N9GRXEOH
Figure A.1 20 1 × 300 4–5 34–46
circuit lines
1 × 400
4 × 300
N9GRXEOH
Figure A.1 30 2 × 400 10–13 110–230
circuit lines
2 × 630
4 × 400
N9GRXEOH
Figure A.1 50 4 × 630 30–40 280–520
circuit lines
4 × 720
N9IRXU Figure A.4 20(1) 10–35 220–600
4 × 300
circuit lines Figure A.10 20(1)
10–40 160–490
N9 20(1) 4 × 720 30–40(2) 400–500(2)
Figure A.8
four-circuit lines 20(1) 4 × 300 15–75(3) 180–730(3)
NOTE 1—In the case of (1), the length of four-circuit lines on the same tower is considered to be 10%, 25%,
50%, 75%, or 100% of the total length of a single line, while the rest are double-circuit lines on the same tower.
NOTE 2—(2) refers to the voltage and current induced by the energized circuits on the same tower at the
WHUPLQDOVRIWKHRXWRIVHUYLFHN9OLQH
NOTE 3—(3) refers to the voltage and current induced by the energized circuits on the same tower at the
WHUPLQDOVRIWKHRXWRIVHUYLFHN9OLQH
Additionally, if such changes as the type of tower top, distance between conductors, and the arrangement of
WKUHHSKDVHFRQGXFWRUVWDNHSODFHWKHLQGXFHGYROWDJHDQGFXUUHQWZLOOFKDQJHVLJQL¿FDQWO\
$ &DOFXODWLRQDQGPHDVXUHPHQWRILQGXFHGYROWDJHIRUGRXEOHFLUFXLWOLQHV
DORQJWKHVDPHFRUULGRU
$GHWDLOHGFDVHLVSUHVHQWHGKHUH$N9GHHQHUJL]HGOLQHLVEXLOWLQSDUDOOHOZLWKDN9HQHUJL]HG
OLQHDORQJWKHVDPHFRUULGRUZLWKWKHFRQ¿JXUDWLRQVKRZQLQFigure A.13 where dimensions are expressed
in meters and the line parameters are shown in Table A.2. The induced phase-to-ground voltage of each
de-energized phase is calculated by WinIGS software (Integrated Grounding System Analysis program for
:LQGRZVDQGWKHUHVXOWVDUHFRPSDUHGZLWKWKDWRI¿HOGPHDVXUHPHQWDUHJLYHQLQTable A.3.
7DEOH$²3DUDPHWHUVRIWKHN9OLQHVXQGHUVWXG\
Phase conductors 397.5 26/7 ACSR per phase
Ground wires 9.525 mm HSS
Earth resistivity ȍÂP
Table continues
77
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7DEOH$²3DUDPHWHUVRIWKHN9OLQHVXQGHUVWXG\(continued)
Normal voltage N9SKDVHWRSKDVH
length 3DUDOOHOHGIRUDSSUR[NP
Span length 402.34 m
Average tower footing resistance 100
)LJXUH$²&RQ¿JXUDWLRQRIGRXEOHFLUFXLWOLQHVDORQJWKHVDPHFRUULGRU
7DEOH$²0HDVXUHPHQWDQGFDOFXODWLRQUHVXOWV
Phase a’ Phase b’ Phase c’
(kV) (kV) (kV)
Measured 3.57 1.66 0.80
Calculated 3.80 1.79 1.02
As shown in Table A.3WKHPHDVXUHGLQGXFHGYROWDJHGXHWRWKHHOHFWULF¿HOGUDQJHVIURPN9WRN9

which is rather close to the calculated results.
78
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SRZHUVRXUFH
% *HQHUDO
In a three-phase, positive-sequence impedance measurement, normally a three-phase symmetrical power
source is preferable. But a single-phase power source can also realize the positive-sequence impedance
measurement. In practice, the single-phase power source is light in weight and easy to achieve.
Instead of a symmetrical two-phase power source, a single-phase power source can also be used for the two-
phase, positive-sequence impedance measurement.
% 7KUHHSKDVHSRVLWLYHVHTXHQFHLPSHGDQFHPHDVXUHPHQWE\DVLQJOH
SKDVHSRZHUVRXUFH
Figure B.1 shows three-phase transmission lines when the receiving terminals of three-phase conductors are
shorted to ground. Besides the self-impedances Z aa , Z bb , Z cc on each phase of conductor, there are mutual
impedances Z ab , Z ac , Z bc between phases.
)LJXUH%²7KUHHSKDVHWUDQVPLVVLRQOLQHV
To acquire the three-phase, positive-sequence, short-circuit impedance of Figure B.1, perform the following
four steps:
a) Measure the short-circuit impedance Z AB between phase A and phase B.

As shown in Figure B.2, apply a nonground single-phase power source between phase A and phase B,
measure the voltage U AB and current IA , and calculate the impedance Z AB according to
Equation (B.1).
Z AB U AB / IA (B.1)
79
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)LJXUH%²0HDVXUHPHQWRIVKRUWFLUFXLWLPSHGDQFH Z AB
b) Measure short-circuit impedance Z BC between phase B and phase C.

As shown in Figure B.3, apply a nonground single-phase power source between phase B and phase C,
measure the voltage U BC and current IB , and calculate the impedance Z BC according to
Equation (B.2).
Z BC U BC / IB (B.2)
)LJXUH%²0HDVXUHPHQWRILPSHGDQFH Z BC
c) Measure short-circuit impedance Z CA between phase C and phase A.

As shown in Figure B.4, apply a nonground single-phase power source between phase C and phase A,
measure the voltage U CA and current IC , and calculate the impedance Z CA according to Equation (B.3).
Z CA U CA / IC (B.3)
d) Calculate three-phase positive-sequence short-circuit impedance.

The three-phase, positive-sequence, short-circuit impedance ZS1 is then calculated by Equation (B.4).
1
ZS1 = ( Z AB + Z BC + Z CA ) (B.4)
6
80
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)LJXUH%²0HDVXUHPHQWRILPSHGDQFH Z CA
NOTE—The three-phase, positive-sequence, open-circuit impedance measurement follows the same procedure and
formulation as the short-circuit impedance measurement. The only difference is that the receiving terminals of the three-
phase conductors are opened.
81
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LQIRUPDWLYH
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In the transmission system, especially for multicircuit transmission lines on the same tower or along the same
corridor, the induced voltage on the lines may be hundreds or even thousands of volts due to electromagnetic
and electrostatic effects. The induced voltage may injure operators or damage instruments during the test and
affect the measurement accuracy of line parameters. Furthermore, line parameter measurement is not able
to be implemented if the induced voltage is extremely high. In such cases, the off-frequency method can be
applied to mitigate the problem of induced voltage. The circuits for suppressing the induced voltage at power
frequency as illustrated in this annex can be used.
& &LUFXLWIRUVXSSUHVVLQJLQWHUIHUHQFHDWSRZHUIUHTXHQF\ZKLOHSHUPLWWLQJ
WKHLPSHGDQFHPHDVXUHPHQWDWIUHTXHQF\fS±ǻf
While permitting the impedance measurement at frequency f s Δf , the circuit for suppressing interference
at power frequency is illustrated in Figure C.1, where Rp, Lp, Cp constitute a parallel resonant circuit with a
resonant frequency of f s Δf . The parallel resonant circuit is connected in series with the inductance Ls to
form a low impedance at power frequency f s .
Figure C.2 shows the impedance-frequency characteristics when Ls = 228.7 mH, Rp ȍLp = 101.32 mH,
and Cp ȝ)7KHLPSHGDQFHLVKLJKDWIUHTXHQF\ f s Δf = 50 Hz and almost approaches zero at f s = 60
Hz.
)LJXUH&²&LUFXLWIRUVXSSUHVVLQJLQWHUIHUHQFHDWSRZHUIUHTXHQF\ZKLOHSHUPLWWLQJ
WKHLPSHGDQFHPHDVXUHPHQWDWIUHTXHQF\fS±ǻf
)LJXUH&²,PSHGDQFHIUHTXHQF\FKDUDFWHULVWLFFXUYHIRUPHDVXULQJDVLJQDODW
IUHTXHQF\fS±ǻf
82
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WKHLPSHGDQFHPHDVXUHPHQWDWIUHTXHQF\fSǻf
The circuit for suppressing interference at power frequency and permitting the impedance measurement at
frequency f s Δf is illustrated in Figure C.3, where Rp, Lp, Cp constitute a parallel resonant circuit, with a
resonant frequency of f s Δf . The parallel resonant circuit is connected in series with the capacitance Cs to
form a low impedance at power frequency f s .
Figure C.4 shows the impedance-frequency characteristics with the parameters of Rp ȍLp = 51.69 mH,
Cp ȝ)DQGCs ȝ)7KHLPSHGDQFHLVKLJKDWIUHTXHQF\ f s Δf = 70 Hz and approaches zero at
f s = 60 Hz.
)LJXUH&²&LUFXLWIRUVXSSUHVVLQJLQWHUIHUHQFHDWSRZHUIUHTXHQF\ZKLOHSHUPLWWLQJ
WKHLPSHGDQFHPHDVXUHPHQWDWIUHTXHQF\fSǻf
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IUHTXHQF\fSǻf
83
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The method introduced here applies to the typical array of four-circuit lines on the same tower, and it should
be used when the measured lines are not in service. Figure D.1 shows the typical array of the four-circuit lines,
where I to IV represent the four circuits, each of which has three-phase conductors.
)LJXUH'²7\SLFDOFRQ¿JXUDWLRQRIIRXUFLUFXLWOLQHVRQWKHVDPHWRZHU
To measure the parameters of the four-circuit lines arranged as shown in Figure D.1, the following is assumed:
a) All the distributed self-impedance z = r + jωl and self-admittance y = g + jω cg are the same for
each phase conductor.
b) The three-phase conductors of each circuit are fully transposed to improve the symmetry of the
interphase mutual inductance and coupling capacitance of the lines.
c) The four-circuit lines are arranged in a rectangle and symmetrical to the tower, and the space between
circuit I and circuit II is equal to that between circuit III and circuit IV. Hence, the coupling capacitance
and mutual inductance between the single-phase conductor of a three-phase line and that of another
line meet Equation (D.1) through Equation (D.6).
84
,(((6WG
For two circuits arranged horizontally on the same cross-arm, the coupling parameters are given by
Equation (D.1) and Equation (D.2).
cI-II cIII-IV ch (D.1)
mI-II mIII-IV mh (D.2)
For two circuits arranged vertically on one side of the tower, the coupling parameters are given by
Equation (D.3) and Equation (D.4).
cI-III cII-IV cv (D.3)
mI-III mII-IV mv (D.4)
For two circuits arranged in diagonal positions, the coupling parameters are given by Equation (D.5) to
Equation (D.6).
cI-IV cII-III cd (D.5)
mI-IV mII-III md (D.6)
)RUVLPSOL¿FDWLRQWKHVLQJOHSKDVHFRQGXFWRURIHDFKFLUFXLWLVVHOHFWHGWRGHVFULEHWKHVHOISDUDPHWHUVDQG
coupling parameters, as shown in Figure D.27DNHSKDVHa of circuit I for instance. There are self-impedance
z = r + jωl and self-admittance y = g + jω cg , the mutual inductance mh , and coupling capacitance ch
between phase a of circuit I and phase a (b or c) of circuit II, the mutual inductance mv , and coupling
capacitance cv between phase a of circuit I and phase a (b or c) of circuit III, the mutual inductance md , and
coupling capacitance cd between phase a of circuit I and phase a (b or c) of circuit IV.
)LJXUH'²6LPSOL¿HGPRGHORIIRXUFLUFXLWOLQHV
85
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Refer to the description of parameters in phase a as there are the same parameters in phase b or c of circuit I.
Similarly, the description of parameters in circuit II to circuit IV can refer to circuit I.
Besides a three-phase symmetrical ac power source, a two-phase symmetrical ac power source is necessary
for the parameter measurement of four-circuit lines. The two-phase ac power system and its symmetrical
component analysis are shown in Annex B.
%DVHGRQWKHDVVXPSWLRQVDQGVLPSOL¿FDWLRQSURYLGHGHDUOLHUWKHHOHFWULFDOSDUDPHWHUVRIIRXUFLUFXLWOLQHVRQ
the same tower can be obtained by:
a) Measuring the positive-sequence, short-circuit impedance and open-circuit impedance for a single-
circuit line (mode 1)
b) Measuring the zero-sequence, open-circuit impedance and short-circuit impedance for four-circuit
lines (mode 2)
c) Measuring the two-phase, positive-sequence, open-circuit impedance and short-circuit impedance
(mode 3)
d) Measuring the two-phase, positive-sequence, open-circuit impedance and short-circuit impedance
(mode 4)
e) Measuring the two-phase, positive-sequence, open-circuit impedance and short-circuit impedance
(mode 5)
f) Calculating the parameters per unit length for four-circuit lines
' 0HDVXULQJWKHSRVLWLYHVHTXHQFHVKRUWFLUFXLWLPSHGDQFHDQGRSHQ
FLUFXLWLPSHGDQFHIRUDVLQJOHFLUFXLWOLQHPRGH
The procedure for measuring the positive-sequence, short-circuit impedance and open-circuit impedance for a
single-circuit line (mode 1) is as follows:
a) Choose one of the four-circuit lines for the measurement of three-phase, positive-sequence, short-
circuit impedance and open-circuit impedance.
b) Measure the positive-sequence, short-circuit impedance for a single-circuit line:
As shown in Figure D.3, short-circuit the receiving terminals of three conductors and then apply a
positive-sequence, three-phase power source with a frequency of f at the sending terminal.
Synchronously measure the three-phase voltage U SC [U a ,SC U b ,SC U c ,SC ]T and current
I [ I
SC I
a ,SC I ]T at frequency f; then the positive-sequence, short-circuit impedance Z
b ,SC c ,SC 1,SC
can be calculated by Equation (D.7).

[1 a a 2 ]U SC
Z1,SC , a e j 2π /3 (D.7)
[1 a a 2 ]I SC
86
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DVLQJOHFLUFXLWOLQH
The positive-sequence, short-circuit impedance measurement can also be implemented by a

nonground single-phase power source. See Annex B.
c) Measure the positive-sequence, open-circuit impedance for a single-circuit line:
As shown in Figure D.4PDNHWKHUHFHLYLQJWHUPLQDOVRIWKUHHFRQGXFWRUVRSHQFLUFXLWDQGDSSO\D
positive-sequence, three-phase power source with a frequency of f at the sending terminals.
Synchronously measure the three-phase voltage U OC [U a ,OC U b ,OC U c ,OC ]T and current
I [ I
OC I
a , OC I ]T at frequency f; then the positive-sequence, open-circuit impedance Z
b ,OC c ,OC 1,OC
can be calculated by Equation (D.8).

[1 a a 2 ]U OC
Z1,OC , a e j 2π /3 (D.8)
[1 a a 2 ]I OC
)LJXUH'²0HDVXULQJWKHWKUHHSKDVHSRVLWLYHVHTXHQFHRSHQFLUFXLWLPSHGDQFHRI
DVLQJOHFLUFXLWOLQH
The positive-sequence, open-circuit impedance measurement can also be implemented by a nonground

single-phase power source. See Annex B.
:$51,1*
' 0HDVXULQJWKH]HURVHTXHQFHRSHQFLUFXLWLPSHGDQFHDQGVKRUWFLUFXLW
LPSHGDQFHIRUIRXUFLUFXLWOLQHVPRGH
The procedure for measuring the zero-sequence, open-circuit impedance and short-circuit impedance for four-
circuit lines (mode 2) is as follows:
87
,(((6WG
a) Measure the zero-sequence, open-circuit impedance for four-circuit lines:

As shown in Figure D.5, short-circuit all the sending terminals of circuit I to circuit IV; then open-
circuit the receiving terminals of all the conductors, and connect a single-phase power source with a
frequency of f between the sending terminal and the ground. Synchronously measure the voltage
U 0,OC and current I0,OC at frequency f. Then calculate the zero-sequence, open-circuit impedance
Z 0,OC by Equation (D.9).
12U 0,OC
Z 0,OC (D.9)
I
0,OC
)LJXUH'²0HDVXULQJWKH]HURVHTXHQFHRSHQFLUFXLWLPSHGDQFH
:$51,1*
b) Measure the zero-sequence, short-circuit impedance for four-circuit lines:

As shown in Figure D.6, short-circuit all the sending terminals of circuit I to circuit IV; then ground
the receiving terminals of all the conductors, and connect a single-phase power source with a frequency
of f between the sending terminal and the ground. Synchronously measure the voltage U 0,SC and
current I at frequency f. Then calculate the zero-sequence, short-circuit impedance Z
0,SC by 0,SC
Equation (D.10).
12U 0,SC
Z 0,SC (D.10)
I
0,SC
NOTE—Due to zero-sequence coupling among four-circuit lines, the zero-sequence, open-circuit impedance and
short-circuit impedance cannot be acquired by the measurement of a single-circuit line.
88
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)LJXUH'²0HDVXULQJWKHWZRSKDVHSRVLWLYHVHTXHQFHRSHQFLUFXLWLPSHGDQFHPRGH
' 0HDVXULQJWKHWZRSKDVHSRVLWLYHVHTXHQFHRSHQFLUFXLWLPSHGDQFH
DQGVKRUWFLUFXLWLPSHGDQFHPRGH
The procedure for measuring the two-phase, positive-sequence, open-circuit impedance and short-circuit
impedance (mode 3) is as follows:
a) Measure the two-phase positive-sequence open-circuit impedance;

As shown in Figure D.7, short-circuit all the sending terminals of circuit I and circuit II to form a node
ĮWKHQVKRUWFLUFXLWDOOWKHVHQGLQJWHUPLQDOVRIFLUFXLW,,,DQGFLUFXLW,9WRIRUPDQRGHȕRSHQFLUFXLW
the receiving terminals of all the conductors, and then connect a nonground single-phase power source
with a frequency of fEHWZHHQWKHQRGHVĮDQGȕ6\QFKURQRXVO\PHDVXUHWKHYROWDJHV U αβ (3)
,OC and
currents I (3)
at frequency f. Then calculate the two-phase, positive-sequence, open-circuit
α ,OC
impedance Z OC
(3)
by Equation (D.11).
3U αβ
(3)

,OC
(3)
Z OC (D.11)
I(3)
α ,OC
:$51,1*
If the induced voltage on the open-circuit line is dangerous to the operator and instrument, then the two-
phase, positive-sequence, open-circuit impedance measurement is not carried out. In such a case, the
positive-sequence, open-circuit impedance could be calculated by the geometry and material characteristics.
89
,(((6WG
b) Measure the two-phase positive-sequence short-circuit impedance:

As shown in Figure D.8, short-circuit all the sending terminals of circuit I and circuit II to form a node
ĮVKRUWFLUFXLWDOOWKHVHQGLQJWHUPLQDOVRIFLUFXLW,,,DQGFLUFXLW,9WRIRUPDQRGHȕVKRUWFLUFXLWWKH
receiving terminals of all the conductors, and then connect a nonground single-phase power source
with frequency fEHWZHHQWKHQRGHVĮDQGȕ6\QFKURQRXVO\PHDVXUHWKHWZRSKDVHYROWDJHV U αβ (3)
,SC
and currents I(3) at frequency f. Then calculate the two-phase, positive-sequence, short-circuit
α ,SC
impedance ZSC
(3)
by Equation (D.12).
3U αβ(3)

,SC
(3)
ZSC (D.12)
I (3)
α ,SC
)LJXUH'²0HDVXULQJWKHWZRSKDVHSRVLWLYHVHTXHQFHVKRUWFLUFXLWLPSHGDQFHPRGH
a) Measure the two-phase positive-sequence open-circuit impedance:

As shown in Figure D.9, short-circuit all the sending terminals of circuit I and circuit III to form a node
ĮVKRUWFLUFXLWDOOWKHVHQGLQJWHUPLQDOVRIFLUFXLW,,DQGFLUFXLW,9WRIRUPDQRGHȕRSHQFLUFXLWWKH
receiving terminals of all the conductors, and then connect a nonground single-phase power source
,OC
and currents I (4)

at frequency f. Then calculate the two-phase, positive-sequence, open-circuit
α ,OC
impedance Z (4)
OC by Equation (D.13).
3U (4)
αβ ,OC
(4)
Z OC (D.13)
I(4)
α ,OC
90
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:$51,1*
phase, positive-sequence, open-circuit impedance measurement is not carried out. In such a case, the zero-
sequence, open-circuit impedance could be calculated by the geometry and material characteristics.
b) Measure the two-phase positive-sequence short-circuit impedance:

As shown in Figure D.10, short-circuit all the sending terminals of circuit I and circuit III to form a
QRGHĮVKRUWFLUFXLWDOOWKHVHQGLQJWHUPLQDOVRIFLUFXLW,,DQGFLUFXLW,9WRIRUPDQRGHȕVKRUWFLUFXLW
,SC
and currents I (4)

at frequency f. Then calculate the two-phase, positive-sequence, short-circuit
α ,SC
impedance Z (4)
SC by Equation (D.14).
3U (4)
αβ ,SC
(4)
ZSC (D.14)
I
(4)
α ,SC
)LJXUH'²0HDVXULQJWKHWZRSKDVHSRVLWLYHVHTXHQFHVKRUWFLUFXLWLPSHGDQFH
PRGH
91
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a) Measure the two-phase, positive-sequence, open-circuit impedance:

As shown in Figure D.11, short-circuit all the sending terminals of circuit I and circuit IV to form a
QRGHĮVKRUWFLUFXLWDOOWKHVHQGLQJWHUPLQDOVRIFLUFXLW,,DQGFLUFXLW,,,WRIRUPDQRGHȕRSHQFLUFXLW
,OC
and currents I(5) at frequency f. Then calculate the two-phase, positive-sequence, open-circuit
α ,OC
impedance Z OC
(5)
by Equation (D.15).
3U αβ(5)

,OC
(5)
Z OC (D.15)
I (5)
α ,OC
)LJXUH'²0HDVXULQJWKHWZRSKDVHSRVLWLYHVHTXHQFHRSHQFLUFXLWLPSHGDQFH
PRGH
:$51,1*
phase, positive-sequence, open-circuit impedance measurement is not carried out. In such a case, the
positive-sequence, open-circuit impedance could be calculated by the geometry and material characteristics.
b) Measure the two-phase, positive-sequence, short-circuit impedance:

As shown in Figure D.12, short-circuit all the sending terminals of circuit I and circuit IV to form a
QRGHĮVKRUWFLUFXLWDOOWKHVHQGLQJWHUPLQDOVRIFLUFXLW,,DQGFLUFXLW,,,WRIRUPDQRGHȕVKRUWFLUFXLW
,OC
and currents I (5)

at frequency f. Then calculate the two-phase, positive-sequence, short-circuit
α ,SC
impedance Z (5)
SC by Equation (D.16).
3U (5)
αβ ,SC
(5)
ZSC (D.16)
I(5)
α ,SC
92
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PRGH
' &DOFXODWLRQRISDUDPHWHUVSHUXQLWOHQJWKIRUIRXUFLUFXLWOLQHV
After acquiring the impedances Z1,SC , Z1,OC , Z 0,SC , Z 0,OC , ZSC
(3)
, Z OC
(3)
, ZSC
(4)
, Z OC
(4)
, ZSC
(5)
, and Z OC
(5)
at frequency
f from D.2 to D.7, calculate the electrical parameters (r, g, l, cg , m p , mh , mv , md , c p , ch , cv , and cd ) of the
four-circuit lines according to the procedures and formulas shown in Table D.1.
93
7DEOH'²&DOFXODWLRQSURFHGXUHVRIWKHHOHFWULFDOSDUDPHWHUVRIIRXUFLUFXLWOLQHVRQWKHVDPHWRZHUDWIUHTXHQF\f
Positive-sequence Zero-sequence parameters Two-phase positive-sequence parameters of four-circuit lines
parameters of a of four-circuit lines
single-circuit line
2ULJLQDOGDWDȍ (3) (3) (4) (4) (5) (5)
Z1,OC Z1,SC Z 0,OC Z 0,SC Z OC Z SC Z OC Z SC Z OC Z SC
Characteristic ( 3) (3) (3) (4) (4) (4) (5) (5) (5)
LPSHGDQFHȍ zc,1 Z1,OC Z1,SC zc,0 Z 0,OC Z 0,SC zc Z OC Z SC zc Z OC Z SC zc Z OC Z SC
Propagation (3) (3) (4) (4) (5) (5)

FRHI¿FLHQWNP arc coth Z1,OC Z1,SC arc coth Z 0,OC Z 0,SC arc coth Z OC Z SC arc coth Z OC Z SC arc coth Z OC Z SC
γ1 γ0 γ (3) γ (4) γ (5)
D D D D D
Impedance, 3 3) 4 4) 5 5)
z1 zc ,1γ 1 z0 zc , 0 γ 0 z3 zc( ) γ ( z4 zc( ) γ ( z5 zc( ) γ (
ȍNP
Admittance, 3) 3) 4) 4) 5) 5)
y1 γ 1 zc ,1 y0 γ 0 z c , 0 y3 γ ( zc( y4 γ ( zc( y5 γ ( zc(
6NP
Resistance of
r = Re( z1 + z ( 3) + z ( 4 ) + z ( 5 ) ) / 4
a single-phase
FRQGXFWRUȍNP
94
Earth resistance, Re(12 z0 − r ) Re( z 0 ) − r
ȍNP rg = or rg =
12 12
,(((6WG
Self-inductance ⎡1 2 3 3 3 ⎤ ⎡ l ⎤ ⎡ Im ( z0 )⎤
and mutual ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
LQGXFWDQFH+NP ⎢1 −1 0 0 0 ⎥ ⎢ m p ⎥ ⎢ Im ( z1 )⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
ω ⎢1 2 3 −3 −3⎥ ⎢⎢ mh ⎥⎥ = ⎢⎢ Im ( z3 )⎥⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢1 2 −3 3 −3⎥ ⎢ m ⎥ ⎢ Im ( z )⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ v⎥ ⎢ 4 ⎥
⎢1 2 −3 −3 3 ⎥ ⎢ m ⎥ ⎢ Im ( z )⎥
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ d ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 5 ⎥⎦
Self-capacitance ⎡1 0 0 0 0⎤ ⎡ c g ⎤ ⎡ Im ( y0 )⎤
and coupling ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
capacitance, ⎢1 3 3 3 3⎥ ⎢ c p ⎥ ⎢ Im ( y1 )⎥
)NP
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
ω ⎢1 0 0 6 6⎥ ⎢⎢ ch ⎥⎥ = ⎢⎢ Im ( y3 )⎥⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢1 0 6 0
⎢ 6⎥⎥ ⎢⎢ cv ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢ Im ( y4 )⎥⎥
⎢1 0 6 6
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0⎥⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ cd ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ Im ( y5 )⎥⎦
,(((6WG
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SRZHUIUHTXHQF\
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If the parameters of an ac line are measured through the off frequency method, the distributed parameters
of the line should be calculated according to 13.4DQGWKHOXPSHGSDUDPHWHUVRIȆUHSUHVHQWDWLRQDWSRZHU
frequency are described as follows in this annex.
( &DOFXODWLRQRISRVLWLYHVHTXHQFHSDUDPHWHUV
&DOFXODWHWKHSRVLWLYHVHTXHQFHFKDUDFWHULVWLFLPSHGDQFHDQGSURSDJDWLRQFRHI¿FLHQWDWSRZHUIUHTXHQF\DV
given by Equation (E.1) and Equation (E.2).
zc ,1 z1 ( f s ) y1 ( f s ) (E.1)
γ 1 z1 ( f s ) y1 ( f s ) (E.2)
where
zc ,1 ( f S ) is the positive-sequence characteristic impedance at power frequency fs

γ1 ( fS ) LVWKHSURSDJDWLRQFRHI¿FLHQWDWSRZHUIUHTXHQF\fs
7KHQ FDOFXODWH WKH SRVLWLYHVHTXHQFH OXPSHG SDUDPHWHUV LQ WKH Ȇ UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ Figure E.1) as in
Equation (E.3) and Equation (E.4).
)LJXUH(²3RVLWLYHVHTXHQFHHTXLYDOHQWFLUFXLWRIȆUHSUHVHQWDWLRQ
Z1 zc ,1 sinh[γ 1 ( f s ) D] (E.3)
cosh[γ 1 ( f s ) D] −1
Y1 = (E.4)
zc ,1 sinh[γ 1 ( f s ) D]
where
Z1 is the positive-sequence lumped series impedance at power frequency fs

Y1 is the positive-sequence lumped shunt admittance at power frequency f s
95
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( &DOFXODWLRQRI]HURVHTXHQFHSDUDPHWHUV
&DOFXODWH WKH ]HURVHTXHQFH FKDUDFWHULVWLF LPSHGDQFH DQG SURSDJDWLRQ FRHI¿FLHQW DW SRZHU IUHTXHQF\ DV
follows in Equation (E.5) and Equation (E.6):
zc , 0 z0 ( f s ) y0 ( f s ) (E.5)
γ 0 z 0 ( f s ) y0 ( f s ) (E.6)
where
zc , 0 ( f S ) LVWKH]HURVHTXHQFHFKDUDFWHULVWLFLPSHGDQFHDQGSURSDJDWLRQFRHI¿FLHQW γ 0 ( f S ) at power
frequency f S
γ 0 ( fS ) LVWKHSURSDJDWLRQFRHI¿FLHQWDWSRZHUIUHTXHQF\fs
7KHQFDOFXODWHWKH]HURVHTXHQFHOXPSHGSDUDPHWHUVLQWKHȆUHSUHVHQWDWLRQFigure E.2) as in Equation (E.7)

and Equation (E.8).
)LJXUH(²=HURVHTXHQFHHTXLYDOHQWFLUFXLWRIȆUHSUHVHQWDWLRQ
Z 0 zc , 0 sinh[γ 0 ( f s ) D] (E.7)
cosh[γ 0 ( f s ) D] −1
Y0 = (E.8)
zc , 0 sinh[γ 0 ( f s ) D]
where
Z 0 is the zero-sequence lumped series impedance at power frequency fs

Y0 is the zero-sequence lumped shunt admittance at power frequency f s
96
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Ieee Guide For The Parameter Measurement of Ac Transmission Line

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Ieee Guide For The Parameter Measurement of Ac Transmission Line

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IEEE Guide for the Parameter

Measurement of AC Transmission Lines

IEEE Power and Energy Society

IEEE IEEE Std 1870™-2019

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IEEE prohibits discrimination, harassment, and bullying.

Comments on standards should be submitted to the following address:

Secretary, IEEE-SA Standards Board

Yao Xiao, Chair

Jianhong Ai Qian Li Guangning Wu

$QKXL2QHVN\(OHFWULF7HFKQRORJ\ General Electric Shanghai Jiao Tong University

Gary Hoffman, Chair

0DVD\XNL$UL\RVKL David J. Law Annette Reilly

2. Normative references ................................................................................................................................ 17

 'H¿QLWLRQVDFURQ\PVDQGDEEUHYLDWLRQV ................................................................................................. 17

4. Safety precautions ..................................................................................................................................... 21

5. Requirements for measuring instruments .................................................................................................. 22

6. General considerations during measurement............................................................................................. 23

7. Measurement of induced voltage and current ............................................................................................ 23

 3KDVHYHUL¿FDWLRQDQGLQVXODWLRQUHVLVWDQFHPHDVXUHPHQW ........................................................................ 25

9. DC resistance measurement ...................................................................................................................... 28

10. Index for parameter measurement of ac transmission lines ..................................................................... 29

11. Off-line parameter measurement of symmetrical transmission lines ....................................................... 30

12. Off-line parameter measurement of asymmetrical transmission lines ..................................................... 42

15. On-line parameter measurement of transmission lines ............................................................................ 58

Annex A (informative) Arrangement and parameter calculation of multicircuit lines .................................... 66

Annex B (normative) Positive-sequence impedance measurement by a single-phase power source.............. 79

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Annex F (informative) Bibliography .............................................................................................................. 97

Figure 1—Deviation between measured and calculated values ...................................................................... 15

Figure 2—Zone reach in percentage of line length ......................................................................................... 16

Figure 4—Induced current measurement ....................................................................................................... 24

Figure 6—Induced voltage measurement with receiving terminals open ....................................................... 25

Figure 9—Charge released through a capacitor.............................................................................................. 27

Figure 10—Measurement of the dc resistance Rab ........................................................................................ 28

Figure 11—Electrical parameters of a differential segment of a single-circuit transmission line ................... 30

Figure 12—Measuring positive-sequence, short-circuit impedance .............................................................. 31

Figure 13—Measuring positive-sequence, open-circuit impedance .............................................................. 31

Figure 14—Measuring zero-sequence, short-circuit impedance .................................................................... 32

Figure 15—Measuring zero-sequence, open-circuit impedance .................................................................... 33

Figure 17—Measuring positive-sequence, short-circuit impedance of single-circuit lines ............................ 35

Figure 18—Measuring positive-sequence, open-circuit impedance of single-circuit lines ............................ 35

Figure 19—Measuring two-phase, positive-sequence, short-circuit impedance of double-circuit lines ........ 36

Figure 20—Measuring two-phase, positive-sequence, open-circuit impedance of double-circuit lines......... 37

Figure 21—Measuring zero-sequence, short-circuit impedance of double-circuit lines ................................ 37

Figure 22—Measuring zero-sequence, open-circuit impedance of double-circuit lines................................. 38

Figure 23—Measurement of coupling capacitance for short-distance, double-circuit lines ........................... 40

Figure 24—Measurement of mutual inductance of short-distance, double-circuit lines ................................ 40

Figure 25—Zero-sequence impedance measurement of single-transmission line I........................................ 41

Figure 26—Zero-sequence impedance measurement of single-transmission line II ...................................... 41

Figure 27—Zero-sequence impedance measurement of circuit I with circuit II short-grounded at both

Figure 28—3nSRUWQHWZRUNRIn-circuit lines ground shorted at receiving terminals .................................... 43

Figure 32—Principles of sudden changes of test power source output ........................................................... 49

Figure 33—Sampling windows ...................................................................................................................... 49

Figure 37—Positive-sequence lumped parameter measurement of short lines .............................................. 59

Figure 38—Generation of zero-sequence components................................................................................... 60

Figure 39—Voltage and current measurement by open-phase operation of circuit 1...................................... 61

Figure A.1—Arrangement of double-circuit lines .......................................................................................... 66

Figure A.2—Arrangement of three-circuit lines (type a) ................................................................................ 66

Figure A.3—Arrangement of three-circuit lines (type b)................................................................................ 67

Figure A.4—Arrangement of four-circuit lines (type a) ................................................................................. 67

Figure A.5—Arrangement of four-circuit lines (type b) ................................................................................. 67

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